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漢英翻譯 之詞語翻譯,任何好的翻譯都是從詞匯開始。,Good translation begins with words. 詞匯是翻譯的基石。 Vocabulary is the cornerstone of translation. 句子是有詞匯構成的,語篇是有句子構成的。 A sentence consists of words, and a text is composed of sentences.,How to translate a word in a sentence? just recite some word meaning or consult the dictionary? What aspects does word translation include?,詞語的選擇Diction polysemy一詞多義 詞的增補、省略及轉換supplement, omission and transformation of words 數(shù)詞與量詞的英譯English translation of numerals and Quantifiers 疊詞的英譯 translation of reduplication 虛詞的英譯translation of function words,diction措辭,選詞,詞義辨析 上下文 感情色彩 詞義廣狹 語體風格 文化內涵,搭配 固定搭配 意義與邏輯,縱然生的好皮囊,腹內原來草莽。 譯文1:Though endowed with handsome looks is he,His heart is lawless and refractory. lawless無法無天的;違法的;法律不及的;無藝 refractoryadj. 執(zhí)拗的;倔強的;難治療的;耐熔的 譯文2:Though outwardly a handsome sausage-skin,It proved to be but sorry meat within. adj. 遺憾的;對不起的;無價值的,低等的;感到傷心的,在上下文中辨別詞義,他是祖國的好兒子。 莊稼長得真好。 他們對我真好。 樓的質量不好。 這個問題很好回答。 啊,好票! 身體好,學習好,工作好。,在上下文中辨別詞義,他是祖國的好兒子。 He is a worthy son of our motherland 莊稼長得真好。 The crops are doing well 他們對我真好。 They are really kind to me. 樓的質量不好。 The building is not well built,在上下文中辨別詞義,這個問題很好回答。 This question is easy to answer 啊,好票! Oh,a good seat ! 身體好,學習好,工作好。 Keep fit, study well and work hard.,在上下文中辨別詞義,17.留神 18.留情 19.留學 20.留言,17.be careful 18.show mercy or forgiveness 19.study abroad 20.leave a message,“情況”:這個詞的基本意義與英語中的condition, situation,circumstances 等詞相近,但究竟怎樣翻譯,還必須根據(jù)上下文來決定。,(1)在這種情況下,Under these /such circumstances Such being the case In accordance with this specific condition (2)這種情況必須改變 This state of affairs must change. (3)現(xiàn)在情況不同了。 Now things are different. (4) 他們的情況怎么樣? How do matters stand with them?,(5) 前線的情況怎么樣?,How is the situation at the front? (6) 前面有情況,做好戰(zhàn)斗準備。 Theres enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat. (7) 可是在其他地方,情況卻完全兩樣了。 But the picture outside this place is quite another story. (8) 我們可能去那兒,那得看情況而定。 We may go there, but that depends.( but it all depends).,他們講唯心論,我們講唯物論。 They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism. 他醉心于物理學研究。 He is deeply engrossed in physical research. 他醉心于名利。 He is infatuated with fame and gain.,注意詞的感情色彩,他們組成了一個陰謀集團 They rigged up a clique 我們成立了一個文學社團。 We set up a literary community. Can you give me any more example?,眼看快輪到一位老人,他靈機一動,大步流星地奔向窗口,嚷道:”售票員,錢算錯了。”售票員不慌不忙,仿佛一切都看在眼里嗔道:“同志,買票排隊,你看看身后那位老人?!?Noticing it would soon be an old mans turn, the queue-jumper dashed over to the window of the ticket office in a few big steps, and bellowed at the top of his voice, “Hey, clerk, the change is wrong.”The clerk was in no hurry. She seemed to have seen through his trickand admonished, “Comrade, please queue up for your ticket, like the elderly gentleman behind you.”,出入下車。 