商務(wù)英語翻譯課件

1、商務(wù)英語翻譯 之 詞匯翻譯,詞義的選擇 詞義的引申 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法 視角轉(zhuǎn)化法 增 減 法 重 復(fù) 法 數(shù)字翻譯,商務(wù)英語翻譯 之 句法翻譯,否定句式 比較句式 被動句式 定語從句,商務(wù)英語翻譯 之 文體與語篇,商號與名片 商務(wù)廣告 商務(wù)合同翻譯 商務(wù)信函,倒計(jì)時 放射性塵埃 家政 東方 食物 液體,countdown fallout economy orientation meat liquor,詞義的選擇（Choice of Meanings） 隨著語言的發(fā)展，詞義也在變化當(dāng)中：,擴(kuò)展為: 十分危急的情況,擴(kuò)展為:（不良的）后果,轉(zhuǎn)化為: 經(jīng)濟(jì),轉(zhuǎn)化為: 方向,縮小為: 肉類,縮小為: 烈酒,

2、（一）根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義,（二）根據(jù)詞性確定詞義,（三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來確定詞義,（四）根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系和上下文 來確定詞義,詞義的選擇,a low figure,3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.,4. The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.,生意成功最簡單的途徑就是賤買貴賣。,小數(shù)目,英鎊兌換美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低點(diǎn)。,（一）根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義,2. workers on l

3、ow incomes,低收入工人,We sell cheap quality goods. We have made you an offer at a very competitive price. You will find our prices for these goods very popular.,我們銷售物美價廉商品。,我方已按很低的價格向貴方報盤。,貴方將會看出我方此批貨物的價格是很便宜的。,（一）根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義,Please make us your lowest quotation for bikes. If you feel interested in our

4、 business proposal, please send us the samples together with your best terms and conditions. As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price, we cant give you any more discount.,（一）根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義,請報自行車最低價。,如對我方業(yè)務(wù)建議有興趣，請寄樣品，并告最惠條款。,我方已報最低價，折扣不能再多給了。,（二）根據(jù)詞性確定詞義,1. He gets a 10% commission on everything he

5、 sells.,2. Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates.,他每賣一件商品得百分之十的傭金。,乙方受制造廠家的委托購買鋼板。,1. Those who come early to the sale get first choice.,2. Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.,我方產(chǎn)品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都會使貴方滿意。,

6、這次大賤賣，早到的顧客可優(yōu)先選購。,（三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來確定詞義,2. Bank interest rates are going to rise this month.,1. The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.,3. His business interests are very extensive.,保險費(fèi)率因保險標(biāo)的的不同而有所差異。,銀行利率在本月要上調(diào)。,他在多家企業(yè)中擁有股份。,Due diligence should be done before finalizing any large investment

7、 or acquisition.,Due diligence 按字面的意思就是“應(yīng)有的勤奮”，而在企業(yè)融資領(lǐng)域里，是指律師、會計(jì)師等專業(yè)人員以專業(yè)身份和知識審核有關(guān)資料是否準(zhǔn)備齊全的一個過程，業(yè)內(nèi)通常譯為“盡職調(diào)查”或“審慎調(diào)查”。,在確定大筆投資或收購前需要進(jìn)行盡職調(diào)查。,on an arms length basis （法律用語）并非按一般英漢字典上的解釋“同對方保持一定距離”，而是引申作“正常、公平的交易”。,交易條款按照公平原則商訂。,The terms of the transaction have been negotiated on an arms length basis.,（

8、三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來確定詞義,The company has raised its joint venture equity to 70% to gain management control, which has tripled its initial investment and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands.,equity 通常指“公正，公平”的意思，而在金融市場上指的是企業(yè)資產(chǎn)中所占的股份。 initial investment是商貿(mào)中常用的術(shù)語，通常

9、譯為“先期投資”或“預(yù)付款”，而不是“一開始的投資”。,公司將其在合資企業(yè)的股份增至70%，以獲得管理控制權(quán)，這使其先期投資增加了兩倍，而且現(xiàn)在正在擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品范圍和生產(chǎn)能力來滿足不斷增長的需求。,（三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來確定詞義,以一個常見的詞為例：account,1. Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.,2. The company is one of our major accounts, so we should do our best to satisfy their ne

10、eds.,公司與供貨商交易時因其提供賒銷而產(chǎn)生應(yīng)付賬款。,那家公司是我們的主要客戶之一，因此我們得盡可能滿足他們的需求。,（四）根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系和上下文來確定詞義,可指“賬戶、客戶、生意往來關(guān)系”，復(fù)數(shù)則可指“賬目、會計(jì)部門、賬款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含義：,3. The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts.,4. She works in accounts.,5. The newly established company opened an account in HSBC.,財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)被控偽造公司賬目。,她在會

