第十三章定語從句.doc

定語從句一、 定語從句概述1 定語從句的定義復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句，又叫形容詞性從句；被修飾的名詞或代詞，叫做先行詞；從句放在所修飾詞（即先行詞）之后由關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。如：Those who are willing to attend the party, please sign here.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.2 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞: that, which, who，whom, whose, as；關(guān)系副詞: where, when, why.3定語從句的分類 定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。試比較：His brother who lives in New York is an actor. ( 限制性定語從句)他住在紐約的那個兄弟是個演員。（可能還有其他兄弟）His brother, who lives in New York, is an actor. ( 非限制性定語從句)他兄弟是個演員，他住在紐約。（只有這一個兄弟）不難看出，限制性定語從句和主句關(guān)系十分密切，是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。翻譯成漢語時，譯到先行詞的前面，意為“的”，如例。而非限制性定語從句和主句關(guān)系不是十分密切，只是對先行詞作些附加說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。翻譯成漢語時，譯成一個獨(dú)立的句子，放在主句譯文之后，如例。這種從句往往用逗號分開，不用that引導(dǎo)。如：China, which has a long history and bright brilliant culture, is a beautiful country. 中國是一個美麗的國家，它有著悠久的歷史、燦爛的文化。二、 定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法及分類1、關(guān)系詞的作用連接作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句，把從句和主句連接起來；替代作用：在從句中替代先行詞表示的意思； 成分作用：在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。2、關(guān)系代詞的用法分類（表一）從句 關(guān)系代詞格用于限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句只用于限制性定語從句在從句中的句法功能指人指物既指人又指物主格詞whowhichthat主語賓格詞who(m)whichthat賓語/表語（which不作表語）屬格詞whose/of whomwhose/of whichwhose/of which定語【提示】關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語，且前面無介詞時，可以省略。如：I still remember the story that/which my grandpa often told me.I still remember the story my grandpa often told me.The house which/that she used to live in was very beautiful.The house she used to live in was very beautiful.The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.但不可說成：The house in she used to live was very beautiful. 關(guān)系代詞as的用法參見“五、關(guān)系代詞as和which的異同”。3.關(guān)系副詞的用法分類（表二）先行詞的類別關(guān)系副詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞在從句中的成分時間when= in / at / on / during which狀語地點(diǎn)where= in / at / which原因why= for which【提示】where的先行詞除表示明顯的“地點(diǎn)”的名詞外，還有一些表示人/物的境況、某事發(fā)展的階段或表達(dá)某事的某個方面。常見的名詞有stage, situation, point, case, position等。如：This is the town where I was born.There is one point where Id like your advice.有一點(diǎn)我想爭求你的意見。We have reached a situation where a change is needed.我們到了必須改一改的地步。We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money. 在我們的處境下，我們可能損失大量金錢。關(guān)系副詞相當(dāng)于介詞加關(guān)系代詞（如上表所示），但有時為了表示清楚，可以在關(guān)系副詞where和when的前面加上介詞，常見的有from where, to where, since when, by when.如：This is the school where I used to study.=This is the school in which I used to study.China is the birth place of kites, from where kiting flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.They left on Monday, since when we have heard nothing.三、 定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇方法1.定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇，可根據(jù)以下歌訣，化難為易。一看指人還是物，二看介詞在何處；三看句中作何用，四看是否屬特殊。“一看指人還是物”，指的是選關(guān)系代詞時，要看先行詞是表示人的還是表示物的名詞或代詞。指人用who, whom, that, whose; 指物時用which, that，whose.如： In the beginning, people who/that bought them became angry. Thats the girl whom/who/that the soldier saved from the river. They needed a plant which/that didnt need as much water as rice. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. This is the house whose window broke last night.【難點(diǎn)】whose既可指“人的”（例）又可指“物的”（例）。指“物的”時，不可誤用which，但可用 “the +n.+ of which”.如例也可說成：This is the house, the window of which broke last night.或This is the house, of which the window broke last night.“二看介詞在何處”,指的是關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時，要看介詞是否提前置于從句之首，若如此，就只能用whom（指人）或which（指物），且不能省略。如： The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.The house (that/ which) she used to live in was very beautiful. I know the man to whom you spoke just now.I know the man (who/whom/that) you spoke to just now.