英語專業(yè)技巧及實(shí)戰(zhàn)_.doc

難句在考研閱讀、完型填空和翻譯中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高，無論句子有多長、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜，它都由一些基本的成分組成的。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說，英語句子中，除了謂語之外，其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動詞來充當(dāng)。從句子本身是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。從功能來說，英語有三大復(fù)合句，即:名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說的定語從句;狀語從句。非謂語動詞可以有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)（過去分詞除外），也可以跟自己的邏輯主語、賓語、狀語等成分，構(gòu)成一個(gè)非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。由于非謂語動詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn)，使英語句子從理論上講可以無限延長。英語長句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干。1） 劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句;2）劃出所有介詞短語（位于be動詞后的除外）；3） 名詞性從句看作一個(gè)整體,找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;4） 非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個(gè)整體；5）找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語，即句子的主干；6） 分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語動詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。長難句分析的步驟舉例：經(jīng)典例題（2001年考研完型填空第二段）In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一，劃出定語從句和狀語從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，劃出介詞短語：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:（1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語（Lord Irvine含同位語the Lord Chancellor）+將來時(shí)謂語（will introduce）+賓語（a draft bill）；（2）that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個(gè)謂語，making payments to witnesses illegal是一個(gè)動名詞短語做賓語，在動名詞短語內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses做making的賓語，illegal是賓補(bǔ)；第二個(gè)謂語是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句（before a trial begins）的定語從句，修飾publicity。請大家按照上述步驟認(rèn)真分解以下70個(gè)句子，并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過，則基本上可以解決考研長難句問題。1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中，that做主語，makes做謂語，it做形式賓語，不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語（不定式短語內(nèi)部to combine是主干，few farmers是賓語，with high yields是狀語），possible做賓語補(bǔ)足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;infashion譯為“用方法、方式”。譯文：這種困境將是確定無疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是we must be sure。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由介詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。譯文：既然對智力的評估相比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對我們的對象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively when。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，每個(gè)并列分句中皆有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句中還有一個(gè)主語從句whatpredicted。the tests是主句的主語，work為動詞做謂語。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應(yīng)譯為主動語態(tài)“界定”。譯文：一般來說，當(dāng)所需要測定的特征能被精確界定時(shí)，測試最為有效;而當(dāng)所測定或預(yù)測的東西不能被明確界定時(shí)，測試效果最差。4. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate，and thus do not tell how。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，第二個(gè)并列分句中由how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是一個(gè)帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句，其中had he grown up（=If he had grown up）是省略了連詞if的非真實(shí)條件句。主句主語的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表語。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權(quán)的”，而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。譯文：例如，測試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會不公;因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長的話，會有多大才干。5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that。冒號后的復(fù)合句是對冒號前部分作進(jìn)一步說明。復(fù)合句中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中有eitheror引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，修飾動詞be treated，其中第一個(gè)with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞that或which的定語從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點(diǎn)，即如果對人權(quán)沒有達(dá)成一致看法，而談?wù)搫游锏臋?quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset譯為“從一開始”。動詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”，consideration不應(yīng)譯為“考慮”。譯文：這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。6. But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that。但I(xiàn)t wasthat在本句中不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團(tuán)（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth）;that引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個(gè)定語從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導(dǎo)的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾the patterns and structure。 譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測到的有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠(yuǎn)的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that。it做形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的從句做真正的主語。主語從句中，又有一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workerswere forced，時(shí)間狀語從句中從句主語the new factories又帶有一個(gè)定語從句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定語從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當(dāng)新辦的工廠紛紛建立，需要勞動力的時(shí)候，成千上萬無家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動者攜家?guī)Э?，被迫進(jìn)入城市;他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是we have come to believe that。that引導(dǎo)的從句做believe的賓語從句;此從句中有一個(gè)that從句作the sense的同位語從句;同位語從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句;此時(shí)間狀語從句又套嵌一個(gè)定語從句that endure，修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由，通過方法”;reward sb. with意為“以報(bào)答，酬勞”;endure此處應(yīng)譯為“持久，持續(xù)”,不要譯為“忍受，容忍”。譯文:由于兩三個(gè)世紀(jì)以來的科學(xué)研究成果，我們逐漸相信，如果運(yùn)用合適的觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法向大自然探究問題，她會真心實(shí)意地給我們答復(fù)，并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來報(bào)答我們。從這個(gè)意義上來說，大自然是可以認(rèn)識的。9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details。后面緊跟省略了if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that，即if it were not for the fact that;that從句作the fact的同位語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)定語從句，修飾其先行詞the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting為過去分詞短語修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過，僅僅”，不應(yīng)譯為“簡單地”。譯文：理論上的認(rèn)識已達(dá)到了這樣一個(gè)階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測量方式才能可靠地預(yù)報(bào)天氣。如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過提供了一大堆細(xì)節(jié)而已。10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The storyhas many different versions。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語。namely that a solid body作the principle of Archimedes的同位語;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語的過去分詞短語，句子補(bǔ)充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid;it displaces是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句修飾the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body;同時(shí)，of which the following is one又構(gòu)成先行詞versions的定語從句。displace意為“排（水）”;version不譯為“版本”，此處指“根據(jù)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的（對事件等的）說法，看法”;句尾的one代指a version。譯文:當(dāng)固體浸沒到液體中時(shí)，固體會失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量，這就是現(xiàn)在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關(guān)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說法眾多，下面的故事就是其中之一。11. We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。此賓語從句中套嵌一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞forces of attraction; so that the attraction between molecules是so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句;在此狀語從句中，除主干結(jié)構(gòu)the attractionwas very small but became considerable，又有that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart做定語從句修飾先行詞molecules和when the molecules approached more closely做狀語從句，修飾but became considerable。considerable譯為“相當(dāng)大（或多的）”。譯文：我們曾經(jīng)假定，分子之間存在著引力，這種引力隨著分子之間距離的不同而有顯著的變化，因而，在間距為千萬分之幾毫米的分子之間的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近時(shí)，這種引力會變得相當(dāng)大。12. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development。其后緊跟著一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞sustainable development。此定語從句的謂語動詞means又套嵌一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，即we mustleave enough environmental space。此賓語從句中又有so that結(jié)構(gòu)做此從句的目的狀語。be enshrined in意為“被深深地珍藏（或銘記）在”，此處轉(zhuǎn)譯為主動語態(tài)“納入到”。sustainable development譯為“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”。譯文：這一需要被正式載入可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念之中。所謂可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指:為了子孫后代的利益，我們必須保留足夠的生存環(huán)境空間，以滿足他們的需要，施展抱負(fù)。13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means,since。since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句修飾主句;關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the means to represent movement in time and space; property在此處應(yīng)譯為“性質(zhì),特性”,不譯為“財(cái)產(chǎn),資產(chǎn)”。譯文：繪畫缺少的僅僅是表現(xiàn)空間與時(shí)間變化的手法，而這正是雕塑與建筑的特性。繪畫時(shí)只要求在某一時(shí)刻，從空間的一點(diǎn)來欣賞，而雕塑和建筑的創(chuàng)造則要求從各個(gè)角度來欣賞，這樣就表現(xiàn)出了空間，時(shí)間的變化。14. Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是these women havegiven voiceto what they know from experience that。that從句做experience的同位語從句;此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;Once intimidated by arguments是過去分詞做狀語修飾these women，其施動者arguments又有兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句修飾限定它。