11、計(jì)部門工作。,這個新成立的公司在匯豐銀行開立了賬戶。,（一）詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化,（二）詞義的具體化,（三）詞義的抽象化,詞義的引申（extension）,詞義的引申在一個詞原始意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)一步加以引申，選擇適當(dāng)確切的譯語詞匯來表達(dá)，避免生搬硬套地逐字死譯。,1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 2. sleep deficit,每個人的生活都有苦有甜。,睡眠不足,（一）詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化,翻譯時，如果完全生搬硬套詞典給出的字面意義，對號入座，會使譯文生硬晦澀，含糊不清，甚至不知所云。因此，有時應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和原詞的字面意義，做適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)化。,（一）

12、詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化,1. These days, the U.S. economy isnt “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,” says Charles C. Leighton, “Thats a real concern.”,2. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.,近來，美國在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中“未培養(yǎng)出足夠的科學(xué)家來滿足今后幾十年發(fā)展的需要，”查爾斯C萊頓說，“這才是真正

13、需要關(guān)注的問題。” （graduate 由“畢業(yè)”轉(zhuǎn)化為“培養(yǎng)” 。）,可能影響投資開支的因素并不止這些。 （do not stop here由“不停留在這里”轉(zhuǎn)化為“并不止這些”。 ）,3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service.,Cloud在現(xiàn)代英語里可以表示“使人產(chǎn)生未曾想到的傷心或不愉快”。故本句如此引申。,20世紀(jì)70年代石油價格猛漲，給許多發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃投下一抹陰影。,我們的產(chǎn)品如果適當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄆ跈z修，至少可以使用二十年。,4. The

14、 huge increase in oil prices in the 1970s cast a cloud over the development plans of many developing nations.,（二）詞義的具體化,詞義的具體化把原義抽象籠統(tǒng)的詞語，根據(jù)譯語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，引申為意義明確具體的詞語。,1. Now that the merger of “dot and com” has created so many young millionaires, theres a new topic: venture capital.,2. All the wit and lea

15、rning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar.,既然網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司的兼并造就了如此多的年輕百萬富翁，我們面臨一個新話題：風(fēng)險資本。 （一般公司網(wǎng)址都有“dot and com”，所以此處具體引申為“網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司” 。）,經(jīng)濟(jì)界的所有專家學(xué)者將出席這次研討會。 （wit and learning 由抽象的“智慧與學(xué)識”引申為具體的“專家學(xué)者”。）,（二）詞義的具體化,3. There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more

16、 than transient everydayness.,他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時的柴米油鹽問題。 （ everydayness“平淡無奇”，此處具體引申為“柴米油鹽” 。）,4. The Board tried its best to improve the balance sheet of the company.,董事會已盡最大努力改善本公司的整體財(cái)務(wù)狀況。 （ balance sheet由抽象名詞“資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表” 具體引申為“整體財(cái)務(wù)狀況” 。）,（三）詞義的抽象化,詞義的抽象化將表示具體形象的詞作概括性的引申，譯成意義抽象的詞?，F(xiàn)代英語常用表示具體形

17、象的詞指代一種屬性，一種概念或一個事物，翻譯時宜作抽象化處理，使譯文更加自然流暢。,1. The interest rates have seesawed between 10 and 15 per cent.,2. Everyone knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested failed.,利率一直在 10到15之間不斷波動。 （see-saw 由“蹺蹺板一上一下的交替擺動”抽象化為“波動”。）,大家都知道，約翰生意失敗后就傾家蕩產(chǎn)了。 (lose his shirt 由“丟了一件襯衫”引申為“失去一切。

18、）,（三）詞義的抽象化,3. CEO Finklestein: He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat to save the company.,首席執(zhí)行官芬克爾斯坦說：他需要回天之術(shù)來挽救公司。 （pull a rabbit out of his hat 原義為“從自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子來”，在此引申為“像耍魔術(shù)一樣拿出一種不同凡響的解決辦法”。）,4. The owners son has the inside track for the job.,5. The EECs Common Agricultural Policy is a dinos

