英美文學(xué)重點作者匯總.doc

_一、 早期和中世紀(jì)的英國文學(xué)u Geoffrey Chaucer ii1. 簡介：Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry and a forerunner of humanism. He was regarded as the founder of English realism. 代表作：Troilus and Criseyde特洛伊斯洛與克瑞西達(dá)(改變于意大利)；The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（包括：“The Prologue”總序；“The Wife of Bath”巴斯婦人）。l The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集的影響：It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucers time. (之所以說喬叟是The founder of realism，是因為早期英國文學(xué)歌頌英雄(Anglo-Saxon poetry)，中期英國文學(xué)歌頌騎士精神(The Romance)，之后雖然有了piers the plowman,也不曾直接寫社會不公，直到喬叟真實描寫中世紀(jì)及各層人民。) Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.2. 語言特色/貢獻(xiàn)：He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the Heroic couplet to English poetry. He is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style.二、 英國文藝復(fù)興u Thomas More ii1. 簡介：Thomas More is an English humanism churchman. 代表作：Utopia烏托邦。2. 評價：More dared to fight against the feudalism ruler and he was a humanist. But, he was no revolutionary in the sense of wishing to arouse the people or to start any revolutionary movement. The system of bondsmen suggested to solve the problem of social productivity still remains the features of class exploitation. He could never find the means by which socialism could be realized.u Francis Bacon1. 簡介：He is the founder of English materialist philosophy, the first English essayist and the founder of English Modern Science. He is the one who introduced essay, the literary form, to England. 代表作：Advancement of Learning學(xué)問的演進(jìn)；New Instrument新工具；The Essays隨筆（58篇）“Of Studies”論學(xué)習(xí)；“Of Beauty”論美；“Of Wisdom for a Mans Self”論自私。l “Of Studies”論學(xué)習(xí)：Its message is conveyed with sweeping effect and overwhelming power, which lie in the unity of the message and the consistence of forceful argumentations. 內(nèi)容：The text focuses on one controlling idea“studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”l “Of Beauty”論美：Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bacon makes full use of so meager a vocabulary to explicate his great theme: the criterion of beauty. He makes a conclusion that only the beauty of virtue can “shine” eternally, beyond time and space.2. 主題/技法：Bacons essay writing is classified into Classic Essay. The classic essay is as comprehensive in subject matters and styles as in all classic literature. In subjects, the classic essay deals with a variety of themes: philosophy, literary criticism, arts, politics, history, social problems, travels and other aspects of life. In style, Bacon is weight and highly sententious. Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings.u Edmund Spenser1. 簡介：Edmund Spenser was recognized as the “Poets poet”. 代表作：The Shepherds Calendar牧羊人日歷；Epithalamion結(jié)婚曲；Amoritti愛情小唱；The Faerie Queene仙后。l The Spenserian Stanza: It refers to a nine-line-stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter which is called an alexandrine.l The Faerie Queene仙后：A long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only six. It is set in the mythical world of King Arthur and his knights. theme: Nationalism, Humanism and Puritanism.2. 地位：The publication of The Shepherds Calendar marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England(Ireland). The language had changed into Modern English distinguished from the Middle English of Chaucers day. Spenser is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions. He invented the Spenserian stanza, which became a popular verse form in the historical development of English poetry.u Christopher Marlowe ii1. 簡介：Christopher Marlowe was the most preeminent figure among the “university wits”, as well as the greatest playwright before the rise of Shakespeare. 代表作：Tamburlaine帖木兒大帝(對權(quán)力的貪婪)；The Jew of Malta馬耳他的猶太人(對金錢的貪欲)；Doctor Faustus浮士德博士。l Doctor Faustus浮士德博士：The play deals with themes including sin, redemption, and damnation. The chief feature of Faustuss character is an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is characteristic of a humanist in the age of Renaissance.2. 