英語(yǔ)五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)講義.doc

英語(yǔ)中的五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)一、句型1：Subject (主語(yǔ))Verb (謂語(yǔ))這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，所謂不及物動(dòng)詞就是這種動(dòng)詞后不可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明學(xué)習(xí)很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午發(fā)生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.可以做主語(yǔ)的-主要由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的單詞,短語(yǔ)或從句充當(dāng).一.名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞作主語(yǔ)David arrived last night.大衛(wèi)昨晚到達(dá).Who is speaking, please?（在電話中）請(qǐng)問(wèn)您是誰(shuí)?Thats OK.這沒(méi)問(wèn)題.Two will be enough.兩個(gè)就夠了.Two-thirds of the workers are women.三分之二的工人是女工.二.ing形式作主語(yǔ)Skating is good exercise.溜冰是很好的運(yùn)動(dòng).Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.Making a marriage work can take a lot of effort. Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset.三.to不定式作主語(yǔ)To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想轉(zhuǎn)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)需要辛勤的勞動(dòng).Toloveandtobelovearethegreatesthappinessintheword.四.the+adj作主語(yǔ)The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.在我們國(guó)家,盲人和肢殘人受到很好的照顧.The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失業(yè)的人生活一般很困難.五.從句作主語(yǔ)What has happened proves that our policy is right.發(fā)生的一切證明我們的政策是對(duì)的.Whether well go depends on the weather.我們是否去要看天氣.六.短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)How to do well is an important question.如何把這件事做好是一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身體好.七、it做形式主語(yǔ) 1.Its no good sitting up too late. 2.It seems as if it is going to rain.二、句型2：Subject (主語(yǔ))Link. V(系動(dòng)詞)Predicate(表語(yǔ))這種句型主要用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)、身份等。其系動(dòng)詞一般可分為下列兩類：(1)表示狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.這種食物吃起來(lái)很可口。2) He looked worried just now.剛才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示變化。這類系動(dòng)詞有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天氣變得越來(lái)越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.這棵樹(shù)比以前長(zhǎng)得高多了?？梢援?dāng)表語(yǔ)的-形容詞，介詞，名詞，to不定式/ing動(dòng)名詞一. 名詞作表語(yǔ)Africa is a big continent. （continent. 是句中的表語(yǔ)、）非洲是個(gè)大洲.二. 形容詞作表語(yǔ)I feel much better today.我今天感覺(jué)好多了.三. 數(shù)詞作表語(yǔ)She was the first to learn about it.她是第一個(gè)知道的人.四. 介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)The patient is out of danger.病人脫險(xiǎn)了.Mary and Tom are at the airport.五. ing形式作表語(yǔ)Her job is selling computers.她的工作是銷售電腦.My hobby is growing flowers.我的愛(ài)好是種花.My favourite sport is playing tennis.我喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是打網(wǎng)球.六不定式作表語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)通常是說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容,這時(shí)主語(yǔ)通常是如下名詞：hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, businessThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技術(shù)的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁瑣.Her wish is to become a singer.她的愿望是當(dāng)一名歌手.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我們的計(jì)劃就是在兩星期內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作.七. 從句作表語(yǔ)This is what he said.這就是他所說(shuō)的話.That is how he did it.Thats why I want you to work there.It is because you eat too much.那是因?yàn)槟愠缘锰嗔?The problem is when we can get a pay rise.問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候我們可以得到加薪。The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。比較:What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon.我今天下午要做的事是打網(wǎng)球.What the police want to know is when you entered the room.警察想知道的是你什么時(shí)候進(jìn)的房間.ing形式作表語(yǔ)：注意事項(xiàng)在句型主 + 系 + 表中,若主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是非謂語(yǔ)形式時(shí),主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)要取得一致.如：主語(yǔ)是ing形式表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)是ing形式,主語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)是不定式.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí).(誤) Seeing is to believe.三、句型3：Subject(主語(yǔ))Verb (謂語(yǔ))Object (賓語(yǔ))這種句型中的動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞,所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后可以直接接賓語(yǔ)，其賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等來(lái)充當(dāng)（跟可以當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的成分一樣）。