英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-句子的種類(lèi)(史上最詳細(xì)).ppt

1、句子的種類(lèi),英語(yǔ)的句子按照用途可分為四類(lèi)：陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。 (一)陳述句用來(lái)陳述一件事實(shí)或表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)者看法的句子叫作陳述句，句末用句號(hào)表示句子的陳述結(jié)束。陳述句分為肯定句和否定句。I like apples. 我喜歡蘋(píng)果。Tom is not good at English. 湯姆英語(yǔ)學(xué)得不好。,否定結(jié)構(gòu)陳述句1.Be動(dòng)詞的否定句 I am not a student. He is not my teacher. *進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (現(xiàn)在時(shí)，過(guò)去時(shí)，進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 都有be 動(dòng)詞所以它們的否定句與be動(dòng)詞的否定同形. They are not cleaning the ro

2、om. 他們沒(méi)在打掃房間。 He was not elected as the monitor. 他沒(méi)有被選為班長(zhǎng)。,2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定句 I can not do it by myself. You must not take the books out. 你一定不能把書(shū)拿出去。 3.完成時(shí)的否定 I have not finished the job. He has not had his lunch yet. He had not designed any plan by the end of last month.,4.行為動(dòng)詞的否定句 主語(yǔ)+do/does/did + not + 動(dòng)

3、詞原形 They do not live in shanghai. He does not do his home work every day. They did not have the meeting yesterday. She did not pass the English exam yesterday.,(二)祈使句 祈使句表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)對(duì)方的勸告、叮囑、建議、請(qǐng)求或命令等。主語(yǔ)you通常省略，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形，句末用感嘆號(hào)或句號(hào)。表達(dá)請(qǐng)求或勸告時(shí)，祈使句句末或句首可以加上please表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣。,1.肯定祈使句的表現(xiàn)形式:,Do 型： (1) 不及物動(dòng)詞+其他成分。 Come

4、here! 過(guò)來(lái)！ Look! 看！ Come in! 進(jìn)來(lái)！ (2)及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)+其他成分。 Close the door! 關(guān)門(mén)！ Open your books! 翻開(kāi)課本！ Be 型： 系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)+其他成分。 Be quiet, please! 請(qǐng)安靜！ Be careful！ 小心！,Let型： Let+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分。 Lets go at once. 咱們馬上走。 Let me try again. 讓我們?cè)僭囈淮巍?Let her tell everyone . 讓她告訴每一個(gè)人 Let tom go there . 讓Tom 去那邊。,2.否定祈使句的表現(xiàn)形式： (

5、1)Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont構(gòu)成。 Dont forget me! 不要忘記我！ Dont make such a noise. Dont be late for school! 上學(xué)不要遲到！,(2)Let型的否定式有兩種： Dont +let+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分 Let+賓語(yǔ)+not+動(dòng)詞原形+ 其他成分 Dont let him go. /Let him not go. 別讓他走。 Lets/Let us /Let me +not + 動(dòng)詞原形 + 其他成分 Lets not say anything about it. (3)有些可用no開(kāi)頭，用來(lái)表示禁止性的祈

6、使句。 No smoking! 禁止吸煙！,Lets 和 let us 區(qū)別： Lets 包括對(duì)方， let us不包括對(duì)方。 Lets go .shall we. 咱么去吧，怎么樣？ Yes lets /No lets not . Let us go, will you? 讓我們?nèi)グ?，行嗎?(三) 感嘆句 1.感嘆句的概念感嘆句是表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等感情的句子，感嘆句用感嘆號(hào)“！”。,2.感嘆句的種類(lèi)感嘆句一般用what 或how開(kāi)頭，其具體用法如下：(1) what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句 (中心詞是名詞)What +a/an+ 形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)(+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))！ What a cold day (i

7、t is) ! 多么冷的一天??！ What a clever boy (he is)! 多么聰明的男孩！ What a beautiful city (it is)! 多么美麗的一個(gè)城市！ What+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) (+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))！ What clever monkeys! 多么聰明的猴子！What+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞 (+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))！ What cold weather it is! 多么寒冷的天氣！,(2) how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句 (中心詞是形容詞 , 副詞或,動(dòng)詞 ) How + 形容詞/副詞+ (主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))！ How clever (the boy is)! 這個(gè)孩子是多么聰明

8、! How fast (he drives)! 風(fēng)箏飛得多么高??！ How+ 形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+ (主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))！ How cold a day (it is)! 多么冷的一天??！ How陳述句 (主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ))！ How I miss you！ 我多么想念你?。?How she loves her daughter!,陳述句變感嘆句 一 斷 , 二 去, 三 加, 四改變。 一 斷, 找到陳述句的主謂，斷開(kāi)句子. 二去， 斷開(kāi)后,如果后部分的中心詞是形容詞或副詞，去掉它們的修飾詞. 三加，如果后部分的中心詞是名詞就加 what, 是形容詞或副詞就加 How. 四改變， 調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，大

9、小寫(xiě)，句末加 ！ 陳述句 Tom is very famous. 一斷 Tom is / very famous. 二去 Tom is / famous. 三加 Tom is /how famous. 四改變 How famous tom is !,一般情況下What和 How 可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換： The boy is clever. How clever the boy is! 這個(gè)孩子是多么聰明！ What a clever boy he is ! It is a cold day. How cold a day it is! 多么冷的一天??！ What a cold day it is !