社會意義：Marlowes plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. The heroes of his plays are typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital. The theme of Marlowes plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law. However, the heroes in Marlowes plays are merely individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.3. 文學(xué)成就：Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama. Although his plays lack of variety in characterization and construction, he was famous for his “mighty line”.u William Shakespeare1. 簡介：Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet all over the world. 戲劇分期： 1590-1594初期，實驗各種戲劇類型。早期人物塑造不夠豐滿，歷史精確性不夠，以詩劇為主要形式卻無法擺脫押韻詩的死板僵硬。Henry VI亨利六世；Richard III理查德三世；The Comedy of Errors錯中錯；The Taming of the Shrew馴悍記；Loves Labours Lost愛的徒勞；Romeo and Juliet羅密歐與朱麗葉。 1595-1600成熟期，史劇、十四行詩都很成熟?？傮w上積極向上但已有了些許苦痛，人物成熟飽滿，史料豐富，采用馬洛的無韻詩寫法。Richard II理查德二世；Henry IV亨利四世；Henry V亨利五世；The Merry Wives of Windsor溫莎的風(fēng)流娘們；Julius Caesar朱利尤斯凱撒；偉大喜劇“Great Comedies”A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之夢，The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人；As You Like it皆大歡喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜。 1601-1607偉大悲劇時期，由于社會劇變，作品悲觀。Alls Well That Ends Well終成眷屬；Measure for Measure一報還一報；Antony and Cleopatra安東尼和克里奧佩特拉；偉大悲劇“Great Tragedies”Hamlet哈姆萊特；Othello奧賽羅；King Lear李爾王；Macbeth麥克白。 傳奇劇時代。Cymbeline辛白林；The Winters Tale冬天的童話；The Tempest暴風(fēng)雨；Henry VIII亨利八世。 詩歌：Venus and Adonis維納斯和阿多尼斯；The Rape of Lucrece魯克麗絲受辱記；Sonnets十四行詩集。u Ben Jonson1. 簡介：Ben Jonson was one of the leading dramatists of the Renaissance period. 代表作：Every Man in His Humour個性互異；Volpone, or the Fox福爾蓬奈（或狐貍）；The Alchemist煉金術(shù)士；Bartholomew Fair巴梭羅繆市集。2. 作品特點： Jonsons comedies are “comedies of humours”. His portrayal of characters is one-sided, flat, and lacking development instead of being round and flexible. Jonson took a firm stand for the “three unities” (time, place and action) and strongly disapproved of a mixture of serious and comic episodes in a play. He advocates a truthful and realistic description of life and people. He was a forerunner of classicism in English literature.三、 英國資產(chǎn)階級革命時期u John Milton1. 簡介：John Milton is the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare. 早期寫詩歌，中期寫宣傳冊，晚期寫史詩。代表作：“Lycidas”利西達(dá)斯（悼亡詩）；“On his Deceased Wife”致亡妻；Areopagirica論出版自由；Defence of the English People為英國人民辯護(hù)（查理二世雇人寫文章討伐英國人民，因為當(dāng)年他們支持處死查理一世，米爾頓寫此文為英國人民辯護(hù)。）；Paradise Lost失樂園；Paradise Regained復(fù)樂園；Samson Agonistes力士參孫。l Paradise Lost失樂園: 概況：Paradise lost, consisting of 12 books, naturally divides into three equal parts of four books each. The stories were taken from the Old Testament and written in blank verse. In this work Milton tried to answer the old question challenging all Christians, namely: if God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there so much suffering and evil in this world? 主題：There are three striking aspects of his intention can be felt in this epic: his faith in God, his inclination for classicism, and his yearning for reformation and freedom. 人物： Satan, though defeated, still sought revenge, is the most striking character in the poem. Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility. Satan is the spirit of questioning the authority of God. In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. However, we can never take it for granted that Milton is attacking God. The God Milton cursed was, in fact, not the Christian Providence but a mere symbol for anything he believed to be bad or immoral. Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man.2. 貢獻(xiàn)/技法： Milton was political in both his life and his art. He wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse. He is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. He is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style. (a). His style is characterized with the epic elements in it. (b). He always inverse the word order. (c). His writing is circumlocution (累贅的陳述). (d). His use of immensely long sentences and the epanalepsis (語句間隔反復(fù)) He has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.