土木工程專業(yè)外語秦衛(wèi)紅主編部分.docx

土木工程專業(yè)英語部分1. A total elongation of a bar carrying an axial force 帶了軸力的桿件伸長量2. A bar that has constant cross section throughout its length and a strait axis一個全長等截面的直軸3. A uniform stretching 均勻拉伸4. Units of force divided by area 單位面積上的力5. A compressive stress 壓應力6. At right angles to its axis 垂直于軸桿7. This condition will be realized if the axial force P acts through the centroid of the cross section, as can be demonstrated y statics. 這種情況將被認為：如果一個軸向力P作用在橫截面中心，那么它可以以靜力學來解釋。8. Also, unless stated otherwise, it is generally assumed that the weight of the object itself is neglected, as was done when discussing the bar in Fig. 1-1 . 同樣，除非另有說明，這個通常假設該物體的重力被忽略，對于在像圖-討論桿件的時候。9. By making an artificial cut through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate parts of the bar as a free body. 人工的截開這個桿在垂直于軸向的方向上，我們能隔離出桿的一部分為自由端。10. The concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way by considering the extension of prismatic bar. 應力和應變能夠用一種基本的方式來解釋，考慮該柱形延伸的桿件。11. Assuming that the stress has a uniform distribution over the cross section ,we can readily see that its resultant is equal to the intensity times the cross-section area A of the bar. 假設在整個橫截面上有著均勻分布的應力，我們能理解到它的結(jié)果等于強度6與橫截面面積A的乘積。12. When the bar is being stretched by the force P, as shown in the figure, the resulting stress is a tensile stress; if the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be compressed, they are called compressive stresses. 當一個桿件被力P拉伸，我們可以看到在途中，這個結(jié)果應力為拉力，如果這個里方向相反，將造成這個敢見被壓縮，這叫壓應力。13. The critical load 臨界荷載14. The ultimate load 最終荷載15. a modulus of elasticity 彈性模量16. a factor of safety 安全因素17. elastic buckling 彈性彎曲18. initial crookedness 故有彎曲19. the slenderness ratio 長細比20. A diagram of the compressive stress in the column versus the slenderness ratio can now be plotted. 一個圖表關(guān)于有壓力的柱體長細比能馬上被繪制。21. For practical purpose it is sometimes sufficient to draw a straight line EB and to consider that it represents the critical stresses for medium-length columns. 對實際的目的而言，這個有時候足以用畫一條直線EB來考慮和代表臨界應力關(guān)于中等柱體。22. At this stress the column fails either by a direct failure of the material or by bucking, depending upon the slenderness ratio. 對于這種應力的柱體被破壞不是直接壓壞就是被壓彎，這取決于這根柱的長細比。23. This condition cannot be improved by using a higher strength material; instead, the critical stress can be raised by increasing the radius of gyration or by using a material with a higher modulus of elasticity. 這種情況下不能被提高：用一更高的強度的材料，但是用一更高回轉(zhuǎn)半徑的材料或者有更高彈性模量的材料能提高臨界應力。24. The Euler formula for the critical load is inapplicable in some instances and gives values which are too high. 歐拉公式的臨界荷載有些情況不能應用，這回導致結(jié)果值太高。25. dead loads 靜荷載26. live loads 動荷載27. the mean load 平均荷載28. rational safety provisions 合理安全措施29. random variable 隨機變量30. Safety requires that the strength of the structure be adequate for all loads which may foreseeably act on it. 安全要求結(jié)構(gòu)的強度對于預見的作用在這個上面的全部荷載是充分的。31. Serviceability requires that deflections be adequately small, that cracks, if any, be kept to tolerable limits, that vibrations be minimized. 適用性要求充分小的撓度，可以保持在允許范圍內(nèi)的裂縫和盡量小的震動。32. Actual loads may differ from those assumed in the design. 真實的荷載或許與假設中的設計不相同。33. Actual loads may be distributed in a manner different from that assumed in the desigh. 真實的荷載分布情況或許與假設中涉及不相同34. Dead loads are those which are consistent in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the structure. 靜荷載是一直在大小和位置都不變的作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上。35. flat roof 平屋頂36. pitched roof 人字形屋頂37. upwind part of the roof 屋頂?shù)哪骘L面38. canopy roof 天蓬屋頂39. windward part of the roof 屋頂?shù)纳巷L面40. wind parallel with building facade 平行于建筑物正面的風41. wind perpendicular to building facade 垂直于建筑物正面的風42. When the undisturbed air flow approaches a building, it is forced around and over the building. 