大學體驗英語英語視聽說教程3_U2ppt課件

1、UNIT 2,Nature or Nurture?,Quetu,1,Its not that Im so smart; its just that I stay with problems longer.,Quetu,Albert Einstein,2,What do you know about Albert Einstein? Where is he from? What did he achieve? Stories in his childhood his marriage his manner .,3,Nature or Nurture?,Elbert Einstein is pro

2、bably the most influntial scientist and greatest physicist of the 20th century. He revolutionized our ideas about time and space, and he is best known for his theory of relativity and his equation E=MC2, which explians the relationship between energy and mass. By age 30 he was considered by many to

3、be one of the worlds greatest scientific thinkers.,4,Background Information,Unit Overview,Lesson 1,Lesson 2,Supplementary Reading,Home listening,5,What led to Einsteins success? This has been discussed for a long time. In thi s unit, two contrasting views on this issue will be presented. Students wi

4、ll get to know Nature vs. Nurture theories through listening, viewing and reading. Various activities will inspire students to talk about the nature-nurture argument by using the words and expressions in this unit. And finally, they will conduct a project on Einstein with their peers.,Unit Overview,

5、6,Background Information,How to Define Nature vs. Nurture Theories There are three distinctive schools of thought. 1. Personality is Natural: This group believes that your personality is the result of evolutionary process. You inherit behaviors due to a complex interaction of genes. That controls yo

6、ur behaviors, so you dont have the ability to act otherwise. 2. Personality is Nurtured: This group argues that your personality is not inherited. Your mind is a blank slate( 白板） at birth. It is your environment, education and culture that influence your behavior. You have “free will” to change your

7、 behavior. 3. Personality is Spiritual: This group claims that your personality is result of neither nature nor nurture. It is a gift of a deity（神性）. They are split on the issue of “free will”.,7,Nature vs. Nurture Theories and Evolutionary Psychology Darwins theory of evolution led William Hamilton

8、, George Williams and many others to the idea of personality evolution. They propose that, like physical organs, your personality is the result of natural selection for survival of the fittest. You do as your genes dictate. They suggest that fear of death, fear of injury, fear of snakes, shyness, ad

9、diction, criminality and sexual orientation are examples of heritable behaviors. Steven Pinker (2004) includes religiousness, liberalism（開明） and conservativeness on the list. William Paley considers cognitive capabilities（認知能力）, temperaments（氣質(zhì)） and cheating behaviors heritable.,Background Informati

10、on,8,Background Information,However, there is strong criticism on this idea: 1. There is no single universal behavior which can be proved evolutionary. Even fear of death, which seems natural to all, has been overridden in crusades, suicides and suicide bombings. 2. You are made of 25,000 to 30,000

11、genes; that is merely twice the number of a fruit fly. Chimpanzees share 95% of your genetic characteristics. However, they dont share even 10% of your behavior. 3. People dont differ in behavior as they differ in skin pigments（膚色）. Extroverts, introverts, optimists, pessimists, criminals, liberals,

12、 etc. are found in all societies and cultures. Even identical twins (with 100% similar genes) and fraterna（兄弟般的）l twins (with 50% similar genes) behave differently in most of the cases.,9,Background Information,Nature vs. Nurture Theories and Physics Discoveries in physics have always provided new m

13、eat to nature vs. nurture theories. The conclusions of Newton and Einstein helped people believe that future events can be predicted through knowledge of matter and natural laws. This led psychologists to suggest that your future behaviors can be predetermined. The whole mechanism of psychometrics（心

14、理測驗學） follows this hypothesis. However, quantum physics has changed the situation altogether. Evidence proves that you cant make two (almost) simultaneous（同時的） measurements of observables correctly. For example: 1. Position and momentum（動量） of a particle（粒子） 2. Position and direction of a particle 3

15、. Time and frequency of a sound wave 4. Wavelength and magnitude（量級） of a sound wave,10,Nature vs. Nurture Theories and Physics Quantum physics（量子物理學） has shaken determinism so much so that scientists had to devise the “Heisenberg uncertainty principle” which challenges the notion that any physical

16、event can be predicted precisely in time and space. Do you think that particles are too small to affect big events? Reconsider that thought. What would have happened if Hitler had died in his young age of cancer, which can occur with a slight genetic mutation（基因突變）?,Background Information,11,Lead-in

17、,Audio studio,Video studio,Speaking workshop,Project bulletin,12,Task 1,Task 2,Task 3,13,Task 1 Describing the Picture,Describe the pictures first and then discuss the question “What leads to Einsteins success?”.,What is the person in the left picture doing?,Do you agree to the statement “For Albert

18、 Einstein, the road to the stars was paved with questions” in the right picture?,If you had a chance to ask Einstein about the key to his success, what do you think Einsteins answer would be?,14,Task 2 Reflecting on the Reading,1. What is the binary argument on what leads to genius?,Read through the

19、 Supplementary Reading passage on page 126, and answer the following questions.,Answer: Geniuses are those who have the intelligence, enthusiasm and endurance to acquire the needed expertise in a broadly valued domain of achievement and who then make contributions to that field that are considered b

20、y peers to be original.,Answer: Is it nature or is it nurture?,2. According to the passage, whats the definition of genius?,15,3. How did people deal with Einsteins brain after his death?,Answer: Thomas Harvey at Princeton Hospital removed Einsteins brain and decided to keep it for study.,4. Accordi

