外文翻譯--復(fù)式少耕整地技術(shù)的發(fā)展與新機具

附錄 Compound reduced tillage soil preparation technology of development and new machines Abstract: sustainable development and conservation tillage is the primary content of farming machinery development. Agricultural machinery has achieved seriation, standardization and socialization of production levels, and the machine, electricity, liquid, automation and positioning and other high and new technology applied in the farming machinery. Tillage machinery also got great progress, double joint reduced tillage soil preparation technology is the future development trend of agricultural machinery, protective soil, maintain ecological environment and meet the requirements of the conservation tillage agriculture compound, reduced tillage, combined tillage soil preparation machine will play an important role in agricultural production. Key words: compound reduced tillage soil preparation machine； Tillage machinery； Disc harrow. In recent years, the agriculture is faced with energy crisis, waste of resources, population increase, arable land decrease, soil fertility decline, the rise in the cost of ecological imbalance, environment pollution and the grim situation, all countries in the world in the corresponding countermeasures and agricultural development strategy, put forward the agricultural sustainable development is given priority to with deep loosening body of conservation tillage technology such as no-till less. In all the countermeasures, and the development direction of farming machinery as a strategic priority. Western developed countries began to develop in the early 1970 s and expansion, to adapt to the high yield and agronomic requirements of new agricultural machinery research and development reduce cost increase efficiency and maintain ecological environment and conservation tillage technique and form a complete set of machines and tools. Traditional tools based on constant innovation in structure: to increase the furrow plough the soil properties, continuation to huasheng body； Prior to plough devices with small plough or coulter, reduce machine work resistance； With the hydraulic oil cylinder tillage amplitude adjustment and suspension frame transverse position, in order to increase its adaptability； After a plough body can be folded upwards to reduced tillage, flip agencies add pin set device； Deep furrow plough and loose on the device is equipped with various forms of security； Disc harrow Angle adjustment and frame of the folding wing with a hydraulic oil cylinder control, some disc harrow products w ith lateral transport device； Will deep loosening and ploughing up organic knot together, make the soil to flip up and down inside the top 20 cm, lower deep loosening between 20 to 35 cm； In order to improve the vehicle performance, in the deep loose handle on add a layer or two layers of wings shovel, soil to form the upper finely, and lower the actual situation, for the growing of crops, and provides a good soil conditions,Is conducive to crop growth. National large and medium-sized tractors became more perfect, has increased year by year. Huasheng plow, disc harrow, and deep loosening machine towards traditional tools such as product with 147 kw or more large and medium-sized tractors with increase direction, perfect structure and function. Plowing machinery to adapt to various soil conditions, and to meet the needs of different farming system development, thus must continually develop new working parts. Study: big company attaches great importance to working parts in the furrow plough on before using various types of plow body surface and small plough； On disc harrow adopts various curvature radius, diameter and shape on the disc harrow piece； Driven tillage and soil preparation machine is a wide variety of working parts. On the same machine, through the replacement parts to adapt to changing working conditions, thus expanding the function of products, improve the adaptability of region, the engine and reduces the users upgrade. Its working parts are standard, standardization and mass production. With the research and production of farming machinery, rate of tractor is widely used, especially the difference led to tillage machinery development to the direction of more varieties and series, wide, high speed and high efficient low consumption direction development, to the electronic monitoring, hydraulic pressure and high and new technology such as modularized design direction. With matching plow land preparation, therefore, mechanical products, also continues to broaden the scope of form a complete set with the tractor, minimize component types and structure, by helping to improve the degree of standardization, seriation and generalizing to meet market demand. Because driven machines and make full use of the tractor power, can control effect on soil strength, can satisfy various work requirements, the company has attached great importance to driven the soil preparation machine product development and production. At present, the existing rotary plough, power shovel, rotary cultivator and power harrow tillage soil preparation machine use more power output shaft of the tractor, through mechanical transmission drivers working parts. At the same time, also study produced by the tractor pto drive hydraulic system, driven by hydraulic motor and working parts of the new type plow soil preparation machine. Existing driven tillage soil preparation machine mainly include the rotary tiller and stubble machine, etc, are powered by the tractor power output shaft, drive the rotary working parts to complete the machine operation. No-till