機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化專業(yè)英語.ppt

1、word,Computer-Aided Manufacturing 計算機輔助制造 blacksmith n. 鍛工，鐵匠 adaptive dptv adj. (自)適應(yīng)的 assembly sembli n. ; v. 裝配 evolve ivlv v. 進(jìn)化，發(fā)展，進(jìn)展 commission kmin n. ; v. 代理，委托，委任 tangential tndenl adj. 切線的，膚淺的，略為觸及的,Manufacturing Process,1,word,distribute distribju:t v. 分 布 mass-production techniques 大批量生產(chǎn)

2、技術(shù) economy of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) versus v:ss prep. 與比較，對，作為的函數(shù) semiautomatic semi:tmtik adj. 半自動的 manual mnjul adj. 手工的,Manufacturing Process,2,Manufacturing Process,Computer-Aided manufacturing 計算機輔助制造（技術(shù)） The scientific study of metal-cutting and automation techniques is products of the twentieth century

3、senturi. Two pioneers ,painis of these techniques were Frederick Taylor and Henry Ford. 從科學(xué)上進(jìn)行研究金屬切削和自動化技術(shù)研究起始于第二十世紀(jì)。這些技術(shù)的先驅(qū)者是弗雷德里克泰勒和亨利.福特。,3,During the early 1900s, the improving U.S. standard of living brought a new high in personal wealth. The major result was the increased demand for durable dr

4、bl goods. 20世紀(jì)初美國日益提高的生活水平將個人財富帶到一個新的高度。這種現(xiàn)象主要影響就是對耐用消費品的需求的增長。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,4,This increased demand meant that manufacturing could no longer be treated tri:td as a blacksmith trade treid, and the use of scientific study was employed in manufacturing analysis. 日益增長的需求意味著制造業(yè)不再是簡單的手工作坊

5、式的行業(yè)，而應(yīng)該在制造業(yè)中引入科學(xué)化的研究手段。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,5,Taylor pioneered studies in “scientific management” in which methods for production by both men and machines were studied. 泰勒開創(chuàng)了“科學(xué)管理”的研究，透過人員和機器研究生產(chǎn)的方法。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,6,Taylor also conducted kndktd metal cutting experiments at t

6、he Midvale Steel Company that lasted 26 years and produced 400 tons of metal chips. 泰勒還在米德韋爾鋼鐵公司進(jìn)行金屬切削試驗，該項試驗長達(dá)26年之久并生產(chǎn)了近400噸重的金屬鐵屑。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,7,The result of Taylors metal-cutting experiments was the development of the Taylor tool-life equation that is still used in industry ndst

7、ri today. 泰勒的金屬切削實驗最終導(dǎo)致了泰勒刀具壽命公式的發(fā)現(xiàn)，該公式目前仍然被工業(yè)界所采用。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,8,This tool-life equation is still the basis of determining economic metal cutting and has been used in adaptive controlled machining. 刀具使用壽命仍然作為最基本的判斷金屬切削經(jīng)濟(jì)與否的依據(jù)。同時，該刀具壽命公式還被用于自適應(yīng)控制加工。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,9,He

8、nry Fords contributions took a different turn from Taylors. Ford refined rifaind and developed the use of assembly lines for the major component manufacturer of his automobile. 亨利.福特的研究成果與泰勒不同。福特優(yōu)化和開發(fā)了裝配生產(chǎn)線的應(yīng)用，這種裝配生產(chǎn)線應(yīng)用于他的汽車主要零部件的制造。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,10,Ford felt that every American fami

9、ly should have an automobile, and if they could be manufactured inexpensively enough then every family would buy one. Several mechanisms were developed at Ford to accommodate kmdeit assembly lines. 福特認(rèn)為每個美國家庭都應(yīng)該擁有一輛汽車。如果能將汽車的價格降低到人們的購買力水平上(他們制造的汽車足夠廉價的話)，那么每個家庭就會購買一輛汽車。福特公司開發(fā)了一些設(shè)備（機械裝置）以適應(yīng)裝配生產(chǎn)線。,Com

10、puter-Aided manufacturing,11,The automation that Ford developed was built into the hardware, and Ford realized that significant demand was necessary to offset the initial development and production costs of such systems. 福特開發(fā)的自動化是建立在硬件中的，福特意識到需要大量的需求來抵消這種系統(tǒng)的初始開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)成本。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,12

11、,Although manufacturing industries continued to evolve, it was not until the 1950s that the next major development occurred. 雖然制造業(yè)的研發(fā)一直持續(xù)不斷，但新的一輪大發(fā)展是在20世紀(jì)50年代才出現(xiàn)的。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,13,For some time, strides strad to reduce human involvement in manufacturing were being taken. Specialty sp

12、elti machines using cams and other “hardwired” logic controllers had been developed. 長期以來，人們一直致力于減少制造過程中的人為參與。已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了采用凸輪和其他“硬連線”邏輯控制器的專用設(shè)備。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,14,The U.S. Air Force recognized reknazd the development time required to produce this special equipment and that the time required

13、 to make only small sequence changes was excessive kssv. 美國空軍意識到，用來生產(chǎn)這些專用設(shè)備的研發(fā)時間和用來僅作程序小改變的時間都是很長的(過多的)。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,15,As a result, the Air Force commissioned the Massachusetts mstu:sts Institute of Technology to demonstrate dmnstret programmable or numerically controlled (NC) mach

