休閑學(xué)答案.docx

。 I. Short answer questions: (30 points) a. Background l Industrial revolution + rapid urbanization Sample programs and practices l Sunday school l Temperance and teetotalism l YMCA (1844 in London, 1851 in New York) b. Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer activity that participants find so substantial and interesting that, in the typical case, they launch themselves on a career centered on acquiring and expressing its special skills, knowledge, and experience For examples: Golf club、tourism club、bicycle club。Casual leisure - relatively short lived, pleasurable activity requiring relatively little or no special training to enjoy it. It is considerably less substantial and offers no career of the sort described for serious leisure Some examples: television, books, music。 CPeople seek neither an absence nor an excess of stimulation, but an optimal level of stimulation .What constitutes the optimal level varies from person to person and from time to time. For examples: Roller coaster rides, bungee jumping, sky diving.d. Why people do what they do? Because these activities are intrinsically rewarding. We engage in an activity for its own sake, that is observable even among young children and animals Freedom of choice - the prerequisite Done for the own sake/voluntarily chosen/self-determined Intrinsic rewards Self-fulfillment, competence-elevating, social experiences constitute the essence of intrinsically motivated leisure Personal rewards l Perceived competence the most important l A sense of competence and challenge in leisure matched to result in optimal experiences l We avoid under- and over- challenging situations because they can lead to anxiety or boredom the notion of flow Interpersonal rewards l Engaging in leisure activities for social contact and social support Those self-determined, competence-elevating, social experiences constitute the essence of intrinsically motivated leisure. initial intrinsic motivation maybe constrained by certain factors: l Lack of opportunity to choose leisure behavior l The presence of extrinsic rewards “over justification phenomenon” l Imposition of a deadline for a completion of an activity l The mere presence of observer or evaluator l So called “if-then contingencies” e. 1.Keeping idle hands busy theory l Roots l The early Protestant movement - Idleness was considered “an enemy of the soul” and work a religious obligation because it prevented idleness l Major arguments l People are expected to be happiest or at least mentally healthy when they are busy l People who have nothing to do are expected to be more likely to engage in illegal and destructive activities Role of leisure l Leisure keeps people with too much free time on their hands occupied l Leisure keeps the mind busy distracting people from distressful thoughts that may be triggered by events such as death of a spouse or problems at work Targeted populations l E.g., older retired adults - at risk of this destructive idleness l Adolescents l Juvenile delinquency is a result of teenagers having too much free time on their hands l No socially acceptable leisure alternatives available l Boredom and consequent engagement in harmful activities such as drug use 2. Pleasure-Relaxation-Fun theory o Also known as psychological hedonism o Hedonism is