專四語法總結(jié)

1、專四必備語法I 基本句型和句式剖析1. 簡單句/并列句/復(fù)合句2. 五種基本句型3. 統(tǒng)轄與約束：用這個(gè)方法分析更方便，特別是并列和修飾關(guān)系，可以更好的講清楚。. My whole life, brief as it was, had been spent in that big old house, gracefully touched with the laughter and tears of four generations.分清主干my whole life had been spent和修飾關(guān)系 gracefully touched with the laughter and te

2、ars of four generations 非限制性是定語從句，修飾that big old house. I see such a difference in New York City, for example, from when I first moved here more than 20 years ago: people rushing into elevators without giving those inside a chance to get off first, never saying “Thank you.” when others hold a door o

3、pen for them, or “Please.” when they want a coworker to hand them something, never giving a wave or nod of appreciation when another motorist lets them pull out into traffic.分清層次 never 與never 并列，saying 的賓語有兩個(gè)，由or連接，而people統(tǒng)轄的內(nèi)容有三個(gè)rushing into, never saying, never giving，并與此三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于說I saw a

4、scene of people rushing. It adds priceless panache (n.) to your understanding of the way people behave.注意add sth. to 分割的狀況II. 詞法部分1 名詞與代詞1） 不可數(shù)名詞的量化表示修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù): many, a good/great many，a good/great/large number of修飾不可數(shù)名詞: much, a great deal of, a large amount of兩者都可修飾: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a

5、 great/large quantity of, quantities of, a large sum of 2）在漢語中可數(shù)，但在英語中為不可數(shù)名詞的某些詞advice, baggage (luggage), damage, equipment, furniture, homework, information, news . 3) 與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.It

6、was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 4) that, one的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如：Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, an

7、d it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.one指代不確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one 指代確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.合成不定代詞的習(xí)慣用語 5) thing代詞something of 若干、多少、有些anything but 并不，根本不n

8、othing but 只不過，只有something like 有點(diǎn)像or something 類似Mr. Smith is an engineer or something.She is nothing but a dancer.He was anything but pleased when he heard this.No one vs. none6）no one只能指人，none可用于指人或物。no onenobody，語氣比none強(qiáng)，后面不接of構(gòu)成的短語；none通常與of連用作主語no one作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；none后接不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞

9、作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。No one was in the classroom.None of the money on the desk is mine.None of us speaks / speak Japanese.用于簡短回答時(shí)，none用來回答how many或how much問句；no one或nobody用來回答who問句；而nothing則用來回答what問句； How many fish did you catch? None. How much water is there in the bottle? None. Who will go to the party

10、? No one. / Nobody. Whats in your hand? Nothing.2冠詞 1）定冠詞 theMan is the only animal that can talk.She is the prettier of the two.They are paid by the month.He grabbed me by the arm and pulled me onto the bus.The rich are not always happier than the poor.The beautiful lives forever.the + 最高級/序數(shù)詞/only

11、/same + 名詞the + 比較級 + of the twoby the + 計(jì)量單位 （“按；以計(jì)”）the + 身體部位 （表示身體某部位接受外來的動作）the + 形容詞 = 復(fù)數(shù)普通名詞 / 抽象名詞3介詞 1）“排除”的表示法besides = in addition toexcept = but = other thanexcept for 表示不同項(xiàng)目類別的對比和限制You composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.The movie was good except for the ending.except

12、 that 后接從句，“除之外”I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of this school.apart from = aside from (AmE)有時(shí)=besides，有時(shí)=except (for)另外，but for “若不是，要不是”，一般使用虛擬語氣，與“排除”無關(guān) 2）固定搭配to sbs advantage 對某人有利find fault with sb. 挑某人的刺，找某人的碴兒put emphasis on 把重點(diǎn)放在compensation for 對于的補(bǔ)償be particula

13、r about 對挑剔，過分講究be popular with 受歡迎in the light of根據(jù)、按照with the exception of除以外by virtue of由于、依靠regardless of不管、不顧4形容詞1) 修飾詞的詞序“限定詞+形容詞+名詞”詞組中限定詞+形容詞的排列順序。 限定詞 + 一般描述性形容詞 + 表示大小、形狀的形容詞 + 表示年齡、新舊的形容詞 + 表示顏色的形容詞 + 表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞 + 表示物質(zhì)材料的形容詞 + 表示用途、類別的形容詞或名詞Examples When she got her first month salary

