有關(guān)情緒的英文表達(dá).doc

有關(guān)情緒的英文表達(dá)2009/02/11情緒（emotion）是一種心理（mental）與生理（physiological）的狀態(tài)，包括許多種的感覺（feeling）、想法（thought）與行為（behaviour）。它是主觀體驗(yàn)（subjective experience），經(jīng)常與心緒（mood）、生性（temperament）、性格（personality）與傾向性（disposition）聯(lián)系在一起。下面按照字母順序簡(jiǎn)要介紹主要的情緒類型。每個(gè)詞下面還有近義詞，按照近義程度從上往下排列。acceptance：指一個(gè)人感受到某種形式（situation）或條件（condition）【常常是負(fù)面的（negative）或不舒服的（uncomfortable）】，但不試圖改變（change）、抗議（protest）或躲避（exit）。toleration/sufferencepermissiveness/toleranceaffection：是一種常常與愛（love）有關(guān)的心態(tài)（disposition or state of mind），要高于友誼（friendship）或善意（good will）。例如小哥哥親弟弟的臉來表達(dá)affection。affectionateness/philia/warmness/warmheartedness/fondness/tenderness/heart：The child won everyones heart. The warmness of his welcome made us feel right at home.feeling：I disliked him and the feeling was mutual.attachment/fond regardprotectivenessregard/respect：She mistook his manly regard for love. He inspires respect.soft spot：She had a soft spot for her youngest son.anger：指憤怒的感覺，強(qiáng)度不等，可以是小的刺激（irritation）也可以是狂怒（rage）。ire/choler/wrath/angrinessemotionfury/rage/madness：Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. His face turned red with rage.enragement/infuriationumbrage/offense/offencehuffinesshackles/dander：Having ones hackles or dander upbad temper/ill tempervexation/annoyance/chafeannoyance：一種不開心的（unpleasant）的精神狀態(tài)，類似惱火。如果經(jīng)常出于這種狀態(tài)，那么這種情況叫petulance。botheration/irritation/vexationmental condition/mental state/psychological condition/psychological statebummer：Having to stand in line so long was a real bummer.huff/miff/seeing redpinprickimpatience/restlessnesssnit：He was in a snit.vexation/chafeanger/ire/cholertemper/irritation/pique：His temper sparked like damp firewood.frustration：Her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration.aggravation/exasperationharassment/torment：So great was his harassment that he wanted to destroy his tormentors.displeasureapathy：也叫impassivity或perfunctoriness，是一種無所謂（indifference）的心態(tài)，或者壓抑自己的其它強(qiáng)烈情緒的狀態(tài)。對(duì)很多事情缺乏興趣（interest）或關(guān)注（concern），也可能是一種慵懶（sluggishness）或不敏感（insensibility）。例如，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)過后人們對(duì)死亡傷殘的現(xiàn)象變得相對(duì)無動(dòng)于衷。emotionlessness/impassiveness/phlegm/stolidity/unemotionality/indifferencelistlessness/languor/lassitudespiritlessness/numbness/passivity/passivenessanxiety：一種不愉快的感覺，可能是因?yàn)榭謶郑╢ear）、不安（uneasiness）或擔(dān)憂（worry），類似焦慮。它也是對(duì)壓力（stress）的正常反應(yīng)。例如面臨考試的時(shí)候。anxiousnesscastration anxietyhypochondria/hypochondriasisoveranxietyscare/panicdiscomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertmentworry/troubleconcern/fear/scaredisquietinsecuritydisquietude/edginess/inquietude/uneasinesssinking feeling/sinkingmisgiving/qualm/scruplejitteriness/jumpiness/nervousness/restivenessangstawe：是一種并不那么令人愉快的（joyous）的驚異（wonder），帶有畏懼（fearful）與尊敬（respectful）。通常指面對(duì)力量強(qiáng)大的事物。例如在雷鳴般奔流而下的大瀑布或高聳的吉薩金字塔面前人們會(huì)感覺到awe，但在彩虹面前人們通常感受的是wonder或joy。wonder/wonderment/admirationreverence/veneration/fearboredom：在沒事兒可做或者周圍的事物毫無興趣的時(shí)候人們的感覺，類似無聊。ennui/tediumdissatisfactionblahsfatiguecompassion：是一種比較深沉的（profound）的人類情感，通常由別人的痛苦（pain）引起，也是利他行為（altruism）的原因之一。這與孔子所說的恕【己所不欲勿施于人（do to others as you would have done to you）】類似。