英語講座文檔.doc

A. Iberiansaibirin (伊比利亞人)The first known settlers of British people were Iberians. They came to Britain at about 3,000 BC during the New Stone Age.They probably came from the Iberian peninsular（半島）, now Spain. They are a dark-haired Mediterranean,meditreinin （地中海的）race. They are short in height, dark in skin and long in head. They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops.B. The Beaker Folk At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhinelandrainlnd; -lnd 萊茵蘭(德國萊茵河西部地區(qū)). These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vesselsvesl. C . Celts (凱爾特人) By the end of the Bronze Age, around 700 BC Celtic/keltik;/ people had arrived from eastern and central Europe. Celts are tall in height, blond in hair and somewhat aggressive. Their language was called the Celtic language. When they came, they brought with them a revolutionary ,revlju:nri new skill: iron-working. Celts continued to come and settle in Britain for about 500 years. They didnt kill off the Iberians. They drove some of them to the north and west, kept the rest as slaves and in the end the two races mixed to varying extent in different parts of the country. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish airi and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic eilik.II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar（凱撒大帝）, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. 2. Romans influence on Britain. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britains natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity,kristinti, to Britain.3. Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain. First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Anglo-Saxons (盎格魯-撒克遜人) In the 5th century AD, groups of people from North Europe came to settle in England. They were the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. These Germanicd:mnik （日耳曼的） peoples form the basis of the modern English race. They brought in Old English, which was to become the official language of the nation. From AD 450 to 600, they gradually took control of most of the country. They became Christians and settled down as farmers. The name England is in fact deriveddiraivd（源自） from Anglo-land. The “Eng-” part comes from the word Angles. The word “English” means “the language that belongs to the Angles.” Because “-ish” means “belonging to.” 1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons. 2. The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.3. The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.The Danes Invasions and the Vikings 1.The invaders inveid were the Norwegiansn:wi:dn （挪威人） and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York（約克王朝）, an important center of Christianity,kristinti(基督教) in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking（北歐海盜） and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon（撒克遜人的）kingdom of Wessexwesiks. 2. King Alfred lfrid (849-899) and his contributionsAlfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also convertedknv:t some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleetfli:t （艦隊）and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latinltin（拉丁語的） book into English. He also established schools and formulated f:mjuleit a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.” 3. Alfred died in 901.After his death, more Danes came to England, because the later kings were not very strong. At last, a Danish King was put on the throne. Yet, this Danishdeini king didnt rule longIn 1042, Edward, an Englishman became the king. Edward ruled over England for 24 years. His main contribution as a king was the building of Westminsterwestminst Abbeybi. .The Norman Conquest (1066)1. Background: King is also said to have promised the English thronerun to William, Dukedju:k, du:k of Normandyn:mndi. But, when Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Finally, the Witan（國會成員）chose Harold as king. Four men: King of Norway / Tostig Harold (king) Duke of Normandy ( join tgether ) ( fight ) ( fight )2. Process: 1066.10.14, the battle on Senlac Field (near Hastings), where Harold was killed; 1066 Christmas, William crowned King of England by the Archbishop:tbip （大主教） of York.3. Measure to face Saxon risings in the north: “harrying of the north”.Significance: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated （充公）almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudalfju:dlsystem（封建制度）was completely established in England. R