“三看句中作何用”，指的是選用關(guān)系詞時，要看它在從句中什么成份，作主語、賓語或表語，就用關(guān)系代詞who, which, that或as；作定語就用whose;作狀語，就用關(guān)系副詞when, where或 why.如：This is Tom, whose handwriting is the best in our class.【講析】從句中，只是主語缺少定語，所以用whose引導(dǎo)，不能省略。I have been to the place （which/that） you visited last year.【講析】從句中visit是及物動詞，which 或that做它的賓語，可以省略。I have been to the place where you worked last year.【講析】從句中work是不及物動詞，where做它的狀語，不可以省略，但可以用in which替代。The story happened on a day when the weather was wet and cold.【講析】從句中系表結(jié)構(gòu)完整，說明時間在從句中只能作狀語，因此，用when引導(dǎo)，不可省略。 The story happened on a day which/that was wet and cold.【講析】從句系表結(jié)構(gòu)中缺少主語，所以用關(guān)系代詞which/that引導(dǎo)，不可省略。 The reason why he dropped out was that his family was short of money.【講析】從句中dropped out是不及物的動詞短語，因此用關(guān)系副詞why作狀語，不可省略。 The reason (that/which) you explained to me makes no sense.【講析】從句中explain是及物動詞，the reason在從名中作它的賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo)，亦可省略。【提示】要把握好句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確分析句子成份，不要一見到時間的名詞就用when，見到地點(diǎn)名詞就用where，見到reason就用why.2定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇,還可采取“還原、重組、補(bǔ)缺”的三步法。“還原”就是把先行詞放回到定語從句中。 “重組” 就是當(dāng)先行詞被放回到從句后，按照陳述語序重新排列從句。若能形成一個完整句子，不需要再補(bǔ)加成分，說明該從句用關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)；若不能形成一個完整的句子，說明該從句需用介詞+關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)。“補(bǔ)缺”，若判斷需要用介詞+關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)從句，分兩種情況：一是依據(jù)表二中所示，找到合適的關(guān)系副詞；二是找不到合適的關(guān)系副詞，那么就需要考慮用介詞+關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)，這個補(bǔ)加介詞的過程就是“補(bǔ)缺”。 【難點(diǎn)】選擇介詞時，撇開主句不看，先將先行詞還原到從句中，然后按照陳述語序重新排列從句，并在已還原到位的先行詞前留出空格，再根據(jù)各介詞本身的用法及習(xí)慣搭配選定合適的介詞,最后用該介詞+which/whom。介詞和先行詞是一種習(xí)慣搭配，如：The train _ she is traveling is arriving.第一步，得到：the train she is traveling第二步，得到：She is traveling _the train.第三步，得到：She is traveling in the train.第四步，得到：The train in which she is traveling is arriving.介詞和從句中動詞是一種習(xí)慣搭配，如：The CD, _ I searched every store yesterday, is very popular with young people. 第一步，得到：the CD I searched every store yesterday第二步，得到：I searched every store yesterday _the CD.第三步，得到：I searched every store yesterday for the CD.第四步，得到：The CD, for which I searched every store yesterday, is very popular with young people. 介詞和從句中形容詞是一種習(xí)慣搭配，如：She liked to tell the same story again and again _ we had got tired.第一步，得到：the same story we had got tired第二步，得到：We had got tired _ the same story.第三步，得到：We had got tired of the same story.第四步，得到：She liked to tell the same story again and again of which we had got tired.表示“所有格”或“整體與部分”關(guān)系時用介詞of which/whom,如：He has many children, some of whom are workers.= He has many children, of whom some are workers.She has two skirts, both of which were bought last summer.= She has two skirts, of which both were bought last summer. “四看是否屬特殊”,指的是確定了要用關(guān)系代詞時，還要看是否屬特殊情況。四、 選擇定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的特殊情況1在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which：先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾或被the only, the very, the same（同一的）, the last, any、few、little、no、all、one of等修飾時。This is the very book that Im looking for.這正是我在找的那本書。先行詞為all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時。All that glitters is not gold.先行詞中既有人又有物時。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.先行詞在主句中作表語且關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語時。The village is no longer the one that it was 5 years ago.當(dāng)主句中含有疑問詞which時。Which are the books that you bought for me ?2、在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用which而不用that:引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句China, which has a long history and a brilliant culture, has changed greatly in recent years.關(guān)系代詞直接放在介詞后做賓語時The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時I have that which you gave me.我有你給我的那一個。