10、在口語(yǔ)中 常省略陳述句部分 How cold ! What a cold day !,(四)疑問(wèn)句 用來(lái)表示提問(wèn)的句子叫作疑問(wèn)句，句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。疑問(wèn)句包括一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句四種。 1 Is she from China ? 一般疑問(wèn)句 When is your birthday? 特殊疑問(wèn)句 Is this a dog or a cat? 選擇疑問(wèn)句 4 You are a student, arent you? 反意疑問(wèn)句,1.一般疑問(wèn)句 一般疑問(wèn)句是對(duì)一件事情或情況是否真實(shí)而提出疑問(wèn)的句子，常用yes或no來(lái)回答。 Do you like bananas? 你喜歡

11、香蕉嗎？ Yes, I do. 是的，我喜歡。 (1) Be 動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句 陳述句中有Be動(dòng)詞，直接將Be動(dòng)詞提至主語(yǔ)前。 Is he your friend? Yes ,he is / No , he isnt,Is there any food to eat ? Yes, there is / No , there isnt. 進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)含有be 動(dòng)詞所以它們的疑問(wèn)句和Be動(dòng)詞的疑問(wèn)句形式相同。 The baby were crying last night. Were the baby crying last night? Yes they were / No they we

12、rent English is spoken all over the world. Is English spoken all over the world? Yes it is / No it isnt,(2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句。 陳述句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，直接將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提至主語(yǔ)前。 You can bring me some bread. Can you bring me some bread? Yes I can / No I cant I must do it now. Must I do it now? Yes you must / No you need not.,(3) 實(shí)義(行

13、為) 動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句。 陳述句中如只有行為動(dòng)詞，要在句首加助動(dòng)詞 do/ does /did。 He has supper at home every day? Does he have supper at home every day? Yes he does / No he doesnt He did morning exercise yesterday! Did he do morning exercises yesterday? Yes he did /No he didnt,(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句。 將助動(dòng)詞 have/has /had提至句首。 You hav

14、e known her since your childhood? Have you known her since your childhood? 你從童年時(shí)就認(rèn)識(shí)她嗎？ Yes I have /No I havent He had learned English before he came here? Had he learned English before he came here? 他來(lái)這之前就學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)嗎？ Yes he had / No he hadnt.,一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu),把副詞not 放在一般疑問(wèn)句主語(yǔ)之后，即構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu). Is he not ready?

15、= Isnt he ready? 他沒(méi)準(zhǔn)備好嗎？ Will he not come ? = Wont he come ? 他不來(lái)嗎？ Have you not any sisters? = Havent you any sisters? 你沒(méi)有兄弟嗎？ Can he not do it?= Cant he do it ? 他做不了嗎？ Do you not need money?= Dont you need money? 你不需要錢(qián)嗎？ Does it not rain much here?=Doesnt it rain much here? 這里不常下雨嗎？ Did the museum

16、not open? =Didnt the museum open? 博物館沒(méi)有開(kāi)門(mén)嗎？,一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)的回答:,英語(yǔ)中,一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)的回答,是肯定還是否定取決于答語(yǔ)是肯定還是否定，這點(diǎn)和漢語(yǔ)不同。 Is he not a Frenchman? 他不是法國(guó)人嗎？ Yes, he is / No, he is not 不 他是 / 是的 他不是 Havent you any brothers? 你沒(méi)有兄弟嗎？ Yes , I have / No, I havent 不 ，我有 / 是的 我沒(méi)有。 Dont you know English? 你不懂英語(yǔ)嗎 ？ Yes, I do /

17、No, I dont. 不 我懂 / 是的 我懂,2.特殊疑問(wèn)句 特殊疑問(wèn)句是就句子中某一部分進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)句。 What time do you get up? 你幾點(diǎn)起床？ 疑問(wèn)詞分為兩類(lèi)： 疑問(wèn)代詞 what who whom (who的賓格) whose (誰(shuí)的) which (哪個(gè))。 疑問(wèn)副詞 when where why how。,特殊疑問(wèn)句的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)： 1.與陳述句的詞序相同。 (1) 疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ) Who is there？ 誰(shuí)在那？ Who broke the window? 誰(shuí)打破了窗戶(hù)？ Which is mine ? 哪一個(gè)是我的？ What makes you un