21、ng to the passage, whats Professor Simontons opinion on the genius debate?,Answer: The traits contributing to genius success are only partly inherited. They are also shaped by environment.,5. According to the passage, whats Gladwells opinion?,Answer: He believes that kids need a chance to show how h

22、ard they can work; society should provide opportunities for all.,16,Task 3 Expanding Your Vocabulary,A. very important B. power believed to control events C. to make (sth) manageable D. without any plan, aim, or pattern E. to put (money) to a particular use F. to fill the mind of sb continually,Read

23、 through the words in the left-hand column, and match each of them with the appropriate meaning in the right-hand column.,1.obsess（纏繞）,2. random,3. crucial,4. invest,5. tame,6. destiny（命運）,17,Audio Studio,1. encode 將 (信息等) 譯成代碼 2. equation 等式 3. poverty-stricken 非常貧窮的 4. compelling 必須接受或同意的；強制的,Task

24、 1,Task 2,18,Audio Task 1 Identifying the Gist（主旨，要點）,1. Whats the topic of this audio clip? A) A brief introduction to Nurture vs. Nature theories. B) An investigation into childrens intelligence. C) President Obamas new education policy. 2. What can be inferred from the recent data? A) Nature is a

25、s important as nurture. B) Nature is more important than nurture. C) Nurture is more important than nature.,Listen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.,19,Audio Task 2 Checking the Facts,1. _, there has always been one _question: Is intelligence a function of nature? Is

26、it simply encoded in a childs genes? 2. If we take two identical twins,_ _ 3. If we put identical twins in different environments, we would find differences in their intelligence several years later, which indicates that_. 4. _ clearly helps give children from poverty-stricken areas the chance at a

27、stronger start in school and in life. 5. We will _ and begin investing greater sums at the early childhood level.,Listen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.,When it comes to intelligence,fundamental,chan

28、ces are that they will be,environment does play a crucial role in,Investing in quality pre-school opportunities,take a hard look at this compelling data,as intelligent as each other,20,When it comes to intelligence, there has always been one fundamental question: Is intelligence a function of nature

29、? Is it simply encoded in a childs genes? Or is it a function of nurture? Is it more about the environment that a child grows up in? On the one hand, if we take two people at random from the crowd, it is very likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. However, if we take

30、 two identical twins, chances are that they will be as intelligent as each other. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. On the other hand, though, if we put identical twins in different environments, we would find differences in their in

31、telligence several years later, which indicates that environment does play a crucial role in peoples intelligence.,Script,21,Script,Recently, data has clearly indicated that nurture is indeed more than 50% of the equation. That is good news for educators, but even better news for society as a whole.

32、 Fortunately, President Obama has come out in strong support of early childhood education, particularly for those children most at risk of school failure. Investing in quality pre-school opportunities clearly helps give children from poverty-stricken areas the chance at a stronger start in school an

33、d in life. If we are serious about helping our children succeed in school, if we are truly interested in “Leaving No Child Behind,” we will take a hard look at this compelling data and begin investing greater sums at the early childhood level.,22,Video Studio,1. harness 治理，控制 square 平方 2. riddle 謎語

34、3. disembodied 脫離肉體的 4. neurophysiologist 神經(jīng)生理學家 5. parallel 相似特點 6. scenario (對可能出現(xiàn)情況的) 描 述，預測; 情節(jié)，劇本 7. stamina 毅力，持久力；精力，活力 8. hunt sth down 搜尋，尋找；窮追直至抓獲,Task 1,Task 2,Task 3,23,Video Task 1 Matching they can expand with use.,33,Situation 1 Work in groups. Suppose your group members were scientis

35、ts. You have invented a machine that can act and think like Einstein. You were supposed to list some functions of your invention. 2 You have 15 minutes to discuss within your own group, and then you may move about and find out what other groups have listed. 3 Two groups will be selected to report th

36、eir results. The rest of the class will vote for the one they feel happy to support.,Speaking Task 2 Solving the Problem,Work with your peerson the situation below and try to come up with a solution to the problem described. You are expected to share your ideas and justify yourself in this process.

37、Use as many phrases from the “Expressions people have been equating “Einstein” to mean genius for a long time.,Is Genius Born or Can It Be Learned?,1. binary adj. 二元的2. determinant n. 決定因素 3. expertise n. 專門技能,69,Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist of international acclaim5, a Nobel laureate

38、, and most importantly, one of the most intelligent and influential figures in the history of mankind. At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics, and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile6 the laws of mechanics with

39、 the laws of the electromagnetic7 field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum8 theory. He investigated the thermal properties of light with low radiation density and his observations laid the foundations of the photon9 theory o

40、f light. In 1905, Albert Einstein, at the age of 26, put forth the idea of the particulate10 nature of light and proposed that mass can be converted into an equivalent amount of energy based on the equation, E=MC2. These accomplishments of his are regarded as some of the greatest works in science. I

41、n 1915, Einstein, at the age of 36, came up with the Theory of Relativity, which is in use till date.,4. synonym n. 同義字5. acclaim n. 喝彩，稱贊 6. reconcile v. 使一致，使符合7. electromagnetic adj.電磁的 8. quantum n. 物量子9. photon n. 物光子 10. particulate adj. 微粒的,70,Today, when one thinks of Einstein, it is natural to assume that obviously his brain differed from that of the average person