19、aur which is adding 13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.,老板的兒子有優(yōu)先獲得這項(xiàng)工作的權(quán)利。 （inside track 由“內(nèi)圈跑道”抽象化為“優(yōu)先的權(quán)利”。）,歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體的共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策早已不合時宜，因?yàn)樗褂彝テ骄恐茉谑称烽_銷上多支出13.50英鎊。 （dinosaur 由“恐龍”抽象化為“要被廢棄的的落后的龐然大物”。）,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法（conversion）,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換指的是詞性和表現(xiàn)方法的改變。 英語中不少詞類，如名詞、動名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞等在英譯漢時往往需要進(jìn)行一定

20、的調(diào)整，轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞。當(dāng)然，英語的名詞化和漢語的動詞化并不排除在英譯漢時把英語動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語的名詞。,3. A government report targets earnings from industry at US $ 200 billion by 2008.,2. The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production.,政府的一份報告提出一個目標(biāo)：到2008年，要使工業(yè)收入達(dá)到 2000 億美元。（英語動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞）,通過批量生產(chǎn)可以大幅度降低生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的成本。（英語介詞轉(zhuǎn)化

21、成漢語動詞）,1. I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international markets.,我榮幸地告訴你，貴公司的新產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)打入了國際市場。 （英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語副詞）,4. Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life.,5. The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will

22、be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.,廣告對現(xiàn)代生活的方方面面產(chǎn)生極大的影響。（英語副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語形容詞）,我方產(chǎn)品種類繁多，品質(zhì)優(yōu)良，價格合理，能夠確保在國際市場的競爭優(yōu)勢。（英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語形容詞）,2. crisis law,3. Students are still arriving.,視角轉(zhuǎn)化法,1. riot police,防暴警察,反危機(jī)法,學(xué)生還沒有到齊。,5. Inflation is Target of Banks New Policy （China Daily 標(biāo)題）

23、,4. Dont stop running.,繼續(xù)跑。,反通貨膨脹是銀行新政的目標(biāo)。,6. arms conference,裁軍會議,7. bench warmer,“冷板凳”隊(duì)員（替補(bǔ)隊(duì)員）,視角轉(zhuǎn)化法（Shift of Perspectives）,視角轉(zhuǎn)換在不涉及特殊文化背景因素的情況下，用譯語意義替代原語意義，重組原語信息的表層形式，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)角度，使譯文更符合漢語習(xí)慣，更易于被讀者接受，更有利于譯文預(yù)期功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。,視角轉(zhuǎn)換技巧除了包括肯定句與否定句之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，還包括其他與原文不同或相反的表達(dá)角度。,1. With the winter coming, many fashion st

24、ores start to sell warm clothes.,2. Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group.,冬天即將來臨，許多商店開始銷售寒衣了。 （此處 warm clothes 不譯為“暖和的衣服”，經(jīng)視角轉(zhuǎn)換后譯為“御寒的衣服，寒衣”。）,乙方任何時候有意出售其持有之本集團(tuán)任何股份，甲方一律擁有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。 （如果把 right of first refusal 刻譯成“優(yōu)先拒絕權(quán)”，則有失準(zhǔn)確，必須經(jīng)過視角轉(zhuǎn)

25、換把它譯成“優(yōu)先購買權(quán)”才符合行業(yè)規(guī)范。）,3. We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough.,4. The supermarket designated quite a few pick-up points in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.,如果貴方訂單足夠大，我方可提供9折優(yōu)惠。 （ take ten percent off 本義為“把價格扣除百分之十”，利用視角轉(zhuǎn)換法可翻譯成“打九折”。）,該超市在郊區(qū)人

26、口相對密集的社區(qū)設(shè)立了好多個上車地點(diǎn)。 （pick-up points 原義為“接（顧客）的地點(diǎn)”，現(xiàn)在經(jīng)過視角轉(zhuǎn)換則變?yōu)椤吧宪嚨攸c(diǎn)” 。）,5. The seller determines to sell it at one price.,6. In his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.,商家決定該產(chǎn)品不二價銷售。 （ at one price 為“只以一種價

27、格”，這樣的表達(dá)表示不出商家不愿同顧客討價還價的決心，而用“不二價”則意義明確。）,蘇格蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家亞當(dāng)斯密在其1776年所著的國富論中認(rèn)為，專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)會引起產(chǎn)出增加。 （這里，把“增加的產(chǎn)出”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)出增加”。）,7. But the A shares, off limits to foreign investors, were still among the best performers.,但僅對國內(nèi)投資者發(fā)行的A股股票，仍表現(xiàn)上佳。 （off limits to意為“禁止進(jìn)入”，直譯顯得語氣生硬，而將“禁止外國投資者進(jìn)入”轉(zhuǎn)換視角，譯為“僅對國內(nèi)投資者發(fā)行”則很委婉。）,1. They