比empathy層次高。compassionatenessheartstringsfellow feeling/sympathytenderheartedness/tendernessmercifulness/mercypitycontempt：指認(rèn)為某人或某物低賤（inferior/base）或毫無價(jià)值（worthless）的感覺或態(tài)度（attitude），與scorn類似。它大致相當(dāng)于看不起與藐視。dispite/disdain/scorndislikedisrespectrudeness/discourtesyfleerleer/sneerdisobedience/noncompliancecontempt of courtcuriosity：指會(huì)引發(fā)探索性（inquisitive）行為的情感，例如探索（exploration）、調(diào)查（investigation）與學(xué)習(xí)（learning），相當(dāng)于好奇。wonderdesire to know/lust for learning/thirst for knowledgeinterest/involvementcuriousness/inquisitivenessdepression：包括悲傷（sadness）、無助（helplessness）、無望（hopeless）、無趣（loss of interest）、不快樂（loss of pleasure）以及其它相關(guān)的情緒與行為，類似壓抑或抑郁。它對(duì)身體有害并可能影響大腦功能。極端情況可能導(dǎo)致自殺（suicide）。melancholiablue devils/megrims/vapors/vapours/bluesblue funk/funk：He was in a funk.melancholyslough of despondlow spiritsdejectionsadness/unhappinessdemoralisation/demoralizationhelplessnessdespondence/despondency/disconsolateness/heartsicknessoppressiveness/oppressiondysphoriadesire：也叫craving或hankering，指對(duì)某人或某物或某個(gè)結(jié)果的渴望（longing）或希望（hoping）。想到該對(duì)象就會(huì)興奮，有采取行動(dòng)的沖動(dòng)。類似欲念。ambition/aspiration/dreambloodlusttemptationcravingwish/wishing/wantlonging/yearning/hungrinessconcupiscence/physical attraction/sexual desire/erositch/urgecaprice/whim/impulsetendency/inclinationhunger/thirst/thirstiness/hungrinessgreeddespair：也叫hopelessness，指無望。desperationhopelessnessresignation/surrenderdiscouragement/disheartenment/dismaypessimismdisappointment：指期待（expectation）落空后的不滿足感（dissatisfaction）。與regret類似，但regret主要指對(duì)造成不佳結(jié)果的個(gè)人選擇而言，而disappointment是對(duì)結(jié)果而言的。類似失望。letdowndissatisfaction：He was never slow to express his dissatisfaction with the service he received.frustration/defeat disgust：通常是對(duì)不干凈（unclean）、不能吃的（inedible）、傳染性（infectious）或其它令人反感（offending）的事物的反應(yīng)。類似惡心。dislikedetestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odiumrepugnance/revulsion/repulsion/horrornauseaecstasy：指全身心投入（total involvement）的一種感受，以致于忽略了其它事情。通常短暫，一般用來談?wù)撟诮?、音樂、舞蹈與性等方面的感受。exaltation/rapture/raptus/transportbliss/blissfulness/cloud nine/seventh heaven/walking on airempathy：指分享（share）與理解（understand）他人情緒的能力。常指為他人著想（put oneself into anothers shoes）。fellow feeling/sympathyenvy：也叫invidiousness，但一個(gè)人缺少另一個(gè)人的更好狀態(tài)（superior quality）、成績(jī)（achievement）或擁有物（possession）時(shí)的一種感受，可能希望獲得同樣的東西，也可能希望他人失去更好的東西，類似嫉妒。但和jealous不同，后者主要指認(rèn)為本應(yīng)自己獲得而被他人得到的感受。enviousnessbitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gallcovetousnessgreen-eyed monster/jealousypenis envyinvidiaembarrassment：指不被社會(huì)接受的行為或狀況被別人發(fā)現(xiàn)或揭露時(shí)的感受。一般會(huì)造成榮譽(yù)（honour）與尊嚴(yán)（dignity）的喪失。與shame類似，但后者可以是在只有自己知道的情況下。shameself-consciousenss/uncomfortableness/uneasinessshamefacedness/sheepishnesschagrin/mortification/humiliationdiscombobulation/confusionabashment/bashfulnessdiscomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertment euphoria：一種極度的【夸張的（exaggerated）】開心（elation）與幸福（well-being）。例如運(yùn)動(dòng)員獲得冠軍的感受或者性高潮（orgasm），類似極樂。fear：是對(duì)威脅（threat）或危險(xiǎn)（danger）的反應(yīng)，類似恐懼。