14、, Diana bought herself _ dress.A. a cotton, blue expensiveB. a blue, expensive cottonC. an expensive blue, cottonD. a cotton, expensive blue2) 用連字號構(gòu)成的形容詞中的名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。A three-day journey=a three days journey A two-hour meeting=a two hours meeting3) Daily, weekly, yearly, monthly等一些以ly結(jié)尾的詞即可以是形容詞也可是副詞

15、。A daily newspaperGo to visit a place weeklyYearly production (annual)Change yearlyAt a monthly intervalGo to see a doctor/ a dentist monthly4) fast、long、well、enough等一些形容詞本身也可以做副詞用，不能再加ly。The train is fast.The train runs fast.There is enough water.He is old enough to go to school.5) late, lately; ha

16、rd, hardly有些形容詞加ly后意義不同，發(fā)生變化(late, lately; hard, hardly等)。Sorry I am late. I havent seen him lately.It is hard to predict what will happen in the future.If you work hard, chances are that you will achieve success in your career.It is hardly too much to say that we benefit from doing some part-time j

17、obs.6) 表語形容詞有些形容詞只能做表語。（如表健康的ill、well和以前綴a開頭的形容詞alone, awake, aware, astir, ashore, asleep, alike, alive）Are you aware that you are heading for danger?My mother was still awake when I came back.I am liable to fall asleep during boring lectures.下列動詞既是實(shí)義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語：remain, keep, become,

18、get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。過去分詞用much修飾過去分詞充當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~用much修飾/與very+adj的區(qū)別。He was much respected.The story was very funny. I was much excited.It is very interesting.7) tooto的兩種含義too . to 表否定含義a. It was too cold for us to go shopping.(= It was so cold that we cou

19、ldnt.)(all/ only) tooto 表示肯定意義Hes only too pleased to help us. 非常愿意/高興幫助我們。I shall be only too happy to go with you there.8) 特殊形容詞有些形容詞（表示形狀）只有原級，不能用比較級和最高級形式(round、square)。還有一些形容詞本身就表示“最好，完美，獨(dú)一無二，最理想的”等最高級意義，只有原級，不能用比較級和最高級形式(perfect, ideal, excellent, unique, favorite)。特殊形容詞少數(shù)的外來詞本身就有比較的含義，不能再加er或

20、morethan，一般用介詞to引出比較對象。inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.This is much superior in quality to the previous one.She is senior to

21、 me in rank/in age.Prior to the meeting, I attended a lecture.9) No More/less Vs. Not More/lessHe is no more intelligent than I am. Implied meaning: we two are not very clever. We two are both quite stupid. (cf. He is not more intelligent than I am.) Implied meaning: I was more intelligent than he i

22、s. He is less intelligent than I am. I am quite intelligent but he is not.This film is no more interesting than the one we saw last week. (cf. This film is not more interesting than the one we saw last week.)no/not any morethan兩者一樣都不The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are bot

23、h controlled by the brain.There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.no /not any lessthan兩者一樣都She is no less beautiful than her sister.10) enough的用法I have had enough water.I have had enough. It is enough. He is old enough to

24、go to school.Do you have enough money to buy the book? 11) So, suchSo +adj. + a +noun.Such +a+adj. +noun.Eg. It is so interesting a story. It is such an interesting story.不可數(shù)名詞只能用such修飾。Such fine weatherSo fine weather (X)12) so、too和enough的區(qū)別The book is so interesting that I read it twice.It is too

25、hard for me to understand. He is too old to be a qualified soldier.The textbook is too easy for our use.Am I qualified enough to do the job?Are there enough books available?13) 比較級的形式注意事項(xiàng)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as

26、, or better than an actual performance.On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half that of last years.Young readers, more often than not, fi

27、nd the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackerays.比較級的修飾語如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+asas, 或修飾語+morethan。如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.“Do you

28、 regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”14) 最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題比較級形式表示最高級意義時(shí)，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：any other +單數(shù)名詞the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。15)

29、not so muchas與其說不如說The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.just asso.正如，也(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.16) A is to B what C is to DWater is to fish what a

30、ir is to man.17) much too 和too much的區(qū)別Much too +adj./adv.Too much+noun. 或用做代詞The coat is much too expensive.It caused too much pain.I have already had too much.18) the+比較級，the+比較級 （越越）Absolute secrecy is essential. Consequently, the fewer who are aware of the plan, the better. The more, the better.T