28、ll have to be prepared to wait longer for earnings from this investment.,這項(xiàng)投資不會在短時間內(nèi)贏利，他們得做好準(zhǔn)備。,2. Urban clearway.,市區(qū)通道，不準(zhǔn)停車。,3. Keep upright.,切勿倒置。,4. The bill was defeated, but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.,雖然議案未獲通過，但在隨后的25年中，有100多個食品和藥品法案被

29、提交到國會。,增減法（Amplification people have developed different skills.,2. Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from loses that many dangers may cause.,貨物保險會使貿(mào)易商免受許多風(fēng)險所可能造成的種種損失。,4. Another factor behind the increase in merger activity is the record performance of stock markets, which has enabled compa

30、nies to finance major acquisitions on the strength of their inflated share prices.,導(dǎo)致合并不斷增加的另一個因素是股票市場的空前繁榮。股票市場的空前繁榮使得各家公司可以依賴其上漲的股票價格去資助各種大規(guī)模的購進(jìn)。,3. They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.,他們乘坐一輛黑色高級轎車，經(jīng)過一叢叢的白樺樹和看不到盡頭的一排排式樣相同的新住宅。,5.

31、The United States systems work by means of a series of closely tabulated favors and obligations carefully doled out where they will do the most good.,美國的種種體制是在一系列安排周密的恩惠和義務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上來運(yùn)行的，而且施予恩惠和承擔(dān)義務(wù)都必須以獲取最大的利益為前提。,減詞法,減詞法是指將原文中需要、而譯文中又不需要的詞語省去。減省的詞語應(yīng)是那些在譯文中保留下來反而使行文累贅啰嗦、且不合漢語語言表達(dá)習(xí)慣的詞語。 與英語相比較，漢語中代詞（尤其是人稱代

32、詞）和連詞（尤其是并列連詞“和”）使用的很少，能省略的代詞和連接詞一般都不在句子里出現(xiàn)。 此外冠詞、動詞不定式符號、部分介詞還有系動詞都可以省略。,減詞法,The retailer perform many functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays a

33、nd advertising. Fourth, the retailer may finance the customer by extending credit. Further, the retailer performs storage function in his outlet, by having goods available.,減詞法,零售商還發(fā)揮許多功能。其一，（）可以提供便利的場地；其二，（）對他所經(jīng)銷的商品提供擔(dān)保和服務(wù)；其三，（）幫助促銷產(chǎn)品，經(jīng)常進(jìn)行商品展示活動和發(fā)布廣告；（）其四，（）為顧客提供信貸。另外由于供貨及時，零售商還可發(fā)揮其商店的倉儲功能。 英語語篇銜接手

34、段：使用代詞，使用名詞本身，使用省略使用上義詞，使用同義詞。 漢語語篇：當(dāng)談?wù)撏恢髡Z時，被談?wù)摰闹饕÷浴?1. Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.,冬天是研究樹木生長的最好季節(jié)，雖則樹葉落了，樹枝光了，但樹木本身卻是美麗的。 （省略冠詞）,2. When demands get low, prices may become low.,

35、需求降低，價格就可能降低。 （省略系動詞）,3. Smoking is not allowed in the warehouse.,倉庫重地，不準(zhǔn)吸煙。 （省略介詞）,5. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.,產(chǎn)品出廠前應(yīng)該進(jìn)行抽樣檢查。 （刪除累贅部分）,6. Advertisements help market develop. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper.,廣告有助于市場的發(fā)展，因此

36、，貨物賣得越多價格就越便宜。 （省略助動詞和系動詞）,7. Such is the so-called “business cycle”that has characterized the industrialized nations of the world for the last two centuries-ever since an elaborate, interdependent money economy began o replace the relatively self-sufficient precommercial sociaety.,這是近兩個世紀(jì)（即自從一種復(fù)雜、相

37、互依賴的貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)開始取代相對自給自足的前商業(yè)化社會）以來全世界工業(yè)化國家所謂的經(jīng)濟(jì)周期。,為了避免文章的單調(diào)乏味，英文中往往盡量要避免用詞重復(fù)。除了使用代詞外，同一件事物常用拼寫不同而意義相近的詞來表示?；乇苤貜?fù)是英語的一大特色。 漢語的重復(fù)則不會給人以單調(diào)乏味的感覺，相反，如果使用得當(dāng)，還可以起到反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，使語義明確，譯文生動。重復(fù)是漢語的一個明顯特點(diǎn)。,重復(fù)法（Repetition）,1）指代法 2）替代法 3）換詞法 4）省略法 5）保留介詞法 6）緊縮法,英語回避重復(fù)的主要方法,The moneys most extraordinary feat was learning to

38、operate a tractor. By the age of nine, this remarkable animal had learned to drive the vehicle single-handed.,換詞法,省略法,I like strong tea, but I suppose weak () is better for you. (回避重復(fù)名詞),They are not known for retreat. They never have ( ) and never will ( ). (回避重復(fù)動詞),A: Would you like to go with me?