a psychological theory that refers to the fact that people act in such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain o “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain, and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do” (Bentham 1789) o Pain aches, irritations, anxiety, anguish, discomfort, despair, grief, depression, guilt, remorse o Pleasure elation, ecstasy, delight, joy, enjoyment Major arguments o People seek fun or pleasurable experiences in leisure o Fun and pleasurable experiences have long lasting effects on peoples lives, which contribute to overall sense of well-being o Leisure can provide us with desirable moments of fun o Maintain a sense of well being people need to experience many small moments of enjoyment rather that rare and great peaks of pleasure Need-compensation theory l Major arguments l We all have to satisfy a variety of psychological, cognitive and social needs to live happy lives l However, due to a variety of factors we are often unable to satisfy many of those needs as fully as we would like l Leisure activities are often used to compensate or satisfy these unmet needs l Example l Work and leisure relationship II. Long essay question: (30 points) A .休閑和炫耀性消費(fèi)之間的關(guān)系。休閑之事古已有之。一般意義上的休閑是指兩個(gè)方面：一是解除體力上的疲勞，恢復(fù)生理的平衡；二是獲得精神上的慰藉，成為心靈的驛站。她是完成社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)之后的時(shí)間，是人的生命狀態(tài)的一種形式。而對(duì)于人之生命的意義來說，她是一種精神的態(tài)度，并在人類社會(huì)進(jìn)步的歷史進(jìn)程中終扮演著重要的角色。 中國古人對(duì)休閑內(nèi)容也是很講究的，并賦予很濃厚的文化內(nèi)涵，形成了獨(dú)具一格的文化。如收藏字畫，篆刻臨帖，弈棋鼓琴，栽花養(yǎng)魚等，均列為一種休閑生活的方式。其中所花去的錢是指在閑暇時(shí)間進(jìn)行的休閑產(chǎn)品（物質(zhì)的和精神的）消費(fèi)活動(dòng)。 休閑消費(fèi)是老百姓生活質(zhì)量提高的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志，同時(shí)也極富夸示價(jià)值，是有閑有錢的雙重表述。此外，高品位的休閑娛樂，例如對(duì)高雅藝術(shù)的鑒賞，也是品位素養(yǎng)的一種彰顯，可以為消費(fèi)者帶來榮耀。當(dāng)前中國頗為流行的出國旅游、古玩鑒賞、探險(xiǎn)越野、藝術(shù)欣賞等休閑娛樂，都有很強(qiáng)的夸示成分在里邊。當(dāng)然，這種夸示可能是消費(fèi)者的有意為之，也有可能是無心插柳。而炫耀性消費(fèi)就有些不同了，所謂炫耀性消費(fèi)，指的是富裕的上層階級(jí)通過對(duì)物品的超出實(shí)用和生存所必需的浪費(fèi)性、奢侈性和鋪張浪費(fèi)，向他人炫耀和展示自己的金錢財(cái)力和社會(huì)地位，以及這種地位所帶來的榮耀、聲望和名譽(yù)。其實(shí)休閑與炫耀性消費(fèi)的概念有時(shí)候有些相近，因?yàn)樵诟蝗说男蓍e生活中，他們的消費(fèi)很可能就是屬于炫耀性消費(fèi)，而普通人即使想要進(jìn)行炫耀性消費(fèi)也是無法進(jìn)行的，因?yàn)殄X不夠，所以炫耀性消費(fèi)應(yīng)該包含于休閑里面，關(guān)系很相近。只是用錢的多少來衡量而已。當(dāng)人們提到炫耀性消費(fèi)，第一個(gè)想到的是炫耀，與此相關(guān)的是大把的花錢。我們以為，炫耀性消費(fèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)具有一些基本的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要意義不存在于消費(fèi)所產(chǎn)生的金額。第一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是炫耀性消費(fèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)是純粹的消費(fèi)，因此我們需要鑒別一些貌似消費(fèi)而實(shí)際上是投資的“消費(fèi)”：譬如千金宴請(qǐng)客戶，其目的是為了賺更多的錢，消費(fèi)只是一個(gè)幌子，一種公關(guān)手段。第二個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是炫耀性消費(fèi)的心靈依附性。如果沒有心靈上對(duì)消費(fèi)所產(chǎn)生的高人一等的依附、如果消費(fèi)的目的不是為了“顯擺”，就不是炫耀性消費(fèi)，譬如有的富人一點(diǎn)小毛病也要到大醫(yī)院開高價(jià)藥，這種消費(fèi)只是人們對(duì)于安全和權(quán)威的莫名信任和歸托而已?，F(xiàn)代人的休閑娛樂方式和內(nèi)容，可謂花樣疊出，五彩繽紛。唱愈狂，跳愈瘋，玩更邪，還有腳綁橡皮筋，從數(shù)十米高處頭朝下往水里跳的，玩起來著實(shí)驚心動(dòng)魄。大凡時(shí)尚的休閑娛樂，都要大把從兜里掏銀子，卡拉OK、家庭影院、健美器械、保齡球、高爾夫、按摩桑拿、跑馬賽狗，都不是一文錢兩文錢可以玩的。人之娛樂，在下以為頂要緊的是追求心境淡泊雅悅，陶冶閑適的情趣，以求修身養(yǎng)性?；ㄥX買來的娛樂，畢竟虛浮和短暫，況且工薪族老百姓，能衣溫食飽，居安業(yè)樂，如此便為天大的好生活了，犯不著再花冤枉錢，去買那些翻天覆地，死去活來的時(shí)髦娛樂。我們應(yīng)該冷靜思考和研究解決大眾化旅游休閑消費(fèi)需求的不斷增長(zhǎng)同社會(huì)供應(yīng)不相適應(yīng)的矛盾，切不可把旅游規(guī)劃休閑打造成“強(qiáng)勢(shì)集團(tuán)”的奢侈品，而忽略了平民對(duì)休閑生活的深切渴望。