四、 十八世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)(思想啟蒙時期)u Alexander Pope1. 簡介：Alexander Pope was known as representative of the Enlightenment. He is one of the first to introduce rationalism into England. He believed in the necessity of universal education, especially that of social morality, classic culture and scientific knowledge. He also assumed the role of champion of traditional civilization. (為什么說他是啟蒙運動的代表)。 代表作：Essay on Criticism論批評(用英雄雙韻體作)；The Rape of the Lock卷發(fā)遇劫記；The Dunciad群愚史記；Essay on Man人論（啟蒙主義重要的作品）。2. 成就/局限性： Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. He usually writes in the form of heroic couplets. His style is direct and compact. He was at his best in satire and epigram. Almost all his works are satires. He is good at saying brilliant and true things in a sparkling way. But he lacked the lyrical gift. u Daniel Defoe（賞析）ii1. Desert Island Fiction：is a form of fiction in which a remote and uncivilized island is used as the venue of the story and action. Usually it can be placed right outside the “real” world and may be an image of the ideal, unspoiled or primitive existence, for it is often presented as an example of inner goodness, bravery, dignity and nobility, or adolescent innocence and purity uncorrupted by the evil force in civilization.2. 寫作技巧：Defoe wrote in a plain factual, almost documentary style without elaborate, romantic extravagances and encouraged the development of realistic fiction. His vocabulary is colloquial, uncoloured and free-running, but firm and concrete. The first-person narration is vivid, authentic and impressive with unadorned realism. Defoe creates, with no sigh of deliberate intent, the realistic fictionthe dominant literary form for the following centuries.3. 內(nèi)容：Here Defoe describes how the hero, after years of solitude and hardships, managed to construct for himself a habitable and even prosperous settlement by his unaided effort.殖民主義表現(xiàn)：Actually Crusoe did more than mere survival, for he established a plantation, opened up a colony, and created even a civilization in the wilderness. 人物精神：Defoe presents here in Crusoe a heroic image of the bourgeois man, a man who is daring, persistent, resourceful and ambitious, adventurous, enterprising as well; a man who richly represents the spirit of capitalism. 贊頌了：The adventure romance becomes an optimistic song of humanity, singing of mans ability to survive, his courage to struggle against nature, his ambition to conquer new land.u Henry Fielding1. 簡介：Henry Fielding is the founder of the English realistic school in literature with Samuel Richardson. 代表作：Joseph Andrews約瑟夫安德魯；Jonathan Wild大偉人喬納森魏爾德；Tom Jones湯姆瓊斯。2. 特點：Fielding is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. Fieldings way in telling the story of a novel is the story may be told by the author. Fieldings way of satire is to slash the evils of the corrupt ruling classes as in Jonathan Wild.u Jonathan Swift1. 簡介：Jonathan Swift was an Irish satirist, essayist, poet and political pamphleteer. 代表作：The Battle of the Books書戰(zhàn)；A Tale of a Tub一個木桶的故事；Bickerstaff Almanac比克斯塔輔歷書；Gullivers Travels格列夫游記；The Drapiers Letters一個麻布商的來信；A Modest Proposal一個小小的建議。2. 風(fēng)格：Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” He is a master satirist and his irony is deadly.u William Blake（前浪漫主義詩人）1. 簡介：William Blake is a British poet, painter and engraver. 代表作：Songs of Innocence天真之歌；Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗之歌；The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的婚姻。2. 地位：The whole temper of Blakes genius was essentially opposed to the classical tradition of that age. His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit. Blakes revolutionary passion came near that of Shelly.五、 英國浪漫主義時期u 浪漫主義時期的主要特點：1. 時間： At the turn of the18th and 19th centuries, romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.2. The Romantic Period is one of poetical revival. It is a period of poetry. Emotion, imagination and intuition of humankind are what the romanticists emphasize in their works. The general feature of the works of the romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. They pay more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature plays an important role in their works.u William Wordsworth （湖畔詩人，消極浪漫主義詩人，早期浪漫主義詩人）1. 