18、happy? 什么使得你不高興？ (2) 疑問(wèn)詞 作定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)。 What books are on the desk? Which book is mine ? Whose book is on the desk? 桌上的書(shū)是誰(shuí)的？,2. 疑問(wèn)詞 + 一般疑問(wèn)句的詞序。 a) 疑問(wèn)詞作賓語(yǔ) (對(duì)賓語(yǔ)提問(wèn)) What do you want to be? 你想做什么職業(yè)？ I want to be an actor . Whom are you talking to ? 你在和誰(shuí)說(shuō)話(huà)？ I am talking to my mother. What are you looking for

19、? 你在找什么？ I am looking for a pen . Which do you want? 你要哪一個(gè)？ I want this.,b) 疑問(wèn)詞作表語(yǔ) (對(duì)表語(yǔ)提問(wèn)) What is he? 他是干什么的？ He is a teacher. Who is he? 他是誰(shuí)？ He is my uncle. Whose is this book？ 這是誰(shuí)的書(shū)？ This book is Toms. c) 疑問(wèn)詞作定語(yǔ) Which hat is yours? 修飾主語(yǔ) This hat is mine. What subjects do you have in your school

20、? 修飾賓語(yǔ) I have English , math and music.,Whose cups are these? (修飾表語(yǔ)) They are Lilys d) 疑問(wèn)詞作狀語(yǔ) (疑問(wèn)副詞 在句中作狀語(yǔ)) 只能用疑問(wèn)副詞 when ，where ，why，how等提問(wèn)。,When did you come back? Where did you go ? Why did you stay there so long? Why are you late?,注意： Why didnt you see the film? 問(wèn)原因 你為什么不去看那部電影？ = Why did you not

21、 see the film? Because I had seen it before. Why dont you see the film? 表建議,How 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句。 How did you get there? 你怎么去那的。 I went there by bus. How is it going？ 最近怎么樣？ How is the weather today? 今天天氣怎么樣？,How +形容詞/副詞+,3.選擇疑問(wèn)句 用來(lái)在兩種或兩種以上情況中進(jìn)行選擇的疑問(wèn)句叫作選擇疑問(wèn)句。答語(yǔ)不能用yes或no回答，而應(yīng)從問(wèn)句中選擇一種情況進(jìn)行回答。 一般選擇疑問(wèn)句 Are you a

22、 teacher or a doctor? 你是一名老師還是一名醫(yī)生？ Do you like Coke or juice? I like Coke. Shall we go there by bus or taxi?,特殊選擇疑問(wèn)句 : When will he leave for London, today or tomorrow? Tomorrow Which do you like, this or that?,4.反意疑問(wèn)句 (1)附在陳述句后對(duì)陳述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行反問(wèn)的句子叫作反意疑問(wèn)句，也叫附加疑問(wèn)句。反意疑問(wèn)句前一部分是陳述句，后一部分是簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句。陳述部分用逗號(hào)結(jié)尾，反問(wèn)部分用問(wèn)號(hào)結(jié)尾

23、。 反意疑問(wèn)句的否定句必須用縮略形式 基本結(jié)構(gòu)： 前肯后否；前否后肯。 Its a nice day, isnt it? 天氣不錯(cuò)，不是嗎？ We have talked about it, havent we? 我們已經(jīng)談過(guò)這件事了，不是嗎？ Mr. Smith isnt at home, is he? 史密斯先生不在家，是嗎？,1.陳述句 (肯定式) +疑問(wèn)部分（否定） a) Be 動(dòng)詞的反意疑問(wèn)句 It was a wonderful night, wasnt it? 那是個(gè)美好的夜晚,不是嗎? Yes it was 是的， 它是 No it wasnt 不，它不是 Tom is ska

24、ting, isnt he? Yes he is 是的, 他是 No, he isnt 不, 他不是 b) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 和助動(dòng)詞的反意疑問(wèn)句。 Your brother can swim , cant he ? 你哥哥會(huì)游泳,不是嗎？,Yes, he can 是的，他會(huì)。 No ,he cant 不 ，他不會(huì)。 Justin has been to London before , hasnt he ? Yes ,he has No he hasnt You have achieved success, havent you? Yes I have No I havent c) 行為動(dòng)詞的反意疑問(wèn)

25、句 You like music , dont you ? Yes I do / No I dont,Lucy speaks English, doesnt she? 露西說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，不是嗎？ Yes, she does No, she doesnt Your sister helped him, didnt she? Yes , she did. No , she didnt 像dislike 和 hate 表示否定含義 ，仍按肯定句來(lái)處理,所以疑問(wèn)部分用否定式 You dislike English, dont you. Yes, I do. No , I dont,2.陳述句 (否定式) +