No cycling at the gate. 兔死狐悲 The fox mourns the death of the hare. 農業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟的基礎。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. 農林牧副漁相結合的方針 the principle of combining farming, forestry,詞的廣義與狹義,看書 read books 看電視 watch TV 看電影 see a film 開燈 turn on the light 開門 open the door 做貢獻 make contributions 做作業(yè) do ones homework 做飯 cook a meal,詞的搭配,學習外語 study a foreign language 學習成績 academic records 互相學習 learn from each other 以雷鋒為學習的榜樣 follow the example of Lei Feng,產(chǎn)品質量有待提高。 The quality of the products should be improved. 他把他的全部書籍都獻給了圖書館。 He presented all his books to the library. 謹以此書獻給徐教授以表敬慕和感激之情。 To Prof Xu I dedicate this volume in token of affection and gratitude.,于是洗手的時候,日子從水盆里過去;吃飯的時候,日子從飯碗里過去;默默時,便從凝然的雙眼前過去。 Thus, the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands, wears away in the bowl when I eat my meal, passes away before my day-dreaming gaze as I reflect silence.,1. 濃茶 strong tea 濃墨 thick/dark ink 濃煙 dense smoke 2. 青山 green hill 青天 blue sky 青布 black cloth,Exercise: I把下列詞組譯成漢語,注意漢語中詞的不同搭配意義,1Thick hair 2. thick weather 3. a thick puddle 4. a thick voice 5. a heavy meal 6. heavy reading 7. a heavy vote 8. a heavy investor 9. a heavy thinker 10. a heavy schedule,keys,1.濃密的頭發(fā) 2.陰郁的天氣 3.一汪渾濁的泥塘4.嘶啞的嗓音 5.豐盛的大餐6.費勁的閱讀7.壓倒多數(shù)的得票 8.巨額投資者,強勁的投資者 9.深邃的思想家,沉思者 10.緊張的日程,排得很緊的日常,11. close reasoning 12. a close election 13. a close resemblance 14. a close mind 15. closed economy 16. a closed case 17. an open fire 18. an open question 19. an open drain 20. a man of an open mind,11嚴密的推理12 勢均力敵的選舉13極其相似,酷似14縝密的頭腦15閉關自守的經(jīng)濟16已經(jīng)了結的案件17篝火,明火18未解決的問題,開放的問題,有爭議的問題19一條明溝,明渠20開明人士,一個思想開放的人,21. an open port 22. an open winter 23. run into debt 24run to seed 25. run the street 26. run for presidency 27. run oil 28. sophisticated man 29.sophisticated columnist 30. sophisticated weapon,21自由港,不凍港22一個不太寒冷的冬天,暖和的冬天23負債 24花謝結子,失去活力,變得頹唐,衰老25流落街頭,閑逛26競選27提煉石油28老于世故的29老練的專欄作家30尖端武器,先進武器,II.把下列詞組譯成英語,注意英漢語中詞匯的意義范圍不同。 1.開花 blossom 2.花領帶 bright-colored ties 3.繡花鞋 embroidered shoes 4.花絮interesting sightlights 5.老花眼 presbyopia 6.花色 design and color,7.上場 appear on the stage 8. 上乘 first-class 9.上當 be taken in 10.上進 make progress 11.上賓 distinguished guests 12.上班 be on duty 13.打扮 dress up,14.打抱不平 defend sb. Against injustice 15.打官腔 speak in bureaucratic tone 16.打官司 go to court,注意語體風格,我們謳歌這位民族英雄。 We praised the national hero. We eulogized the national hero. 我們稱贊他是個不錯的人。 