14、ines (also known as “softwired” machines) . With this first demonstration in 1952 came the beginning of a new era r in manufacturing. 因此，美國空軍委托麻省理工學(xué)院開發(fā)(展示)可編程的數(shù)字化控制器，也稱“軟連線”設(shè)備。1952年的這次首創(chuàng)開始了制造業(yè)的新紀(jì)元。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,16,Since then, digital computers have been used to produce input either i

15、n a directed manner to many NC machines, direct numerical control (DNC), or in a more dedicated control sense, computer numerical control (CNC). 從那時起，數(shù)字計算機就被用來當(dāng)做輸入設(shè)備，要么以直接方式輸入到NC設(shè)備中，直接數(shù)字控制（DNC），要么用更專用的控制傳感，即計算機數(shù)字控制（CNC）。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,17,Today, machine control languages such as APT (A

16、utomatic Programming Tool) have become the standard for creating tool control for NC machines. 如今，機床控制語言比如說自動編程工具 ，已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控機床創(chuàng)建工具控制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)了。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,18,It is interesting to note that much of the evolution in manufacturing has come as a response to particular changes during different p

17、eriod. 有意思的是，制造業(yè)的許多發(fā)展都對應(yīng)于不同歷史時期的特定的變化。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,19,For instance, the technology that evolves in the nineteenth century brought with it the need for higher-precision machining. (this resulted in the creation of many new machine tools, a more refined machine design, and new product

18、ion processes.) 例如，19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)革命促進(jìn)了人們對較高加工精度的需求（從而促進(jìn)了許多新型刀具的研發(fā)、精密機床的設(shè)計以及新的生產(chǎn)工藝）。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,20,The early twentieth century became an era of prosperity and industrialization that created the demand necessary for mass-production techniques. 二十世紀(jì)初期成為一個繁榮的、工業(yè)化的年代，這個年代也創(chuàng)造了大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)技術(shù)所必須的產(chǎn)品需求。,C

19、omputer-Aided manufacturing,21,In the 1950s it was estimated that as the speed of an aircraft increased, the cost of manufacturing the aircraft (because of geometric complexity) increased proportionately with the speed. 20世紀(jì)50年代，據(jù)估計，隨著飛行速度增大，這個飛機的制造成本也會以這個速度同樣比例的增加(因為其復(fù)雜程度是以幾何級數(shù)增加的)。,Computer-Aided

20、manufacturing,22,The result of this was the development of NC technology. A few tangential notes on this history include the following. 也正是這個原因?qū)е铝薔C技術(shù)的發(fā)展。在這段歷史時期內(nèi)一些次要的記錄如下：,Computer-Aided manufacturing,23,As the volume of parts manufactured increases, the production cost for the parts decrease (this

21、 is generally known as “economy of scale”). Some of the change in production cost is due to fixed versus variable costs. 當(dāng)零部件的制造數(shù)量增加時，那么，這個零件的生產(chǎn)成本會減小，這種現(xiàn)象通常被稱之為“經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)?！薄Ｉa(chǎn)成本某些變化是由于固定成本與可變成本的比例改變。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,24,For instance, if , only a single part is to be produced (such as a space v

22、ehicle), all of the fixed costs for planning and design (both product and process) must be absorbed by the single item. 例如，只生產(chǎn)一個的話（如一個宇宙飛船），那么，所有固定成本，包括規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(包含產(chǎn)品和加工)，都只能由這個單一項目去承擔(dān)。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,25,If, however, several parts are produced, the fixed charge can be distributed over seve

23、ral parts. 如果生產(chǎn)多個的話，固定成本可以分?jǐn)偟竭@多個當(dāng)中。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,26,Changes in production cost, not reflected in this simple fixed-versus variable-cost relationship, are usually the result of different manufacturing procedures-transfer-line techniques for high-volume items versus job-shop procedures

24、 for low-volume items. 生產(chǎn)成本的變化并不僅僅是簡單的固定成本與可變成本間的關(guān)系。通常， 這是不同制造方法的結(jié)果，自動化生產(chǎn)線用于大批量產(chǎn)品，加工車間用于小批量產(chǎn)品。,Computer-Aided manufacturing,27,An automated manufacturing system consists of a collection of automatic or semiautomatic machines linked together by a “intrasystem” material-handling system. 自動化制造系統(tǒng)由一系列的自動

25、化機床或半自動化機床，及將他們連接到一起的內(nèi)部物料傳送系統(tǒng)組成。,Automated manufacturing system,28,These systems have been around since before Henry Ford began to manufacture his Model T on his moving assembly line. 這種系統(tǒng)大約起始于Henry Ford 在他的移動裝配線上開始生產(chǎn)T型汽車的時候。,Automated manufacturing system,29,These automated systems have been used t

26、o produce machined components, assemblies, electrical components, food products, chemical products, etc. 這些自動化系統(tǒng)被用來生產(chǎn)機器零部件，總成，電器元件，食品，化工產(chǎn)品等。,Automated manufacturing system,30,The total number of products produced on a single system varies verz with the production methods. However, the principle of designing the production systems are the same independently of the product being manufactured. 單一系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)總量是隨這個系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)方法的改變而變化的。然而，不管生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品，設(shè)計生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的原則是一樣的。,Automated manufacturing system,31,The workstations in a production system can be manual, semiautomatic or fully automatic. The automatic