31、he more quickly, the better.The more he learned, the more eagerly he wanted to learn.Chances are that the more you practice, the more you perfect. (the more practice you make, the more skillful you are.)19) the+最高級+in(of/among)By far, she is the most ambitious girl among all the students I have ever

32、 taught.To me, physics is the most difficult subject in all the courses offered in the college.As far as many people are concerned (as far as occupations are concerned), teaching is the most noble profession of all.比較級+than+any other/all the otherShe is more intelligent than all the other students i

33、n her class.He is more mischievous than any other boy in the neighborhood. The man is more knowledgeable than all the other men in his company. 20) Nothing+is +形比較級+than 再沒有比更Nothing is more enjoyable than going out for a walk after a big supper. Nothing is more valuable than good health.Nothing giv

34、es the old man more happiness than raising birds. Nothing benefits college students more than constantly taking part in social practice to adapt themselves to the society (to gain some social experience).21) 倍數(shù)+as+原級+as+被比對象Their new house is twice as large as their previous one.The electrical bicyc

35、le runs twice as fast/quickly as common bikes. 倍數(shù)+比較級+than+被比對象The factory produces three times more cars than the other one. The passage is twice longer than the one we discussed last week.倍數(shù)+the+表數(shù)量大小的名詞+of+被比對象或that/those ofThe size of the apartment is three times that of the house they used to l

36、ive in/inhabit. The number of students who failed in the final exam this term is twice that of the students last term.The rooms in this hotel are six times those of the small inn.22) 連詞 than 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，有時(shí)省去部分謂語，保留了主語和助動詞，此時(shí)助動詞可以移到主語前。如：John drives much more carefully than does his father. (=than his f

37、ather drives)連詞 than 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，常省去主語，保留謂語部分，這種結(jié)構(gòu)多見于正式文體中。如：Dont eat more than is good for you. 23）同根形容詞Considerable ConsiderateHistoric（歷史上重要的）Historical Confident ConfidentialFavorableFavoriteIndustrial IndustriousComparative Comparable（可比的）Incredible Incredulous （不輕信的）Continual （連續(xù)不斷的）Continuous （持

38、續(xù)的）EconomicEconomical 5. 副詞 1） 頻率副詞的位置 always, often, frequently, seldom, never, ever, usually, rarely, occasionally, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等以及just, shortly等其他副詞必須放在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或 be動詞與實(shí)義動詞之間。在省略結(jié)構(gòu)中，這些副詞必須放在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或be 動詞之前。Examples We _ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A. just have ha

39、d B. have just had C. just had had D. had just had San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _. A. is rarely B. rarely is C. hardly is D. is scarcely 2）程度副詞的位置程度副詞的位置通常放在所修飾的詞前面， 如very, much, almost, hardly, nearly, awfully, fairly, rather等。但enough必須放在所修飾詞的后面。How I wish John recog

40、nized the fact that he _ in the wrong.A. is always nearly B. always is nearly C. is nearly always D. nearly is always 3）評注性副詞的位置對全句進(jìn)行修飾的評注性副詞如actually，fortunately, surely, certainly, briefly通常放在句首，并用逗號隔開。Not _, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture. (93.6)A. obviously B

41、. particularly C. surprisingly D. normally 6. 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：1) 表達(dá)將來時(shí)的形式：(1)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來電話。(賓語從句)比較：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語從句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，如：S

42、ee to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式)2) 完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語：(1)by/between/up to/till +過去時(shí)間、since、by the time/when +表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時(shí)。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door

43、.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)(2)by +將來時(shí)間、by the time/ when +謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來完成時(shí)。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved gr

44、eatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 但在it is +具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to ev

45、en the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如： It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用過去完成時(shí)。3) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動作在完成

46、時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。7. 不定式1) 不定式做主語(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時(shí), 不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：ab

47、surd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.Its clever

48、 of you to have invented such a device.(2)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.2) 不定式做賓語掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend

49、, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.3) 不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個(gè)登上月球的女性(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語

50、，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambition to do “干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do “對的好奇心”be curious to do“對好奇”ability to do“做的能力”able t

51、o do“有能力做”According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運(yùn)動)，eff

52、ort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：Though we have made great progress, there is still much

53、to be improved.4) 不定式做狀語不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，so as to不能置于句首。如：(2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.T

54、he vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, onl

55、y to find it locked.(4)not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。8. 動名詞1) 必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, de

56、ny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.2) 動名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：object to, resort to, react to, contribute to,