We acclaimed him as a nice man. We praised him as a nice man.,注意文化內涵,白象 White Elephant 芳草 Fang Cao 金雞 Gold Cock 銀耳湯 white fungus soup “金三角”經(jīng)濟開發(fā)區(qū) the special economic development zone of “Golden Triangle”,1.詞匯翻譯的技巧 移植法、增減法、詞匯轉類法、反義法、分譯法和釋義法,2.1 移植法 移植就是在譯文中直接借用原文的詞語。移植可分為直接移植和音譯(譯音) 音譯:人名、大多數(shù)地名、譯入原來沒有的事物(包括科技新詞、某些商標與文化詞等)rader/ Dink/logic/0 2.1.1人名外號意譯 Iron Lady 鐵娘子 Cinderella灰姑娘 黑旋風李逵 Li Kui the black Whirlwind,2.1.2.含有表示地理類別的普通名詞的地名,其中普通名詞意譯 The United States of America The Gulf of Mexico The Suez Canal 2.1.3半譯音半譯意,這種方法多用于商標 Goldlion 金利來Nike 耐克 樂凱 Lucky喬士(襯衫)Choose(shirts),2.1.4 音譯詞后加上一個表示類屬的范疇詞。 Sardine 沙丁魚 Pizza 比薩餅 Waltz 華爾茲舞 Shark 鯊魚 四川 Sichuan Province 云吞 wonton soup 花雕 Huadiao wine,2.1.5約定俗成 Bernard Shaw Shelley 孔子 Konfucius 孫中山 Sun Yat-sen 磕頭 kowtow,但有些表示事物的音譯名詞因不能達意而最終會以相應的意譯形式而取代。 Penicillin 青霉素 大字報 wall-poster 并用 Engine 引擎/發(fā)動機 Vitamin Taxi 武術 wushu/martial arts 太極拳Taijiquan/ shadow-boxing,移植,通過保留源語言中的喻體形象,直接將習語中的喻體形象移植到目的語中,其表達的意思也隨之被表達出來。 Kill two birds with one stone。 一個是水中月,一個是鏡中花。 Snow White,一石二鳥。 One is the moon reflected in the water, the other but a flower in the mirror.,詞語的增補 代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞 詞語的省略 名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞 詞類的轉換,詞語的處理:,詞的增補,孩子們用毛巾蒙住臉,好像是為了保護眼睛不受傷害。 The children covered their faces with the towels, as if to protect their eyes from being hurt. 姐姐在等我,我得走了。(增補代詞) My sister is expected me, so I must be off now.(增補代詞和連詞) 你們是白天工作還是夜間工作。 Do you work in the daytime or at night?(介詞),一、為了語法上的需要而增詞,時態(tài)要求 漢語表示時態(tài)的詞:著,了,過等 The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. 英語目前的情況很好,它正按照它那不易為人發(fā)現(xiàn)的方式在起著變化,而不是像一只樹上掉下來的李子那樣在逐漸腐爛。,45,補充原文因語法省略的詞,Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.,從別人的失敗中吸取教訓比從自己的失敗中吸取教訓更好,end,46,二、為了表達清晰和自然而增詞,增加動詞 形容詞 副詞 名詞 量詞,語氣詞 范疇詞 概括性的詞 承上啟下的詞,47,增加動詞 In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants. 在中國,我們每到一個城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公園、看演 出、吃名菜。() In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演之 后,他還得起草最后公報。 漢語動詞連用 vs 只有一個定式動詞 I forgot my key 我忘了帶鑰匙,二、為了表達清晰和自然而增詞,48,增加形容詞 The war made a man of him. 戰(zhàn)爭把他鍛造成一個堂堂的男子漢。 Deflation has now reached unprecedented level. 通貨緊縮已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了空前嚴重的地步。,49,增加副詞,The crowds melted away.,人群漸漸散開了,As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.,他一坐下來就講開了,滔滔不絕地講的沒完。,50,增加名詞,不及物動詞賓語隱含在動詞后面,抽象名詞后增加名詞,具體名詞表示抽象概念時,名詞后增加名詞,在形容詞前加名詞,51,不及物動詞賓語隱含在動詞后面,First you borrow, then you beg.,頭一遭借錢,下一遭就討飯,Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.,他每天來干活掃地,擦地板,收拾房間。,52,形容詞,This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.,這部打字機真是物美價廉。