例：1) 名詞當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)He took his bag and left.他拿著書包離開(kāi)了。 She is doing her homework now.2) 代詞作賓語(yǔ)We often help him. Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. 當(dāng)我遇到困難時(shí)，李雷總能給我?guī)椭?) 不定式作賓語(yǔ)He likes to play basketball.She plans to travel in the coming May Day.她打算在即將到來(lái)的“五一”外出旅游。4) 動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)We enjoy listening to the music.我們喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè).5) 從句做動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ) I dont know what I should do next. (從句)我不知道下一步該干什么。She said （that）she felt sick.注意：英語(yǔ)中的許多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞。四、句型4：Subject(主語(yǔ))Verb(謂語(yǔ))Indirect object(間接賓語(yǔ))Direct object (直接賓語(yǔ))又叫復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。這種句型中，直接賓語(yǔ)為主要賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的或?yàn)檎l(shuí)做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)；間接賓語(yǔ)也被稱之為第二賓語(yǔ)，去掉之后，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔(dān)。引導(dǎo)這類雙賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她給丈夫做了一頓美餐。 I showed him my pictures.我給他看我的照片。I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽車。 I told him that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點(diǎn)了。 He showed me how to run the machine.他教我開(kāi)機(jī)器。Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸給她買了一本詞典作為生日禮物。The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人經(jīng)常給孩子們講述長(zhǎng)征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子還可以表達(dá)為：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.A: 間接賓語(yǔ)后置與for連用的動(dòng)詞有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。Uncle Li bought me a birthday present. = Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me. 李叔叔給我買了一件生日禮物。 B: 間接賓語(yǔ)后置與to連用的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。 Please pass him a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to him.請(qǐng)遞給他一杯茶。 注意：若直接賓語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，通常情況下將其置于間接賓語(yǔ)之前。 誤：Please give me them. 正：Please give them to me. 五、句型5：Subject(主語(yǔ))Verb (動(dòng)詞)Object (賓語(yǔ))Complement(補(bǔ)語(yǔ))又叫復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。這種句型中的“賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”。 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的作用是說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)， 或者表示讓賓語(yǔ)去完成的動(dòng)作等。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。如：1）形容詞You should keep the room clean and tidy.你應(yīng)該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。2)名詞 They called him James .他們叫他詹姆斯。 We made him our monitor.(名詞)我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。 3)不定式 His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父親告訴他不要在街上玩。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。4）現(xiàn)在分詞My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.I saw them getting on the bus. 我看見(jiàn)他們上了那輛公共汽車。5) 過(guò)去分詞Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. （have sth done）注意：使役動(dòng)詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，要省去不定式符號(hào)to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板讓他整天做那項(xiàng)工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱了一個(gè)晚上。What makes him think so？他怎么會(huì)這樣想? I wont let you go. 我不會(huì)讓你走。 I have them come tomorrow morning. 我讓他們明天早上來(lái)。 復(fù)合句如果句子包含著兩個(gè)或更多的“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”，其中“一個(gè)”或“更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”充當(dāng)句子的某一些成分，就是“復(fù)合句”，這是英語(yǔ)中最難的語(yǔ)法！ 充當(dāng)句子成分的“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”稱為“從句”，常由“從屬連詞”引出，總是用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 根據(jù)從句在句子中的作用，從句分為名詞性從句（包含了主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句），形容詞性從句（即定語(yǔ)從句），副詞性從句（即狀語(yǔ)從句）！ 1.What we need is water.(主語(yǔ)從句) 2.What he wants is work.(主語(yǔ)從句) 3.When it will be finished depends on the weather.(主語(yǔ)從句) 4.I dont think you are right.(賓語(yǔ)從句) 5.I dont know what you want.(賓語(yǔ)從句) 6.I dont know whether I should take his advice or not.(賓語(yǔ)從句) 7.You can take whichever room you prefer.(賓語(yǔ)從句) 8.I will eat whatever you give me.(賓語(yǔ)從句) 9.Im interested in what you are doing.(賓語(yǔ)從句) 10.This is what I want.(表語(yǔ)從句) 11.This is why we put of