fearfulness/frightalarm/consternation/dismaycreeps：He gives me the creeps.frisson/quiver/shudder/tingle/chill/thrill/shiver：A frisson of surprise shot through him.horrorhysteriaaffright/panic/terrorpanic attack/scarestage frightapprehension/apprehensiveness/dreadtimidity/timidness/timorousnessintimidationcold sweatconcern/careanxietyfrustration：在達(dá)成個(gè)人目標(biāo)（personal goal）收到阻礙（obstructed）時(shí)的感受，類似挫折感。defeatdisappointment/letdownvexation/annoyance/chafegratitude：也叫thankfulness或appreciation，是對(duì)得到或即將得到好處（benefit）的感受，類似感激。appreciativeness/gratefulness/thankfulnessgrief：是對(duì)損失（loss）的一種多角度（multi-faceted）的感受。例如面對(duì)愛人的死亡。Bereavement指損失的狀態(tài)，而grief指對(duì)損失的反應(yīng)。brokenheartedness/heartache/heartbreaksorrowdolor/dolourguilt：指認(rèn)識(shí)到（realise）或相信自己違反了道德規(guī)范（moral standard）或?qū)Υ擞胸?zé)任（responsible），相當(dāng)于內(nèi)疚。與remorse類似。guiltinessblameworthiness/culpability/culpabalenessbloodguiltcomplicitycriminalism/criminality/criminalnessguilt by associationimpeachability/indictabilityguilt feelings/guilt trip/guilty consciencecompunction/remorse/self-reproachsurvivor guilthappiness：指滿足（contentment）、滿意（satisfaction）、開心（pleasure）與快樂（joy）的心態(tài)，類似幸福。felicitybeatification/beatitude/blessednessradiancebonheurgladfulness/gladness/gladsomenessgaiety/merrimentrejoicingbelonging：With his classmates, he feels a sense of belonging.blitheness/cheerfulness：His cheerfulness made everyone feel better.contentmenthatred：也叫hate，指強(qiáng)烈的不喜歡（dislike），類似恨或討厭。hatreddetestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odiumdispisal/dispisingill will/enmity/hostilitymalevolence/malignityhope：是相信會(huì)有積極的結(jié)果（outcome）出現(xiàn)，類似希望。anticipation/expectancyhopefulnessexpectation/outlook/prospectrainbow：Chasing rainbows.horror：指在看到、聽到或感覺到某種令人恐懼的事物之后的一種反感（repulsion），而terror一般指在令人恐懼的（horrifying）經(jīng)歷發(fā)生前的害怕（dread）與期待（anticipation）。或者說，horror與震驚（shocked）或嚇壞（scared）有關(guān)，而terror與焦慮（anxious）與畏懼（fearful）有關(guān)。fear/fearfulness/frightrepugnance/revulsion/repulsiondisgusthostility：也叫inimicality，指內(nèi)心的拒絕（rejection）與否認(rèn)（denial），通常是anger與aggression的同義詞，類似敵意。ill willunfriendlinessvirulence/virulencyantagonism/enmitylatent hostility/tension：He could sense her latent hostility to him. The diplomats first concern was to reduce international tensions.state of war/warcold warsuspicion：He tried to shield me from suspicion.animosity/animus/bad bloodclass feelingaggression/aggressivenessbelligerence/belligerencybitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gall hysteria：指無法控制的（unmanageable）恐懼或者過度的情緒，漢語譯為歇斯底里。delirium/frenzy/fury/crazenympholepsymanic disorder/maniaepidemic hysteria/mass hysteriafear/fearfulness/frightjoy：一種幸福感。joyfulness/joyousnesshigh spirits/lightness/elationexultation/jubilance/jubilancy/jubilationexcitement/exhilaration：He could hardly conceal his excitement when she agreed.exuberancedelight/pleasurejealousy：在很重要的（valued）關(guān)系（relationship）被對(duì)手（rival）威脅時(shí)產(chǎn)生的不安全感（insecurity）、恐懼與焦慮。與envy對(duì)比，它一般指已經(jīng)擁有的東西，而envy指還沒有的東西。green-eyed monsterenviousness/envyalertness/vigilance/watchfulness/wakefulnessloathing：一種恨或討厭的感受。abhorrence/detestation/execration/odium/abominationdisgusthate/hatredlove：強(qiáng)烈的喜歡（affection）與依賴（attachment），類似愛或喜愛。adoration/worshipagape love/agapefilial loveardor/ardouramorousness/enamorednesscalf love/puppy love/infatuation/crushdevotedness/devotionbenevolenceheartstringscaring/lovingnesspity：對(duì)人或動(dòng)物的痛苦的一種溫柔的、有時(shí)候有點(diǎn)兒看不起的悲憫（sorrow and empathy）。