,He is a complicated manmoody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.,他是一個性格復雜的人喜怒無常,反復多變,有些猶豫寡歡。,53,To persuade To prepare Backward Tense Arrogant Mad antagonistic,說服 準備 落后 緊張 自滿 瘋狂 敵對,Persuasion Preparation Backwardness Tension Arrogance Madness antagonism,說服工作 準備工作 落后狀態(tài) 緊張局勢 自滿情緒 瘋狂行為 敵對態(tài)度,抽象名詞后增加名詞,54,具體名詞表示抽象概念時,名詞后增加名詞,He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.,他讓法官的職責戰(zhàn)勝父子的私情,而判決他兒子有罪。,55,增加表示名詞復數(shù)的詞,增加重迭詞表示復數(shù) 增加數(shù)詞或其他詞表示復數(shù) Flowers bloom all over the yard,朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院,The lion is the king of animals.,獅是百獸之王,56,The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as “Asian Tourism Year”, and are cooperating in a drive to convince the worlds pleasure-and-culture-seekers of their attractions.,亞洲幾個國家將1992年指定為“亞洲旅游年”,攜手合作發(fā)起一場宣傳攻勢,旨在讓世界各地的那些獵奇探勝的游客確信,他們這些國家也有許多引人入勝的旅游景觀。,57,增加量詞 數(shù)詞與可數(shù)名詞直接連用 有些動詞或動作名詞,58,數(shù)詞與可數(shù)名詞直接連用,A tractor A bike A full moon A mouth A bad dream,A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea,一輪紅日從風平浪靜的海面冉冉升起。,A stream is winding its way through the valley into the river.,一彎溪水蜿蜒流過山谷,匯合到江里去了。,59,增加語氣詞的、呢、吧、啊、呀等,Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you.,不要認真嘛!我只不過和你開個玩笑罷了。,As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我呢,從一開始就不贊成。,end,60,增加概括性的詞 Sino-British links have multipliedpolitical, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.,中英兩國在政治、商務、教育、文化、國防和科技方面的聯(lián)系進一步加強了。,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.,論文總結了電子計算機,人造衛(wèi)星,和火箭三方面的新成就。,end,61,增加承上啟下的詞,Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of fashion.,不錯,我喜歡中國菜?,F(xiàn)在很多人喜歡中國菜,這種情況算是有點趕時髦吧。,62,三、為了增加背景文化知識,揭示背景、介紹習俗及闡釋典故,Swan song,辭世之作,歸天之作,Waterloo BMW,滑鐵盧 德國寶馬汽車公司,63,四、名詞復數(shù)翻譯的增詞法,Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause. 貨物保險會使貿易商免受許多風險所可能造成的種種損失。,64,Homework,1Businessmen went flying off to that country for fortune. 2.Your packing is not as good as your competitors. 3.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are going on economic construction 4. Draft and invoice are different instruments. 5. I like your policies of first come, first served.,65,詞的省略,動詞的省略 意義相近的動詞,省略其中第二個動詞。 繼續(xù)加強基礎設施和基礎工業(yè),大力振興支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。 Continuous efforts will be dedicated to strengthening infrastructure, and basic and pillar industries.,詞的省略,動詞的省略 加強語氣的動詞,可省略不譯。 因此,有必要在政治上和經(jīng)濟上注意改進老根據(jù)地的工作。 It is therefore imperative, both politically and economically, to promote the work in the base areas.,詞的省略,動詞的省略 采取/實施措施/策略/方法,若句中無實質意義,只需譯出具體措施、策略、方法 各級政府要采取措施,依靠社會各方面的力量,關心下崗職工的生活。 