當沒有干擾的氣流接近一個建筑，它的力量是覆蓋在建筑物的周圍和上方。43. Pressure is marked by plus and suction is marked by minus in the following figures. 壓力在下邊的圖表中為“+”，引力為“”。44. For pitched roofs with a slope of between 15 and 30, suction as well as pressure may occur on the upwind part of the roof. 對于坡度在15 到30 的人字坡而言，吸力和壓力一樣或許作用在逆風屋頂。45. If this aspect was incorporated into the building traditions of areas prone to severe hurricanes, the number of low-rise structural failures in these areas could be reduced in the future. 如這個方面綜合考慮系統(tǒng)傾向于嚴重的颶風區(qū)域內(nèi)不高的結(jié)構(gòu)承載力破壞的數(shù)量在這些區(qū)域在未來將減少。46. member performance 構(gòu)件工作性能47. rational safety provisions 合理安全儲備48. concrete cover distance 保護層厚度49. random variable 隨機變量50. deep flexural members 深梁51. Tension cracks in beams may be wide enough to be visually disturbing, and in some cases may reduce the durability of the structure. 梁中拉應力產(chǎn)生的裂縫足夠?qū)捒雌饋硎菬┤说模谀承┣闆r下或許會降低結(jié)構(gòu)的耐久性。52. All reinforced concrete beams crack, generally starting at loads well below service level, and possibly even prior to loading due to restrained shrinkage. 所有的鋼筋混凝土梁的裂縫，通常開始于荷載低于服務水平，而且可能甚至在荷載作用前限制收縮。53. In early reinforced concrete designs, questions of serviceability were dealt with indirectly ,by limiting the stresses in concrete and steel at service loads to the rather conservative values that had resulted in satisfactory performance. 所有的鋼筋混凝土設計中，適用性方面的問題是被間接處理的，通過限制混凝土的應力和承受荷載的鋼筋在保守之范圍內(nèi)來導致完美的工作性能。54. In the discussion of the importance of a good bond between steel and concrete it was pointed out that if proper end anchorage is provided ,a beam will not fail prematurely ,even though the bond is destroyed along the entire span . 在討論一個好的連接在鋼筋和混凝土間的重要性，這是被指出的：如果正確的尾端錨固存在，一個梁不會被提早破壞，即使連接在整跨上被破壞了，亦如此。55. Experiments by Bromes and others have shown that both crack spacing and crack width are related to the concrete cover distance dc, measured from the center of the bar to the face of the concrete . Bromes和其他人的實驗表明，裂縫間距和裂縫寬度與保護層厚度有關(guān)，這個厚度是桿中心到混凝土表面的距離。56. Earthquake-resistant structures 抗震結(jié)構(gòu)57. Post-and-resisting elements 立柱和梁的組合體58. Lateral-load-resisting elements 抵抗側(cè)應力的構(gòu)件59. Rigid diaphragms 剛性隔板60. Structures with redundancy 超靜定結(jié)構(gòu)61. Timber structures 木結(jié)構(gòu)62. The primary reason for this is that earthquake resistance of a structure is dependent, to a large extent ,on its ability to absorb the energy input associated with ground motions 。 最基本的原因是一個結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震很大程度上取決于相互依賴，他們吸收相關(guān)地震力的能量的能力 。63. The failure of relatively few members in the outer plane of the structure shown in Fig.6-2b may lead to total collapse, whereas many more members must fail in the more redundant structure for it to collapse. 很少構(gòu)件的破壞在結(jié)構(gòu)的表面像圖6-2b，將導致全部倒塌，然而在有很多約束的結(jié)構(gòu)中，必須有更多的構(gòu)件被破壞才會倒塌。64. Earthquake-resistant structures also typically have floor and roof planes designed as rigid diaphragms capable of transmitting internal forces to lateral-load-resisting elements through beam-like action. 抗震結(jié)構(gòu)也典型的有橫面和屋頂被設計成剛性隔板，以此能夠傳遞內(nèi)在力到抵抗側(cè)向力的結(jié)構(gòu)上，像梁一樣的效果。65. Precast concrete structures, however, can be difficult to design for safety in earthquake zones because of the problems involved in achieving a continuous ductile structure. 預知的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，然而難以設計在安全性上在地震多發(fā)地區(qū)，因為這些問題要涉及到連續(xù)和延伸性的結(jié)構(gòu)。66. Reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土 67. Rolled-steel 軋制剛材68. Weldability 可焊性69. Aggregate 骨料 70. Mortar 砂漿71. Deformation 變形72. The modern civil engineer needs to deal with a variety pf materials that are often integrated in the same structure, such as steel and concrete, or are used separately for construction projects, such as pavements from asphalt and Portland cement concrete . 現(xiàn)今的土木工程需要處理多種多樣的材料，這些經(jīng)常被整合到同一個結(jié)構(gòu)中，就像鋼材和混凝土，或者單獨做用于項目建設，就像用瀝青和硅酸水泥鋪路。73. The useful engineering properties of both unalloyed and alloyed aluminum are low specific gravity resistance to corrosion, high electrical conductivity and excellent forming properties . 有用的工程行者對于非合金和鋁合金是低質(zhì)量的，可耐腐蝕的，導電性好的，良好的可塑性。74. Concrete is a man-made composite the major constituent of which in natural aggregate (such as gravel and sand ) and binding medium (such as cement paste, bitumen and polymers) . 混凝土是人造混合物，它的主要成分是基本骨料(如礫石)和膠凝材料(如書你講，瀝青和聚合物) .75. Reinforcing techniques have been developed in recent years to extend the structural possibilities of masonry ,especially improved its resistance to earthquakes . 加強技術(shù)在近幾年發(fā)展迅速，涉及擴展了漿砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的使用可能性，尤其是提高了抗震性。 第一課等截面Constant cross section，單位面積上的力Unit area on the force桿件的橫截面面積A cross-sectional area of the member橫截面的形心Centroid of the cross section單位長伸長量Elongation per unit length相鄰橫截面Adjacent cross-section除非另有說明Unless otherwise noted力的集度。即是單位面積上的力，稱為應力The force set degrees, that is the force per unit area, known as stress應力常用希臘字母來表示Stress commonly used Greek letters 單位長度的伸長量稱為應變，常來以下公式確定Unit length of elongation is called strain, often to the following formula to determine材料力學是應用力學的一個分支The materials mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics材料力學討論固體在承受各種荷載時的性能Of Material Mechanics Discussion solid performance under various loads第二課臨界應力Critical stress歐拉公式Eulers formula 比例極限Proportional limit強度極限Strength limit非彈性屈曲Inelastic buckling平均壓應力Average compressive stress回轉(zhuǎn)半徑Radius of gyration許可應力Allowable stress我們注意到臨界應力的變化和柱子長細比的平方成反比We note that the critical stress changes and pillars slenderness ratio is inversely proportional to the square of如果，柱子將由于彈性屈曲而失效，歐拉公式可以應用If, pillars elastic buckling failure.Eulers formula，曲線ABC是根據(jù)公式2-1繪制的，被稱為歐拉曲線Curve ABC is according to the formula 2-1 draw, is called the eulers curve結(jié)構(gòu)工程安全系數(shù)的典型值介于1.5和3這一范圍內(nèi)。The structural engineering typical value of the safety factor of between 1.5 and 3 within this range第三課溫度差Temperature difference補救措施Remedial measures補安全度規(guī)范Complement safety norms，雨水積聚 Rainwater accumulation概率密度函數(shù)Probability density function概率曲線 Probability curve失效概率Probability of failure分項安全系數(shù)Partial safety factors結(jié)構(gòu)必須具備抗破壞的安全度和實用時的實用性The structure must have anti undermine the security and practical usefulness作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載可分為三大類。Effect on the structure of the load can be divided into three categories.像活荷載一樣，某時刻的環(huán)境荷載無論大小還是分布都是不確定的Like live load, a time of environmental load regardless of size or distribution is uncertain規(guī)定值并不是平均值，而是表示期望的上限Specified value is not mean, but expects the upper limit設計規(guī)范中合理的安全條款已經(jīng)取得了很大進展。code of reasonable safety terms have been made great progress.由此可看出，這個規(guī)定的使用荷載比作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的平均荷載大得多。This can be seen, the provisions of the use of load ratio effect on the structure of the average load much larger第四課風吸力Wind suction風壓力Wind pressure四坡屋頂Hipped roof建筑正立面Building faade斜度在30的坡屋頂Gradient in 30 slope roof低層建筑Low-rise building風壓力和吸力分別指的是空氣的壓力大于或者小于大氣壓力Wind pressure and suction means is the pressure of the air is greater than or less than atmospheric pressure當屋頂?shù)钠露却笥诩s30時，在屋頂?shù)挠L面為壓力，在屋頂?shù)谋筹L面為吸力When the roof slope is greater than about 30 , the windward side of the roof of the pressure in the leeward side of the roof to the suction雨棚下部受垂直升力的作用，該荷載與上部風荷載同時作用其上The canopy lower vertical lift, the load and the upper part of the wind loads acting simultaneously on. 