獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法全解

1、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個句子。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相當靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本構(gòu)成形式名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞（過去分詞；形容詞；副詞；不定式；名詞；介詞短語）1. 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the

2、dark mass was from a distance黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。2. 名詞(代詞)+過去分詞The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他

3、上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。3. 名詞(代詞)+不定式在“名詞/代詞+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關系，動詞不定式則用主動的形式；如果是動賓關系，則用被動形式。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more

4、beautiful.種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學?？瓷先⒏?。4. 名詞(代詞)+形容詞Computers very small, we can use them widely. 電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。5. 名詞(代詞)+副詞The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散會了，校長很快就離開了會議室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 燈熄了，我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。6. 名詞(代詞)+名詞His first shot failure，

5、he fired again他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。7. 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，頭枕著左臂，直挺挺地趴伏著。三、with，without 引導的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with ( without)+賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當，但代詞一定

6、要用賓格。上文的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without +名詞/代詞+動詞的-ing形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩

7、很激動。（with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。（with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。（with+名詞

8、/代詞+形容詞）在with (without) 的復合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。四、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等，還可以作定語。1. 作時間狀語The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path總督思考問題時，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。2. 作條件狀語Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow如果天氣允許的話，

9、他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。3. 作原因狀語The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。4. 作伴隨狀語或補充說明 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個學生報名參加了這次競賽，年紀最小的是個12歲的男

10、孩。5. 作定語，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語其功能相當于一個定語從句。 He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. 他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。五、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)注意事項1. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多用于書面語，尤其是描述性語言中，在口語和非正式文體中，一般用從句或兩個句子來代替。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在，名詞或代詞與后面的分詞等邏輯上是主謂關系，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統(tǒng)被

11、謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2. 動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle，表示將來的時間）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用過去分詞settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）3. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞使用的問

12、題當介詞是in時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復數(shù)。但 with 的復合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)劫匪手里拿著刀闖進房間。當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那兒，牙關緊閉，雙拳緊握，兩眼直視上方。4. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨立成分的異同有些分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句

13、子中沒有邏輯上的主語，作為習慣用法。這些短語有：Generally speaking ，F(xiàn)rankly speaking，Judging from，Supposing （假設），等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 總的說來，這條規(guī)則很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所說的來判斷，他一定是一個誠實的人。有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式，表明說話人的立場或態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest，to be

14、sure，to tell you the truth，to cut a long story short，to be frank，to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說實話，我犯了一個拼寫錯誤。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby vill

15、ages to carry on with the work. 情況更糟的是，許多男人都去城市找工資較高的工作，而留下附近村莊的婦女來繼續(xù)承擔修復工作。5獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句。但是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，它有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語一致。If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 轉(zhuǎn)換為：Time permitting, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 如果時間允許,我們最好周末去度假。Whe

16、n we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.轉(zhuǎn)換為：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個城市更美了。還必須注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語并不總是和主句的主語一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷，花費了警察很長一段時間。（Searching短語的邏輯

17、主語是主句中的policemen獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)練習題1. I have a lot of books, half of _ novels.A. which B. that C. whom D. them2. _ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.A. because B. as C. With D. Since3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of _ carrying

18、 heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.A. them B. who C. whom D. which4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of _ over 600 years old.A. which B. that C. them D. it5. The cave _ very dark, he lit some candles _

19、light.A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _ a gun and his face _ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering7. The girl was smiling sweetly, her long hair _.A. flowed in the breez

20、e B. was flowing in the breezeC. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day.A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents seated

21、 together joking.A. their B. whose C. which D. that10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, _ Land Rover of the latest.A. another B. other C. the other D. the others【答案與解析】DCACD CDBAD1. D。half of them novels 為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，相當于 and half of them are novels。2. C。考查“with + 名詞 + 過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。3. A。most of them carrying.為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，相當于 and most of them were carrying