當(dāng)關(guān)系詞離先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時Larry told her friend the story of the young lady which I referred to in my letter to her.3、關(guān)系詞who與that指人時，也有不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞。當(dāng)主句是there be句型時，關(guān)系詞用who。There were two people who were killed in the accident.先行詞是為anyone、those、someone、everyone、one、he等詞時，關(guān)系詞用who。One who doesnt reach the Great Wall isnt a man.當(dāng)主句是who作疑問詞時，關(guān)系詞用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?whom在從句中只作賓語，口頭上或非正式文體中可被who取代，但置于介詞之后或在非限制性定語從句中不能用它代替。如：The gentleman whom/who you told me about yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman, whom you told me about yesterday, proved to be a thief. 4先行詞為way（方式、方法）時，定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇。 whichI dont understand the way is introduced in the essay.(作主語) that whichThe way that he explained to us was quite simple. (作賓語) 不填 in whichThe way that he explained the sentence to us was not difficult 不填 to understand. (作狀語)5先行詞是time時，若time表示“次數(shù)”講時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略；若time表示“一段時間”講時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/during which引導(dǎo)定語從句。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.五、 關(guān)系代詞as和which的異同1相同之處都可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語或賓語，可以換用。如：He isnt a native, as/which I know from his accent.2、不同之處as一般不引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，只有當(dāng)先行詞被such、so和the same(同樣的)修飾，或句型as many（much）中，從句才用關(guān)系代詞as 引導(dǎo)，as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。這時不能用which代替。These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.These houses are sold at so low a price as people expected.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.【提示】the same （同一的） that 引導(dǎo)定語從句和the same(同樣的)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.我想就用你剛才使用的那個工具。I want to use the same tool as you used just now.我想使用你剛才用的一樣的工具。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以在主句之前亦可以在主句之后，而which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。如：As is known to everyone, the earth moves round the sun.=The earth moves round the sun, as is known to everyone.as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常含有“如同那樣”的意思，因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中如as we (all) know/ as is (well) known to all(眾所周知),as we can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣)，as has been said before/above(正如前文所述)，as has been pointed out(正如所指的那樣)，as might be imagined(可以想像得到)，as might be expected(正如預(yù)料的那樣)，as is often the case(情況常常是這樣)，as an old saying goes(正如俗話說)等中不能用which代替as。如：which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上等于一個并列句，可以用and this 代替，意思是“這件事”；as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用，表達(dá)說話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)和出處等。如：He always said what an important role he played, which made the others unhappy.=He always said what an important role he played, and this made the others unhappy.As a song says, “Mom is the best in the world”.which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是整個主句又可以是一個表示物的名詞，而as引導(dǎo)的先行詞只能是整個主句。如：The apple trees, which we planted last year, have borne fruit.(不可換成as)A big earthquake occurred in Sichuan in May 12, as /which was reported.在非限制性定語從句中作主語時，which既可作系動詞be的主語亦可作實義動詞的主語，而as只作系動詞的主語。如：She couldnt sleep last night, which explains why she is in a bad mood this morning.(不可換成as)as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主句相悖，而which引導(dǎo)的從句則沒有這種限制。如：My parents treat me like a child, which I cant bear.(不可換成as)She married him, which was a surprise.(可換成as)六、 定語從句的主謂一致當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語的人稱和數(shù)由先行詞決定，當(dāng)先行詞為主句時，從句謂語用三人稱單數(shù)。如：I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.The reporter who is talking to the shop assistant is humorous.This is one of the best novels that were published last year.This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.