第五章結(jié)構(gòu)的實用性Practicality of the structure結(jié)構(gòu)的耐久性The durability of the structure裂縫寬度Crack width長期撓度Long-term deflection使用荷載 Use load在設計良好的鋼筋混凝土梁中，裂縫須足夠小，以防出現(xiàn)超過規(guī)范允許寬度的鋼筋銹蝕Well-designed reinforced concrete beams, the cracks to be small enough to avoid a more than steel corrosion specification allows the width為了控制裂縫，最好使用小直徑而數(shù)量多的鋼筋，而不是大直徑而數(shù)量少的鋼筋I(lǐng)n order to control the crack, the best use of small diameter and number of reinforced, rather than the large diameter of the small number of reinforced. 一般，配置光圓鋼筋的梁，其裂縫會表現(xiàn)的少寬，而配置適變形鋼筋的梁，其裂縫數(shù)量多而寬度細微到幾乎不可見。General configuration plain bars, beam, the crack will show less wide, and configure the appropriate deformed bars, beam, the number of crack width subtle almost invisible. 對深受彎構(gòu)件，除受彎主鋼筋外，需要在腹部兩側(cè)配置附加鋼筋以防其表面裂縫寬度超限D(zhuǎn)eep flexural members, in addition to the main reinforcement of the bend by both sides of the abdomen configure additional reinforcement to prevent the surface crack width gauge第六章預制混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)Precast concrete structure地震受災區(qū)Quake-hit areas能量的吸收 Energy absorption現(xiàn)澆結(jié)構(gòu)Cast-in-place structure水平抗側(cè)力構(gòu)件Level of lateral force resisting members塑性鉸Plastic hinge延性結(jié)構(gòu)Ductility structur在經(jīng)受地震的時候，連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)往往表現(xiàn)良好When subjected to the earthquake, continuous structures tend to perform well結(jié)構(gòu)抵抗地震的能力很大程度上取決于他吸收能量的能力The structures ability to withstand an earthquake depends largely on his ability to absorb energy預制混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，由于其節(jié)點缺乏連續(xù)性，不適用于地震區(qū)Precast concrete structure, due to the lack of continuity of its nodes, and does not apply to the earthquake zone作為其特色，抗震結(jié)構(gòu)往往擁有樓板或者屋面作為剛性隔板，以將內(nèi)心傳遞到水平抗側(cè)力構(gòu)件上Seismic structure often has as its characteristics, the floor or roof as a rigid diaphragm, to pass the heart to the level of the lateral force resisting members on第七章沖擊荷載Impact load軟鋼，低碳鋼Mild steel, low carbon steel冷拉Cold Drawn粘土磚Clay brick收縮Shrink鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的設計主要基于鋼材的強度，但是鋼材的延性，韌性及及可焊性也是重要的特性。The steel structure design is mainly based on the strength of steel, but the steel ductility, toughness and weldability is also an important characteristic. 鋼材的可焊性非常重要。因為與栓鏈接和鉚接結(jié)構(gòu)相比，焊接結(jié)構(gòu)節(jié)省重量并且易于裝配The weldability of the steel is very important.As compared with the the bolt link and riveting structure welded structure to save weight and easy to assemble普通混凝土的抗拉強度比較低，在結(jié)構(gòu)應用中常規(guī)的作法或者是在混凝土放入鋼筋一起抵抗拉力（鋼筋混凝土），或者是用混凝土中的壓力來抵消拉力（預應力混凝土或者后應力混凝土）。Relatively low tensile strength of ordinary concrete in structural applications in routine practice or placed in the concrete reinforced with resistance Rally (reinforced concrete) or concrete pressure to counteract the stress after Rally (prestressed concrete or concrete). 建造過程中最大的不同是一般不需要等量的臨時模板和支撐，而是在混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中需要這兩者The biggest difference in the construction process generally does not require the same amount of temporary formwork and support, but both need concrete structures砂漿的收縮與熱膨脹裂縫是砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的兩個主要問題。Shrinkage and thermal expansion of the mortar cracks in masonry structure of the two main issues第八章.