26、疑問(wèn)部分（肯定式?） Mr Smith isnt Chinese，is he? 史密斯先生不是中國(guó)人，對(duì)嗎？ You re not ready, are you? 你沒(méi)準(zhǔn)備 好，是吧？ Tom doesnt go there every day, does he? 湯姆不是每天都去哪兒，對(duì)吧？,*它的回答和漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同 ，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況如果事實(shí)是肯定的就要用 Yes+ 肯定結(jié)構(gòu) 如果事實(shí)是否定的就要用 No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)。 They havent been to the Great Wall, have they? 他們沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，是嗎？ Yes ， they have . 不， 他們?nèi)ミ^(guò) No ，

27、they havent 是的，他們沒(méi)去過(guò) Mr Smith isnt Chinese，is he? 史密斯先生不是中國(guó)人，對(duì)嗎？ Yes, he is 不, 他是 No, he isnt 是的, 他不是.,3 反意疑問(wèn)句用法說(shuō)明： (1) 當(dāng)陳述句部分的主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)必須用人稱(chēng)代詞來(lái)代替。例如： Your brother has gone to the library, hasnt he? 你弟弟去圖書(shū)館了，不是嗎？ (2) 當(dāng)陳述句的主語(yǔ)是指示代詞this, that時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用it代替; 指示代詞是these, those時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用they代替。例

28、如：That isnt a useful book, is it? 那不是一本有用的書(shū)，是嗎？ These are important reading materials, arent they? 這些都是重要的閱讀材料，不是嗎？,(3)當(dāng)陳述句部分是I am時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分通常要用arent I; 如陳述句部分是I am not時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分通常要用 am I。例如：Im late for the meeting, arent I ? 我開(kāi)會(huì)遲到了，不是嗎？ Im not doing well, am I ? 我干得不好，是嗎？,(4) 當(dāng)陳述部分是“there be + 主語(yǔ) +

29、 其他”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)部分要用“be (not) + there”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：There are some bananas in the basket, arent there ? 籃子里有些香蕉, 不是嗎？ There is no time left , is there? There will not be any trouble , will there?,(5) 當(dāng)陳述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表示人的不定代詞時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)多用they(但有時(shí)也可用he); 當(dāng)陳

30、述部分的主語(yǔ)是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代詞時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)用it。例如：Nobody came when I was out, did they ? 我在外時(shí), 沒(méi)人來(lái)過(guò), 是嗎？ Everything has gone wrong today, hasnt it ? 今天什么都出問(wèn)題了, 不是嗎？,(6) 當(dāng)陳述部分有hardly, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分要用肯定形式。 He hardly

31、 remembers his old friends name, does he ?他幾乎不記得他的老朋友的名字了, 對(duì)嗎？如果陳述句部分帶有否定前綴或后綴時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。 Its impossible for him to make such a mistake, isnt it ? 他不可能犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤, 是嗎？,(8) 在賓語(yǔ)從句中，如果陳述句部分是“I think(believe, suppose, imagine, expect等)+ 賓語(yǔ)從句”, 反意疑問(wèn)句部分應(yīng)與賓語(yǔ)從句的主謂保持一致, 并要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 I dont think you have heard

32、of him before, have you? 我認(rèn)為你以前沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他，是嗎？ 注： 當(dāng)think等這些動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng), 或主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng), 而動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞和人稱(chēng)代詞要與主句保持一致。 Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesnt she? 瑪麗認(rèn)為你將來(lái)參加晚會(huì), 不是嗎？,4 對(duì)反意疑問(wèn)句的回答: 對(duì)反意疑問(wèn)句的回答，無(wú)論問(wèn)題的提法如何，如果事實(shí)是肯定的，就用yes，事實(shí)是否定的，就要用no。要特別注意陳述句部分是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分用肯定式提問(wèn)時(shí)，回答yes或no與漢語(yǔ)正好相反。

33、這種省略回答的yes要譯成“不”，no要譯成“是”。,He likes playing football, doesnt he? 他喜歡踢足球，不是嗎？ Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt. 是的，他喜歡。/不，他不喜歡。 His sister didnt attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹沒(méi)有參加會(huì)議，是嗎？ Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. 不，她參加了。/是的，她沒(méi)參加。,模擬演練 They have seen the film already. 改為否定句 I think Jim was angry with me. I used to give my mother a lot of trouble.,模擬演練 1. _ sleep too late. Its bad for your health. A. Do B. NotC. DontD. Please not 【解析】選C。題意為“別睡得太晚。對(duì)你的健康沒(méi)有好 處?！?否定祈使句是在動(dòng)詞原形之前加dont。 2. Just _ here and dont go around, or your parents cant find you. A. to stayB. stayedC. stay D.