The governments at all levels must rely on all quarters of society to show concern for laid-off workers.,詞的省略,名詞的省略 避免重復。 他贊成第一個提議,反對第二個提議。 He spoke for the first motion and against the second.,詞的省略,名詞的省略 漢語某些表示范疇的抽象名詞,如狀態(tài)、情況、局面、任務、工作、事業(yè)等,以及較為正式文體中的名詞,翻譯成英文時通常省略不譯。 他善于做信訪工作。 He is experienced in handling letters and visits from the masses.,她的朋友們聽到她家中的困難境況后,都主動伸出援助之手。 After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand. 討論的范圍涉及中美關系、中俄關系 The discussion covers Sino-U.S. relations, Sino-Russian relations,中國足球的落后狀態(tài)必須改變。 The backwardness of Chinese football must b changed. 要加快建立城市貧困居民的最低生活保障制度。 We should accelerate the establishment of a minimum standard of living for impoverished urban residents.,形容詞的省略 不幸的悲劇 a tragedy 新發(fā)明 innovations 廣大人民群眾 the masses 積極努力 efforts 進口外國轎車 imported cars 嚴重的危機 crisis,詞的省略,詞的省略,副詞的省略 漢語動詞的含義比較單一,其修飾意義往往需要副詞配合 英語動詞的表達能力強,不僅表達動作本身,而且還包含有修飾意義。 翻譯帶副詞修飾的漢語動詞時,不少情況下不使用副詞。,一座古塔陰森森地矗立在山腰上。 An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside 他摸索著把門打開。 He fumbled the door open 暴風雨狂襲了一陣后停了。 The storm raved itself out,我的姐姐又因為我不愛整潔而向我嘮叨地勸誡了。 My sister has been preaching at me again about my lack of neatness 這個案子很難辦,但那個受審的人已事先得到律師的仔細指點。 It was a difficult case,but the man on trial has been carefully primed by his lawyer,詞的省略,副詞的省略 漢語中的強調副詞“非?!?“極其”“真正地”有時可以省略。 極大,非常大 enormous, huge, gigantic 極其重要 essential, imperative, vital, crucial,word transformation,轉化法指詞類之間的轉換,轉化詞又稱作轉類詞。轉化法是英語中一個比較能產(chǎn)的構詞法,幾乎任何一個詞可以不經(jīng)過任何詞形變化而用作另一類詞,使該詞能表示新的意義。 轉類詞表達體現(xiàn)了語言的經(jīng)濟省力原則,簡潔形象,生動活潑,有時還很委婉。如: John really pigged out during the Christmas day. He might never recover from it in the few days. 圣誕節(jié)約翰吃得太多撐壞了肚子,或許今天都很難康復。,The older your feet get, the more you need to baby them. 腳越老,就越需要更好的呵護/保養(yǎng)。 人越老,就需要更好地保養(yǎng)你的腳。 His future is full of so many ifs. 他的未來充滿著許多變數(shù)。 He tried to find the hows and whys of the story. 他試圖搞清楚事情的來龍去脈。,1. 幾乎所有表示身體部位的名詞都可以轉化為動詞,而且常常具有引申的含義。 She fingered my face. He thumbed the pages of a book. All the men eyed the beautiful girl with interest. 所有男人都饒有興趣地盯著這位美麗的姑娘看。 I cant stomach your constant nagging. 我再也忍受不了你不停的嘮叨了。,The cat nosed her kittens. He nosed something fishy. 老貓用鼻子碰觸小貓。 他聞到了腥味。 A well-known writer heads the delegation. 代表團由一位著名作家率領。 He is now toothing his saw. 他在給鋸子銼齒。 Why dont you stop jawing at her like that? Cant you see how regretful she is? 別再那樣無休止地數(shù)落她了,難道你看不出她有多后悔嗎?,Our teacher has been jawing at us all morning about the importance of the examinations. 我們老師嘮叨了一上午考試的重要性。 shoulder, elbow, arm, hand, face, skin,2. 英語中很多表示人、職業(yè)或家庭關系的詞可以用作動詞。 He is doctoring a sick man. 他正在給病人看病。 