（考前添分指導(dǎo)）浙江省高考英語 閱讀理解指導(dǎo)（精講精析）(1).docVIP

高考英語閱讀理解?？键c(diǎn)分析閱讀理解試題常采用以下四種題型：1. 考查考生快速捕捉信息、處理信息的能力 (細(xì)節(jié)理解題)；2. 考查考生對(duì)某個(gè)詞或詞語的理解能力 (詞義猜測題) ； 3. 考查考生對(duì)文章主旨大意或段落大意的概括能力 (主旨大意題)；4. 考查考生對(duì)文章的隱含意義、延伸意義的推理判斷能力 (推理判斷題)。一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題一般可分為：直接信息題、間接信息題和信息綜合題。1. 直接信息題：先看題干，以便在閱讀的過程中更快找出相關(guān)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。2. 間接信息題：需結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進(jìn)行簡單的概括和判斷。3. 信息綜合題：涉及文章中的幾句話，而且有時(shí)可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要把原文所提供的信息綜合起來分析。. 正確答案的特點(diǎn)：與原文信息表達(dá)手法不同，但所表達(dá)的意思相同。. 干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：1. 是原文信息，但與題目要求不符；2. 符合常識(shí)，但不符合原文內(nèi)容；3. 與原文信息極為相似，只是在程度上有些不同；4. 選項(xiàng)中所提供的信息部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤；5. 在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反?！菊骖}回放一】how did mr. plowright let people know what he was doing? why, he advertised, of course. first he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. that sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. it was probably all the information people needed to find mr. plowright and his really good plows.（2013 浙江卷閱讀理解a篇）42. to advertise his plows, mr. plowright .a. praised his plows in public b. placed a sign outside the shopc. hung an arrow pointing to the shop d. showed his products to the customers42. b。這是一道直接信息題。該段摘自原文第四段，根據(jù)該段中的first he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers可知，為了推銷自己的犁，mr. plowright在商店外面放了一個(gè)牌子。【真題回放二】in college i had been taught that a successful educator should ignore bad behavior. so i did, confident that, as the textbook had said, the bad behavior would disappear as i gave my students positive attention. it sounds reasonable, but the text evidently ignored the fact that humans, particularly teenagers, rarely seem reasonable.（2013 浙江卷閱讀理解d篇）56. according to the passage, which of the following is most probably the writers problem as a new teacher?a. she had blind trust in what she learnt at college.b. she didnt ask experienced teachers for advice.c. she took too much time off to eat and sleep.d. she didnt like teaching english literature.56. a。這是一道間接信息題。該段摘自原文第四段的部分內(nèi)容，根據(jù)so i did, confident that, as the textbook had said, the bad behavior would disappear as i gave my students positive attention可知，作者特別相信從書本上學(xué)到的東西，這種盲目的相信讓她在實(shí)際教學(xué)中遇到了困難。二、詞義猜測題. 利用同義詞或近義詞來猜測詞義。 有時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，作者會(huì)運(yùn)用不同的詞來表述同一意思。此時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，此時(shí)可以從該熟悉的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)中推知生詞的含義。這種情況下，通常在生詞和與其同義或近義的詞或短語之間有表并列關(guān)系的詞and或or等。. 利用反義詞或句子中的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系猜測詞義。反義詞同樣能夠幫助我們理解生詞的含義，像although，but，while，however，otherwise，on the other hand等詞或詞組通常是反義詞線索的標(biāo)志。. 根據(jù)定義和解釋猜測詞義。有些文章中盡管出現(xiàn)了生詞，但作者可能會(huì)以某種方式對(duì)該生詞進(jìn)行解釋，如利用means，or，that is to say，that is，in other words，namely等釋義性詞或短語來進(jìn)行解釋，或利用破折號(hào)、同位語、同位語從句、定語從句等來解釋。. 利用舉例說明猜測詞義。有時(shí)，有些生詞沒有給出直接的解釋，而是在其后舉了一些相關(guān)的例子進(jìn)行說明。我們可以對(duì)這些例子進(jìn)行歸納，即使不能完全猜測出生詞的確切含義，也能猜測出其大致意思。常見的表示舉例說明的詞和短語有：like，for example，for instance，such as，such . as等。. 利用上下文語境猜測詞義。猜測任何一個(gè)生詞或短語的含義都離不開上下文的語境，此時(shí)就要求我們通過上下文來對(duì)該生詞或短語進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測。. 利用詞義搭配猜測詞義。句子中的某個(gè)單詞總是和其它的詞或短語相關(guān)聯(lián)，我們可以通過這些前后關(guān)聯(lián)的詞或短語來猜測該生詞的含義。. 利用因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。有時(shí)，我們可以結(jié)合上下文利用因果關(guān)系來進(jìn)行推斷，可以是根據(jù)原因推測結(jié)果，也可以是根據(jù)結(jié)果推測原因。