因?yàn)槿暧?14天節(jié)假日的工薪階層和既“有閑”又“有錢”的富裕階層是我國現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中旅游規(guī)劃休閑消費(fèi)的兩個(gè)重要群體。很多人在脫離物質(zhì)休閑之后便難覓新徑，如何開拓自己精神領(lǐng)域的休閑？其實(shí)，我們寄希望社會(huì)在培育健康休閑環(huán)境的同時(shí)，應(yīng)該更多地責(zé)問自己，因?yàn)橛泻芏嗟姆绞娇晒┻x擇。比如，好朋友不常見面也會(huì)陌生，為什么不把浪費(fèi)在昏天黑地打麻將和看肥皂劇上的時(shí)間用來和老朋友談心？這樣花的錢也少了，同時(shí)也就休閑了。我們不用必須去花很多錢去玩，以為那樣就會(huì)開心，其實(shí)不然，那只是心態(tài)上的浮夸而已，要區(qū)分我們想得到的是什么，休閑得到快樂，炫耀性消費(fèi)得到面子?？次覀兿胍裁戳?。B. Leisure is to relax, do not need deliberately to do some stimulating activities or to prepare many of the early work. it is literally of play, loosen body and mind, dont think too much, as long as it went.As a realm in the home of human spirit, leisure has been of important cultural value in the history of the progression of civilization. Investigating the social and intellectual backgrounds for the rise of leisure studes, we see the awakening of the cultural consciousness of mankind. In essence, the rise of leisure studies represents a contemplation on the future destiny of mankind, an effort to repair the fracture in the cultural spirit and value system of modern man, and an attempt, by reflecting on leisure and lifes values, to redefine the culturalspiritual coordinates for human existence an thus prompt us to look into ourselves and try to answer the important questions in life: What path are we to take in the future? What, in the end, is the meaning and worth of human life? More importantly, it demands that we learn to think how we can become human, become happy, free, and creative human beings with the capacity to pursue truth, goodness, and beauty.For Aristotle, leisure meant being occupied in something performed for its own sake or as its own end - listening to music or poetry, interaction with friends, and, most importantly, contemplation. Aristotle was a philosopher of happiness and a philosopher of leisure. Happiness can appear only in leisure. He repeats it many times- the ability to appropriately use leisure is the basis of the free mans whole life. For example, how ancient Greeks perceived leisure and what was the role of leisure in their society? Of all ancient philosophers, Aristotle was the one who wrote about it most. We should not play. For adults plays belongs to the side of occupation. We play to relax and to regenerate for work. In other words, play has a purpose. According to Aristotle, play does not produce happiness but a feeling of relief from tension and physical effort. For Aristotle “l(fā)eisure is a different matter”. It has its intrinsic pleasure, intrinsic happiness and intrinsic felicity. This kind of happiness can only be experienced by people who have leisure. Most of these holidays were tied to the religious calendar (religious vs. secular). Each of them had its specific customs decorating churches, horse parades, processions, wrestling, boxing, climbing of a greased pole, races, circuses, clowns, puppet shows, dances etc. Holidays were also related o annual fairs, the traditional place for marketing goods. Many of the annual festivals such as Mardi Gras or May Day during which people drunk, dance and sign had also other subtle meaning. They were symbols of protest against the rich and powerful masters. Leisure of the aristocracy In the Middle Ages, the ar