deep loosening technique has reduced machine off the machine working resistance and improve working efficiency and reduce the work intensity of the soil characteristics, the formation of the actual situation, using a combination of arable layer soil structure. Imaginary part of the aerobic bacteria thrive, provide sufficient nutrients for crops, beneficial to crop growth, the ground water is large by virtual part will infiltrate into underground water points on the surface of the earth, to prevent surface runoff, use； Real part of the bacterial growth is conducive to idle, keep the nutrients in the soil, raise. Drought, via the real part of the soil capillary effect, will absorb on the surface, groundwater supply crop water, realized the combination of land and ground. Therefore, in order to reduced tillage, deep loosening instead of plough tillage technology have the widespread application in many countries, one of the key technologies for conservation tillage. In order to adapt to the needs of agricultural production, the company pays much attention to the deep loose working parts and tools. To improve the operation quality and the low resistance reduction, developed a variety of forms of bar type deep loosening shovel. On the deep loosening machine overall structure and continuous innovation, to develop the deep loose joint operation equipments at the same time. at present, the research and production, from the structure can be divided into the close combination of rig and combination joint rig: tight tight type joint rig is the organic combination of the operational functions, reasonable configuration, according to the whole machine is one of the forms to form an independent complete machine type, its unit design is reasonable, compact structure, reasonable and tractor kit, is advantageous to the tractor mounted homework； Combination type joint rig is used/group with 0, the separate machine constitute joint operation equipments. Make industry, according to different cropping system and different conditions of soil and agronomic requirements, reasonable piece together, form a different form of job function, can improve the utilization rate of machine tools by more than 50%. Joint rig combination, therefore, is the developing direction of the joint operation equipments abroad in recent years, the main rig has: tillage soil preparation combined operation equipments, deep loosening stubble ploughing combined operation equipments, deep loosening rake joint rig and plowing fertilization seeding joint operation equipments, etc. Along with our country power tractor has increased year by year, demand for joint operation equipments will increase. Do as a result, working parts to develop a variety of combinations of joint operation equipments, also want to develop/points can close 0 matched stack joint operation equipments. Liquid mechanical and electrical integration technology will be widely used on all kinds of farm machines and tools, such as according to soil conditions automatically adjust the machine parameters and operating status, change the machines overall size, and drives the working parts and so on, will be more use of hydraulic components. Application of electronic technology to control tillage soil preparation machinery operating depth, smoothness, monitoring seeding, fertilizing mechanical seed and fertilizer condition, etc. To reduce machine quality, improve agricultural machinery and strong degree, prolong the service life of machine and improve the quality of the appearance of the product, new material and new technology will also be more widely used. 譯文 復(fù)式少耕整地技術(shù)的發(fā)展與新機具 摘要 :可持續(xù)發(fā)展和保護性耕作是耕作機械發(fā)展的首要內(nèi)容。農(nóng)業(yè)機械已經(jīng)達到了系列化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和社會化生產(chǎn)的水平 ,并將機、電、液、自動化及衛(wèi)星定位等高新科技應(yīng)用于耕作機械。耕作機械也得到了長足發(fā)展 , 復(fù)式少耕聯(lián)合整地技術(shù)是未來農(nóng)業(yè)機械的發(fā)展趨勢 ,具有保護土壤、保持生態(tài)環(huán)境和符合保護性耕作農(nóng)藝要求的復(fù)式、少耕、聯(lián)合耕整地機具在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中將發(fā)揮重要 作用。 關(guān)鍵詞 : 復(fù)式少耕整地機；耕作機械；圓盤耙； 近年來 ,在農(nóng)業(yè)面臨能源危機、資源浪費、人口增加、耕地減少、地力下降、生態(tài)失調(diào)、環(huán)境污染和成本提高的嚴(yán)峻形勢下 ,世界各國都在研究相應(yīng)的對策和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 ,提出了農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的以深松為主體的少免耕等保護性耕作技術(shù)。在所有對策中 ,都把耕作機械的發(fā)展方向作為戰(zhàn)略重點。西方發(fā)達國家早在 20世紀(jì) 70年代就開始研制和推廣適應(yīng)高產(chǎn)農(nóng)藝要求的新型農(nóng)機具 ,研究開發(fā)節(jié)本增效、保持生態(tài)環(huán)境和保護耕法的作業(yè)技術(shù)及配套機具。 傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)具在結(jié)構(gòu)上不斷創(chuàng)新 :為增加鏵式犁的 翻土性能 ,將鏵體延拓；在犁體前加小前犁或前犁刀 ,減少整機作業(yè)阻力；用液壓油缸調(diào)節(jié)耕幅及懸掛架橫向位置 , 以增加其適應(yīng)性；后一犁體可向上折疊以減少耕幅 ,翻轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)加銷定裝置；鏵式犁和深松機上裝有各種形式的安全裝置；圓盤耙偏角的調(diào)節(jié) 和兩翼機架的折疊用液壓油缸控制 ,一些圓盤耙產(chǎn)品設(shè)有側(cè)向運輸裝置；將深松技術(shù)和耕翻技術(shù)有機結(jié)合 , 使上層 20cm內(nèi)的土壤上下翻轉(zhuǎn) ,下層 20-35cm進行間隔深松；為了提高松土性能 ,在深松柄上增加一層或兩層翼鏟 ,使土壤形成了上層細(xì)碎 ,下層虛實相間 ,為作物的生長提供了良好的土壤條件 ,有利于 作物生長。 世界各國大中型拖拉機的功能日趨完善 ,保有量逐年增加。鏵式犁、圓盤耙和深松機等傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)具產(chǎn)品朝著與 147kW以上的大中型拖拉機配套、結(jié)構(gòu)完善和功能 增加方向發(fā)展。 耕整機械既要適應(yīng)各種土壤條件 ,又要滿足不同耕作制度發(fā)展的需求 ,因此必需不斷地開發(fā)新的工作部件。大公司十分重視工作部件的研究 : 在鏵式犁上采用各種類型曲面的犁體及小前犁；圓盤耙上采用各種曲率半徑、不同直徑和刃口形狀的圓盤耙片；驅(qū)動型耕和整地機具的工作部件更是種類繁多。在同一機具上 ,通過更換部件來適應(yīng)變化的工作條件 ,既擴大了產(chǎn)品的功能 ,增強了 整機的地區(qū)適應(yīng)性 ,又減少了使用者的購機投入。其工作部件已經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化和批量化生產(chǎn)。 隨著耕作機械的研究和生產(chǎn) ,特別是大功率拖拉機的廣泛應(yīng)用 ,帶動了耕作機械向多品種和系列化方向發(fā)展 ,向?qū)挿?、高速和高效低耗方向發(fā)展 ,向電子監(jiān)控、液壓及模塊化設(shè)計等高新技術(shù)方向發(fā)展。因此 ,與其配套的耕整地機械產(chǎn)品也在不斷拓寬與拖拉機的配套范圍 ,盡可能減少部件種類和結(jié)構(gòu)型式 ,通