簡介：The representative of the passive Romantic poets, who expressed the deepest aspirations of English Romanticism. He has innovated the traditional form of ballad. He and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads抒情歌謠集 in 1798.l The preface to the Lyrical Ballads: (詩歌創(chuàng)作原則) Wordsworth based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”. He appealed to individual sensation as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”. 詩歌要用普通人的語言寫普通生活中的普通事。2. 代表作：“To the Cuckoo”致杜鵑；“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”我如行云獨自游；“She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways”獨自幽居（Lucy Poems中的一首）；“I Travelled among Unknown Men”我曾在海外的異鄉(xiāng)漫游。3. 寫作手法/特色：simplicity and purity of his language; His theme is “back to nature” which is originated from his dissatisfaction with the social reality under capitalism; Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career.u Samuel Taylor Coleridge1. 簡介：Samuel Taylor Coleridge was the first critic of the Romantic school. 代表作：“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”古舟子詠；“Kubla Khan”忽必烈汗；Biographia Literaria, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions文學(xué)傳記或我的文學(xué)生涯和文學(xué)觀點。 2. 貢獻(xiàn)：His Biographia Literaria afforded the new Romantic poetry a new principle of criticism, whose task was not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.u George Gordon Byron （晚期浪漫主義詩人，積極浪漫主義時期）1. 簡介：Byron is one of the greatest romantic poets in England. He created the “Byronic hero”, which had a great influence in the literary field. 代表作：Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰爾德哈羅德游記；The Prisoner of Chillon錫隆的囚徒；Don Juan唐璜；“She Walks in Beauty”她走在美的光影中； “Elegy on Thyrza”賽沙挽歌（即：“And Thou Art Dead”你已經(jīng)長逝）；“Elegy”挽歌。l “And Thou Art Dead”你已經(jīng)長逝：It is an elegiac poem written by Byron who attempts to express his feelings of loss upon the death of an oriental girl and also show his great affection to this young beautiful lady. l Byronic heroes（拜倫式英雄）：It refers to characters described in Byrons works who are men with fiery passions and unbending will and express the poets own ideal of freedom. 缺點：These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.u Percy Bysshe Shelley1. 簡介：Shelley and Byron are justifiably regarded as two great poets of revolutionary romanticism in England. He loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free future for mankind. 代表作：Queen Mab麥布女王；The Revolt of Islam伊斯蘭的起義；Prometheus Unbound解放了的普羅米修斯；The Masque of Anarchy假面的游行；Adonais阿多尼（給濟(jì)慈寫的挽歌）；A Defence of Poetry詩辯（散文）；“Ode to the West Wind”西風(fēng)頌；“One Word is Too Often Profaned”有一個字常被人褻瀆；“To a Sky-Lark”致云雀。l Queen Mab麥布女王：It is a revolutionary poem. It contains almost all Shelleys major social and political ideas. 缺：However,. Shelley in this poem was mealy a Utopian-socialist in views, looking forward to a happy future for mankind but rejecting the path of revolution by violence.u John Keats1. 簡介：A representative of the second generation English Romantic poets. 代表作：長詩：Endymion恩底彌翁（紀(jì)念Thomas Chatterton，女神與美麗的牧羊人）；Isabella伊莎貝拉（根據(jù)薄卡丘的十日談所改，講伊莎貝拉將愛人的頭顱放在花盆里，每天守護(hù)他）；The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格尼斯前夜（與羅密歐朱麗葉的故事相似，圣阿格尼絲前夜，虔誠的少女可以夢見自己的丈夫）；Lamia拉米亞（有點類似白蛇傳，蛇女愛上凡人）。短詩：“Ode to a Nightingale”夜鶯頌；“Ode on a Grecian Urn”希臘古甕頌；“To Autumn”秋頌。l “Ode on a Grecian Urn”希臘古甕頌 : （部分內(nèi)容賞析)Though the sculpture on the urn were quiet forms, the human beauty and love captured in the figures on its freeze can never fade or die as they do in real life. Thus the urn remains forever a testimony that “beauty is truth, truth beauty”, for its silent loveliness has the profound stability of the eternal.l “To Autumn”秋頌：（部分內(nèi)容賞析）Although the last stanza falls on a mixed note of subdued joy and mild melancholy, the whole poem gives us vivid and delightful scenes of the rural environment in the autumn season. Keats celebrates the world of nature in the autumn season, with “au