commiseration/pathos/ruthfellow feeling/sympathycompassionmercifulness/mercypride：對(duì)自我價(jià)值很高的感覺，或者考慮相關(guān)事務(wù)時(shí)的感覺，類似自豪。它是對(duì)自身優(yōu)秀方面的一種喜愛。反義詞是humility。pridefulnessdignity/self-regard/self-respect/self-worth：It was beneath his dignity to cheat.self-esteem/self-prideego/self-importance/egotismamour propre/conceit/self-love/vanitycivic pride/civic spiritsatisfactionsuperbiarage：是最強(qiáng)烈的憤怒；最輕微的憤怒是annoyance。fury/madnessanger/ire/cholerwrathlividityangrinessregret：是對(duì)過去行為的一種不喜歡。ruefulness/sorrow/ruesadness/unhappinesscontriteness/contrition/attritioncompunction/remorse/self-reproachremorse：指人對(duì)自己認(rèn)為丟人的（shameful）、有傷害性的（hurtful）或暴力的（violent）行為的一種后悔。一個(gè)不知道remorse的人在美國(guó)叫sociopath，在英國(guó)叫punction/self-reproachregret/ruefulness/sorrow/rueguilt feelings/guilt trip/guilty conscience/guiltpenance/penitence/repentanceresentment：也叫rancour或ranklement，是一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的（repeated）、對(duì)錯(cuò)誤（wrong）的一種憤怒或苦惱（bitterness）。bitterness/rancor/rancour/gallill will/enmity/hostilityheartburning：His promotion caused much heartburning among his rivals.huffishness/sulkinessgrievance/grudge/score：Holding a grudge. Settling a score.enviousness/envysadness：面對(duì)不利（disadvantage）、損失或無助的感受。人會(huì)變安靜（quiet）、沒有活力（less energetic）并逃避（withdrawn）。反義詞是happiness。unhappinessdolefulnessheaviness：Nothing lifted the heaviness of her heart after her loss.melancholymisery：She was exhausted by her misery and grief.forlornness/loneliness/desolationtearfulness/weepinesssorrow/sorrowfulness：He tried to express his sorrow for her loss. He drank to drown his sorrows.regret/ruefulness/rue：He wrote a note to express his regret. To his rue, the error cost him the game.cheerlessness/uncheerfulnessdepressiondejectedness/dispiritedness/downheartedness/low-spiritedness/lowness：He felt responsible for her lowness of spirits.bereavement/mourningpoignance/poignancy：A moment of extraordinary poignancy. lugubriousness/gloominessshame：違反文化或社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后的感覺，本意是遮蓋，指捂住臉，即使誰都不知道，一個(gè)人也可能感到ashamed。但guilt是指違反了自己心中的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所以即使他人贊同，一個(gè)人也有可能感到guilt。conscience：He has no conscience about his cruelty.self-disgust/self-hatredembarrassmentdisgrace/ignominydishonor/dishonour：He was resigned to a life of dishonor.humiliationobloquy/opprobriumodiumreproachsuffering：也叫pain，指面對(duì)傷害（harm）或有傷害威脅的一種反感或不快，可以是肉體的，也可以是精神的。類似痛苦。excruciation/agonyhurting/painthroewoemiserableness/misery/wretchedness：The misery and wretchedness of those slums is intolerable.distress：The death of his wife cause him great distress.painfulnessanguish/torture/tormentself-torment/self-torturetsoriswound：He feared that mentioning it might reopened the wound.discomfort/soreness/irritationsurprise：對(duì)意外（unexpected）事件的感受，可以是愉快的、中性點(diǎn)或不愉快的。amazement/astonishment：He looked at me in astonishment.alteration/change/modificationbombshell/thunderbolt/thunderclap：News of the attack came like a bombshell.coup de theatreeye openerperipeteia/peripetia/peripety：A peripeteia swiftly turns a routine sequence of events into a story worth telling.blow/shock：It came as a shock to learn he was injured.stunner：The stunner was what happened on Saturday.wonder：類似surprise，是對(duì)罕見（rare）或意外事物的感受，但它更持久，并且通常是正面的含義。