Many college students want to solider at the front. 許多大學生都想去云南前線當兵打仗。 He wanted to husband her. 他想娶她。 Who father your son? Winstein fathered relativity. 創(chuàng)立了相對論。 He fathered a proposal/ a controversy. 他首先提出一個倡議。/引發(fā)了一場爭論。/,man(配備人員)、brother(兄弟般對待)、sister(視如姐妹)、mother(關愛/養(yǎng)育),father (象父親一樣照料),parent照料、培養(yǎng)),nurse(照顧),tutor(輔導),caption(當首領),3. 英語中很多動物的名稱都可以直接轉化為動詞,并借喻于該動物的某一特征,既生動,又省力,有很強的隱喻含義。如: Dont dog my steps. 別步我后塵。 A train is snaking its way along the slope. 火車正沿坡蜿蜒行駛著。 Children like the ape and try to ape his act 孩子們喜歡猿,并試圖模仿猿的動作。 He moused about for money. 他偷偷摸摸地四處尋找錢。(窺探;偷偷地尋找: ),fox(狐貍一用詭計欺騙) duck(鴨子一突然潛入水中,閃開) monkey(猴子一搗亂) pig(豬一像豬一樣過話)像豬一樣吃 dog(狗一尾隨,追蹤) wolf(狼一狼吞虎咽) rat(老鼠一叛徒) snail蝸牛一緩慢爬行) worm(蟲子一蠕動),4. 一些容器也可轉化為動詞。 Fruit is often canned in winter. 冬天的時候人們常常把水果裝進罐里貯存起來。 I hope we can room together. 我希望我們能住在一起。 These oranges were boxed and sent off quickly. 這些橘子被裝進盒內很快地運了出去。 Can you tell me who bagged my keys? 你能告訴我誰裝走了我的鑰匙嗎?,翻譯這類由名詞轉化而來的動詞(denominal verbs)時, 一定要關注其所體現(xiàn)的引申義。 Thanks for the coffee, it juiced me up. 謝謝你的咖啡,特提神。 He pocketed all the profits. 他私吞了所有的利潤。 Who will boss this job while the boss is out? 老板不在,誰監(jiān)工呢? His income derived shylocking. 他的收入是靠放高利貸得來的。,詞的轉換,動詞的轉換 漢語多用動詞,常常構成連動式、兼語式等漢語特定句型; 英語中名詞(特別是抽象名詞)、介詞使用頻率很高。 漢譯英時常常將漢語的動詞轉換為英語的名詞或介詞。,中國成功地爆炸了第一顆原子彈,在全世界引起了巨大的反響。 Chinas successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world. 這是他第一次真正涉足電影。 This is his first real introduction to film.,數(shù)以百萬計的亞洲人越來越意識到他們的生活狀況異常貧窮落后,這就促使他們采取堅決措施去創(chuàng)造新的生活條件。 The growing awareness by millions of Asians of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.,小明扶著這位老太太過馬路。 Xiaoming helped the old lady across the road. 他們都贊成劉麗的提議。 They are all in favor of Liu Lis suggestion. 整個城市披上了節(jié)日的盛裝。 The whole city is in holiday array.,詞的轉換,動詞的轉換 漢語中有些動詞表示知覺、感情等心理狀態(tài),往往可以翻譯成英語的形容詞,常以be+形容詞結構表示。 李華的母親為他的健康擔憂。 Li Huas mother is anxious about his health.,大會主席宣布會議結束。 The chairman of the meeting announced the meeting was over. 你熟悉這條旅游線路嗎? Are you familiar with the tour route? 經(jīng)濟學家不能確信房地產(chǎn)價格下降。 Economists are not sure the price of real estate will fall.,詞的轉換,名詞的轉換 漢語某些名詞,如表示形狀、地位、態(tài)度、特點、印象、目的、定義等意義的名詞,以及較為正式文體中的名詞,翻譯成英文時常用動詞來表示。與此同時,原來修飾名詞的形容詞也隨之轉化成副詞。,那個女孩相貌言談像一個電影明星。 The girl looks and talks like a film star. 這項計劃的目的是保護自然環(huán)境。 The plan aims at protecting the natural environment. 王東一生獲得了一百多種發(fā)明專利。 Wang Dong patented over one hundred separate inventions during his life.,詞的轉換,形容詞的轉換 我們感到解決這個復雜的問題是困難的。 We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem. 總裁為這次出訪做了極為周密的準備。 