通常用于表示因果關(guān)系的詞和短語有：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，therefore，so/such . that等。. 利用類屬關(guān)系猜測詞義。有時(shí)，文中出現(xiàn)的生詞可能與其他幾個(gè)我們熟悉的詞語同屬于一個(gè)類別，此時(shí)可以利用這種類屬關(guān)系推測出生詞的意思。. 利用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和社會(huì)常識(shí)猜測詞義。有不少生詞可以根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)或社會(huì)常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理、分析從而猜測出詞義。比如了解一些西方國家的天文地理、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰及社會(huì)制度等，可以幫助我們加深對(duì)文章的理解，遇到生詞時(shí)，猜測詞義的能力自然就增強(qiáng)了。. 利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義。構(gòu)詞法以派生和合成為主，如：前綴、后綴和詞根，或是復(fù)合詞。了解構(gòu)詞法并記住一些派生詞詞綴，可以幫助我們擴(kuò)充詞匯量，也可猜測出不少生詞的詞義?！菊骖}回放】and no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. the culprit is climate change, and some researchers found that rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the us.（浙江卷，2012年閱讀理解a）42. the word “culprit” (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to .a. criminalb. judge c. victim d. producer42. a。rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the us中rising temperatures與climate change有關(guān)，再根據(jù)having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit可知，上升的溫度對(duì)五種兔子有不良影響，由此可知，氣候變化是引起問題的事物，與criminal (罪犯) 意思相近。 三、推理判斷題推理判斷題考查的是對(duì)文章的深層理解和挖掘，往往針對(duì)作者的傾向、觀點(diǎn)、目的，人物的情感、態(tài)度以及故事的結(jié)局，文章的體裁或者出處來設(shè)題考查。題干中往往含有推理判斷題的標(biāo)志性詞語：learn, infer, suggest, imply, conclude等?！緜淇疾呗浴?. 要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。2. 要對(duì)文章的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，由表入里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、綜合、判斷等，進(jìn)行深層處理，符合邏輯地推理。3. 要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，立足已知，推斷未知。不能主觀臆斷，憑空想象，隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。4. 要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)。【真題回放】“you had nothing to say to them,” he repeated. “no wonder theyre bored. why not get to the meat of the literature and stop talking about symbolism. talk with them, not at them. and more important, why do you ignore their bad behavior?” we talked. he named my problems and offered solutions. we role-played. he was the bad student, and i was the forceful, yet, warm, teacher.（2013 浙江卷閱讀理解d篇）59. the students behaved badly in the writers classes because .a. they were eager to embarrass herb. she didnt really understand themc. they didnt regard her as a good teacherd. she didnt have a good command of english59. b。這段選自原文的倒數(shù)第三段。這段字里行間流露出來的意思是作者之前只是停留在教學(xué)形式上，很少和學(xué)生交流，從而得知作者之前不懂學(xué)生。四、主旨大意題主旨大意題要求考生對(duì)全文的內(nèi)容或某一段或某幾段的內(nèi)容加以合理的歸納，目的是檢查對(duì)短文整體或某一或某幾個(gè)段落的理解概括能力。它可以是文章或段落中心的陳述，也可以是文章標(biāo)題的選擇。有些文章尤其是說明文和議論文，往往有主題句表明中心思想。但有些文章，比如記敘文往往沒有明確的主題句，需要考生在認(rèn)真體會(huì)，明確作者的意圖的基礎(chǔ)上來概括文章的中心?！緜淇疾呗浴?. 注意主題段落和主題句的位置，特別是文章首段和結(jié)尾或段首和段尾；2. 注意提煉文章的關(guān)鍵詞，文章的關(guān)鍵詞有時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)在正確選項(xiàng)中?！靖蓴_項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)】1. 以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。 2. 主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。3. 張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于a的特征放在b的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。 4. 斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)?！菊骖}回放】a medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. you might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. the second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get peoples attentiona crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. it is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of city. in ancient eg