而awe通常強(qiáng)調(diào)畏懼與尊敬，而不是快樂。wonderment/admirationamazement/astonishmentawemarvelhappening/natural event/occurence/occurentcuriositydesire to know/lust for learning/thirst for knowledgeinterest/involvementcuriousness/inquisitivenessworry：對(duì)事物的關(guān)心（concerned）或焦慮（anxious）。headache/vexation/concernbugaboo：The old bugaboo of inflation still bothers them.burden/encumbrance/onus/incumbrance/load：The burden of responsibility. Thats a load off my mind. business：Its none of your business. Mind your own business.troubleanxiety sympathy：指一種社會(huì)親近關(guān)系，人們之間能夠互相理解情感，也指被他人的情感所影響。與empathy常?；Q使用，但含義有微妙的不同。To empathize指體驗(yàn)一種類似的感受來對(duì)另一個(gè)人的情緒狀態(tài)作出反應(yīng)；但sympathy不僅如此，還體現(xiàn)一種對(duì)對(duì)方的在意與持續(xù)的關(guān)心。在一般用法上，它指讓他人知道自己了解對(duì)方的喜怒哀樂，特別是理解對(duì)方的痛苦。它也指與對(duì)方的政治觀點(diǎn)或意識(shí)形態(tài)相同，例如a communist sympathizer。understanding：I knew I could count on his understanding.inclination/tendency/disposition：He has an inclination to give up too easily. A tendency to be too strict.fellow feelingconcern：She felt strong concern for those less fortunate.kind-heartedness/kindheartednesscompassion/compassionatenesscompatibilityempathykinship/affinity：Found a natural affinity with the immigrants. Felt a deep kinship with the other students. Anthropologys kinship with the humanities.mutual affection/mutual understanding 參考資料： /wiki/Emotion/wiki/Temperament/wiki/Disposition/wiki/Mood_(psychology)/wiki/Acceptance/wiki/Affection/wiki/Anger/wiki/Annoyance/wiki/Apathy/wiki/Anxiety/wiki/Awe_(emotion)/wiki/Disappointment/wiki/Boredom/wiki/Compassion/wiki/Contempt/wiki/Curiosity/wiki/Depression_(mood)/wiki/Desire_(emotion)/wiki/Despair/wiki/Disappointment/wiki/Disgust/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)/wiki/Empathy/wiki/Envy/wiki/Embarrassment/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)/wiki/Fear/wiki/Frustration/wiki/Gratitude/wiki/Grief/wiki/Guilt/wiki/Happiness/wiki/Hatred/wiki/Hope/wiki/Horror_(emotion)/wiki/Hostility/wiki/Hysteria/wiki/Joy/wiki/Jealousy/wiki/Loathing/wiki/Love/wiki/Pity/wiki/Pride/wiki/Rage_(emotion)/wiki/Regret_(emotion)/wiki/Remorse/wiki/Sadness/wiki/Shame/wiki/Suffering/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)/wiki/Worry_(emotion)/wiki/Resentment/wiki/Sympathy 人類只有4種情緒？作者 朱利貝克 譯者 賈曉靜 青年參考 （ 2014年02月26日 35 版）“雖然你的情緒只有一小茶匙那么少，但這并不意味著所有人都只有這么一丁點(diǎn)兒。”在電影哈利波特與鳳凰社里，怒氣沖沖的赫敏對(duì)羅恩說。但事實(shí)上，我們的情緒恐怕真的只有這么一丁點(diǎn)。日前，英國(guó)格拉斯哥大學(xué)精神與心理研究所在當(dāng)代生物學(xué)上發(fā)表了最新研究結(jié)果，該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的情感范圍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于科學(xué)界此前的結(jié)論。傳統(tǒng)科學(xué)認(rèn)為，人類的情緒可劃分為6種經(jīng)典類型高興、驚訝、恐懼、厭惡、生氣和傷心，但格拉斯哥大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們對(duì)此并不贊同。實(shí)驗(yàn)中，他們向志愿者展示了由計(jì)算機(jī)生成的面部動(dòng)畫，并要求志愿者根據(jù)6種情緒類型，對(duì)不同的面部表情進(jìn)行描述。結(jié)果顯示，對(duì)這些志愿者來說，“生氣”與“厭惡”的初期表現(xiàn)其實(shí)非常相近，類似狀況還發(fā)生在“恐懼”與“驚訝”中。比如，當(dāng)人們產(chǎn)生“生氣”或“厭惡”的情緒時(shí)，都會(huì)皺起鼻子；而“恐懼”或“驚訝”時(shí)，都會(huì)挑高眉毛。當(dāng)然，隨著時(shí)間推移，上述兩組面部表情間的區(qū)別將會(huì)逐漸顯現(xiàn)，但在情緒發(fā)