力矩Torque均勻荷載Uniform load等價體系Equivalent system連系梁Link beam二次超靜定Secondary statically indeterminate放松結(jié)構(gòu)Relaxed structure滾軸支座Roller bearing這些位移可能是由于外加荷載，基礎(chǔ)沉降或者溫度變化引起的These displacements may be caused due to the applied load, foundation settlement or temperature changes因此，我們找到作用于最初的超靜定結(jié)構(gòu)上的力：他們是贅余力和作用在基本結(jié)構(gòu)上的力的和。Therefore, we find the effect to the original statically indeterminate structure force: they are summation of proud force and effect in the basic structure of the force 。最終位移是基本結(jié)構(gòu)上附加荷載和外加荷載的效應疊加產(chǎn)生的Final displacement on the basic structure of the superposition of the effect of the additional load imposed loads第九章彎矩-曲率關(guān)系Moment - curvature relationship應變計長度范圍內(nèi)測得的平均應變The length of the strain gauge measured over the average strain應變硬化Strain hardening極限壓應Ultimate compressive strain抗彎承載力Flexural capacity梁的有效高度The effective height of the beam彎矩圖Bending moment diagram界限配筋率Reinforcement Ratio在最大彎矩等于塑性彎矩時，其曲率變得非常大，并且出現(xiàn)塑性流動Its curvature becomes very large, and the plastic flow in the maximum bending moment is equal to the plastic moment塑性鉸總是在彎矩最大的截面上出現(xiàn)，其出現(xiàn)意味著構(gòu)件將沿鉸截面轉(zhuǎn)動Plastic hinge always appear on the largest cross-section of the bending moment, and its presence indicates that the member rotation along the hinge section塑性鉸的形成將使構(gòu)件成為破壞結(jié)構(gòu)The formation of the plastic hinge will allow components become damaged structure鉸中塑性區(qū)的長度可以較容易地計算出來Hinged plastic zone length can be easily calculated第十章中性軸Neutral axis質(zhì)心Centroid名義上Nominally抵抗力矩Resistance to torque最小配筋百分率Minimum reinforcement percentage最大配筋百分率 The largest percentage of reinforcement在得到梁的表達形式之前，必須要根據(jù)兩種受拉鋼筋的配置數(shù)量對梁的類型進行分類。Form of expression of the beam before it must be based on the number of configurations of the two tension reinforcement beam type classification對于一個適筋梁，當達到極限荷載時，梁的鋼筋將開始屈服，雖然受壓混凝土仍然沒達到極限應力狀態(tài)。When reached ultimate load for a suitable reinforcement beam, the beam reinforced will begin to yield, although the pressure on the concrete still did not reach the limit stress state. 有時，由于建筑和功能的要求，所選梁的尺寸比僅僅考慮彎曲更大。 Sometimes, due to the construction and function requirements, choose the size of the beam than just consider bending more.在應變達到某個值時，鋼筋混凝土梁受拉邊的混凝土出現(xiàn)開裂In the strain to a certain value, the reinforced concrete beam tension side of the concrete crack appeared當受拉邊配筋多時，受壓邊的破壞將以混凝土壓爛為特征When the tension side reinforcement for long time, pressure side of the damage will be concrete pressure rotten features第二十章加州承載力California bearing capacity液限Liquid limit，篩分法Sieving固結(jié)沉降Consolidation Settlement塑性指數(shù)Plasticity index土的物理性質(zhì)由土顆粒的性質(zhì)，當前的空隙體積所占土體積的比例和土體內(nèi)現(xiàn)有的水量來決定The physical properties of soil by the nature of the soil particles, the void volume of this proportion of the soil volume attributable soil vivo existing water to determine瞬間沉降是組顆粒的特性，比如沙土和砂石，而固結(jié)沉降是那些由細小的單顆粒組成的土的特征，如黏土和粉性土。Instant settlement group characteristics of the particles, such as sand and gravel, and the consolidation settlement is small particles of soil characteristics, such as clay and silty soil. 自然狀態(tài)的黏土顆粒是薄片狀的，結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部連接緊密，但彼此之間的連接很弱。The natural state of clay particles flakes, the structure of the internal connections are tight, but the connection between weak. 塑限是粘性土的特性，其定義為土體從固體變化到塑狀態(tài)的界限含水量。通過塑限試驗確定試驗確定The plastic limit the cohesive soil characteristics, which is defined as the soil water content changes from a solid to a plastic state boundaries.To determine experimentally determined through the plastic limit test液限總是大于塑限，兩者的差值反映土體的強度隨含水量的變化Liquid limit is always greater than the plastic limit, the difference between the two reflects the strength of the soil with water content changes。第二十一章地質(zhì)歷史Geological history沉井Open caisson擴展基礎(chǔ)Spre