七、 和其他從句的區(qū)別定語從句必須同時具備兩個條件：一是從句前必須有個名詞或代詞作先行詞；二是從句引導(dǎo)詞一定沒有其它的含義，只不過代替先行詞且在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。根據(jù)這個特征，我們可以把它和和其他從句加以區(qū)別：1.和地點(diǎn)狀語從句的區(qū)別，看有無表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作先行詞。如： You should leave the toy where you can find.( 地點(diǎn)狀語從句) I still remember the bus stop where /at which I met you for the first time.（定語從句）2.和結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別，看引導(dǎo)詞是否在從句中充當(dāng)成分。如：such/soas引導(dǎo)的定語從句和such/so that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。It is such an interesting film that we all want to see it.子（狀語從句）He is such a good teacher as we all respect. (定語從句)【講析】狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that沒有意義，在從句中不做任何成分，而as引導(dǎo)定語從句時，代替先行詞，在從句中做主語或賓語，上例中的as在從句中做respect的賓語。3.和同位語從句的區(qū)別當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞是that時，在同位語中，它只起連接作用，沒有任何意義，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，但不可省，同位語從句說明的是先行名詞的具體內(nèi)容；而在定語從句中，它連接主從句，代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語，作賓語時還可以省略，定語從句是限定或修飾先行詞的。如：The news that he had been back surprised us all.( 同位語從句)The news that he told me was true. ( 定語從句)當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞是wh-時，在同位語中，它含有疑問意義；反之，則是定語從句。如：He had to settle the problem which should be done first. ( 同位語從句) 他得解決先做哪個的問題。He had to settle the problem which they had left. ( 定語從句) 他得解決他們遺留下的問題。4.和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別，可用“試減法”，即去掉it is/was和that。若能組成一個完整的句子，說明是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，否則，就是定語從句。It was in the garden _ he saw her for the first time.It was the garden _ he saw her for the first time. A. where B. that C. which D. in that【講析】我們先假設(shè)它們都是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，用“試減法”去檢驗一下，句剩下“in the garden he saw her for the first time”，加以調(diào)整，得：He saw her in the garden for the first time.意義完整，說明它是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，因此答案應(yīng)為B。譯為“他第一次見到她是在花園里?！本涫Ｏ隆皌he garden he saw her for the first time”, 加以調(diào)整，得：He saw her the garden for the first time.根據(jù)意思，感覺句子缺少一個介詞in，故該句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，當(dāng)我們把it理解為人稱代詞時，根據(jù)定語從句三步法，可找到答案A。譯為“這就是他第一次見到她的那個花園?！卑?、解定語從句題時的注意點(diǎn)1. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)要認(rèn)清，尤其是以逗號斷開的非限制性定語從句。試比較：As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.(非限制性定語從句) It is known to all that China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.（主語從句后置，it是形式主語）In our school there are over 8000 students . About two fifth of them are girls.（簡單句） In our school there are over 8000 students and about two fifth of them are girls.（并列句） In our school there are over 8000 students, about two fifth of whom are girls. （非限制性定語從句）2.斷句要正確。The rich, for _ money was not a problem, wanted to stay at an expensive hotel. A. their B. his C. whose D. whom【講析】該句容易選C，認(rèn)為money缺定語，實際上，介詞短語for whose money不可能作從句的主語，那么從句說沒有主語，而該句應(yīng)理解為“對他們來說，錢不是問題”，故答案為D。I can still remember the sitting-room, _ my brother and I used to sit in the evening. A. which B. when C. that D. where【講析】該句容易誤選A或C，認(rèn)為在從句中作sit in 的賓語，實際上，介詞in應(yīng)和后面的the evening合為in the evening, sit是不及物動詞，故答案D是正確的。3.句子結(jié)構(gòu)要理順。The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000silver pennies, _over 600 years. A. all of them B. all of which C. all of it D. none of which【講析】該句容易誤解為非限制性定語從句，實際上，該句沒有謂語，所以它只是一個獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，故答案為A。When we asked him, he told us _ he had done. A. that all B. all what C. all which D. what all【講析】該句意思是“他把他所做的都告訴了我們”，此時我們常用all that或what,但選項里沒有，得重新理解句子。首先，從句he had done缺少賓語，設(shè)想用what引導(dǎo)，all在us之后作它的同位語。譯為“他把他所做的告訴了我們所有的人”，意思完整正確，故答案為B?！菊骖}演練】1.（2008全國II，16）The road conditions ther