The president had prepared meticulously for his journey.,詞的轉換,副詞的轉換 只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能發(fā)對他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和風趣將這人爭取過來。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 我們最終成功地解決了問題。 Finally, we succeeded in solving the problem.,Practice,大家知道,掌握一門外語是不容易的。 宇宙飛船已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。 他們的樂觀主義精神令我們大為感動。 我幸運地見到了她。 所有公司應注意提拔年輕得優(yōu)秀工人。 我們必須對科研機構的作用給予足夠的重視。 盡管你做了解釋,我還是不懂。 這本書反映了50年代的俄國社會。 雄偉的長城給外賓留下了深刻的印象。,Practice,大家知道,掌握一門外語是不容易的。 We know that the mastery of a foreign language is not easy. 宇宙飛船已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。 Spacecrafts have found application for the exploration of the universe. 他們的樂觀主義精神令我們大為感動。 Their optimism moved us greatly.,Practice,我幸運地見到了她。 I had the fortune to meet her. 所有公司應注意提拔年輕得優(yōu)秀工人。 All enterprises must promote excellent workers. 我們必須對科研機構的作用給予足夠的重視。 We must attach great importance to scientific research institutes.,Practice,盡管你做了解釋,我還是不懂。 For all your explanations, I understand no better than before. 這本書反映了50年代的俄國社會。 The book is a reflection of the Russian society of the 1950s. 雄偉的長城給外賓留下了深刻的印象。 The magnificent Great Wall impressed foreign guests tremendously.,漢語詞后綴“化”的翻譯(一),形容詞(少量名詞)+化 大多可以在英語中找到對應的詞語 深化 deepen 弱化 weaken 美化 beautify 量化 quantify 凈化 purify 強化 strengthen,漢語詞后綴“化”的翻譯(二),三字詞組:名詞+化 固定詞組,專業(yè)領域使用 語法化、范疇化、概念化、主觀化 非固定詞組 個性化、社區(qū)化、規(guī)?;⑿蜗蠡?英語中相應的動、名詞 英語中相應的形容詞(或比較級) make, turn/changeinto,電氣化 electrify electrification 計算機化 computerize computerization 數(shù)字化 digitize digitization 全球化 globalize globalization 國際化 internationalize internationalization 機械化 mechanize mechanization 法制化 legalize legalization,社區(qū)化管理 community administration 老齡化社會 the aging society 數(shù)字化世界 digital world 網(wǎng)絡化教學 networking teaching 我國的國防建設不斷加強,軍隊革命化、現(xiàn)代化、正規(guī)化建設不斷推進。 Steady progress has been made in the drive to build a revolutionary, modern and regular army.,保證決策的科學化、民主化 to ensure that decision-making is more scientific and democratic 科學管理化 to make management more scientific 城市園林化 to make the city green with parks or woods,漢語數(shù)詞的英譯,漢英數(shù)詞對比 語法特點 漢語數(shù)詞:一般和量詞連用,除在文言文及成語慣用法中外,一般不直接修飾名詞 英語數(shù)詞:可直接與名詞連用;數(shù)詞復數(shù)大多具有特殊意義 文化內涵,數(shù)詞英譯的難點,模糊數(shù)詞:數(shù)詞帶有形容詞性或副詞性,表示約略或夸張 數(shù)詞與政治術語連用 倍數(shù),模糊數(shù)詞 數(shù)在民間語言和文學作品中數(shù)字往往并不表示確切的數(shù)量概念,而只是一個泛化的虛數(shù),這就是數(shù)的語義模糊現(xiàn)象。 模糊語義的數(shù)字都不是表示具體數(shù)目的實數(shù),而是表示模糊語義的虛數(shù),泛指其數(shù)量之多,程度之大,范圍之廣,時間之長,距離之遙等,在特定的語境中,模糊數(shù)字的語義外延擴大延伸,給人以更大的思索和想象空間,同時也給譯者更大的發(fā)揮和再創(chuàng)造余地。,飛流直下三千尺,疑是銀河落九天。(李白望廬山瀑布) 爾來四萬八千歲,不見秦塞通人煙。(李白蜀道難) 后宮佳麗三千人,三千寵愛在一身。(白居易長恨歌 北國風光,千里冰封,萬里雪飄。(毛澤東沁園

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