39、 B: Yes, Id like to. (回避重復(fù)不定式),The origne is ripe. I know () from its color. (回避重復(fù)句子),保留介詞法,保留介詞法就是保留同一個介詞以回避名詞、動詞或者形容詞的重復(fù)。如：,Discipline is indispensable to victory in war, to success in our work, and indeed, to the realization of our goal.,Discipline is indispensable to victory in war, Discipline i

40、s indispensable to success in our work, and indeed, Discipline is indispensable to the realization of our goal.,保留介詞法,We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other-of everything but our host and hostess.,We talked of ourselves, We talked of our prospects, We

41、 talked of the journey, We talked of the weather, and We talked of each other- talked of everything but our host and hostess.,緊縮法,緊縮法就是將語句中兩個或幾個相關(guān)聯(lián)的成分合并在一起，以避免一些詞語的重復(fù)，是文字變得簡潔。如：,He was particularly interested in the articles on and by Lu Xun.,He was particularly interested in the articles on and He

42、was particularly interested in the articles written by Lu Xun.,英漢翻譯中的重復(fù)翻譯法,1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.,2. The big company has its disadvantages.,我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會如何分析問題和解決問題。,大企業(yè)有大企業(yè)的難處。,3. Managing multinationals means handling both national and organizational culture differences at

43、the same time.,管理跨國公司意味著要同時處理民族文化差異與組織文化差異。,1. He became an oil baronall by himself.,2. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country, of steel 25 percent, and of cotton 35 percent.,他成了一個石油大亨一個白手起家的石油大亨。,去年，這一地區(qū)的煤產(chǎn)量約占全國總產(chǎn)量的20%，鋼產(chǎn)量占25% , 棉花產(chǎn)量占35。,3. In

44、 fact, the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization or to stay on has created more motivation problems than it has solved.,事實(shí)上，大張旗鼓地用金錢來促使人們加入某組織或留下來，這種做法所引起的激勵機(jī)制上的問題，遠(yuǎn)比其所解決的問題要多。,4. The main difficulty is the shortage of funds, teachers and teaching materials.,5. We th

45、ank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade delegation during this visit to your country and for the close co-operation in the business discussions.,主要的問題是經(jīng)費(fèi)不足、教員不足、教材不足這幾項(xiàng)。,我們非常感謝你們在我貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)訪問貴國期間給予的盛情款待，感謝你們在業(yè)務(wù)洽談中給予的密切配合。,6. With respect to manuscripts and pictures that are prov

46、ided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Chinese Party, the other party may not transfer the copyright, or extend the use thereof, or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.,凡我方提供的書稿和圖片，未經(jīng)我方同意，對方不得轉(zhuǎn)讓版權(quán)，不得擴(kuò)大使用權(quán)，不得擴(kuò)大發(fā)行區(qū)域。,（三）表示“高于”、“多于”,數(shù)字翻譯法,（二）表示“大約”、“不確定”,（五）形容數(shù)目、數(shù)量多時的翻譯,（四）表

47、示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等,（六）形容數(shù)目、數(shù)量少時的翻譯,（一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”,（七）倍數(shù)的翻譯,（八）大數(shù)字的翻譯,The wire measures exactly twenty meters.,The machine worked for ten whole days.,The plane takes off at 8 oclock sharp.,這條導(dǎo)線剛好20米長。,這臺機(jī)器整整運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了10天時間。,這架飛機(jī)8點(diǎn)整起飛。,He earns a cool half million dollars a year.,他一年收入整整50萬美元。,Professor J

48、ohnson finished the experiment in twenty-four hours flat.,約翰遜教授完成這一實(shí)驗(yàn)正好用了24小時。,（一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”、“整整”： exactly，flat，just，sharp，whole，cool等,The T-shirt cost just 10 dollars.,買這個T恤衫正好花了10美元。,It is nearly / toward (s) 4 oclock.,It is somewhere about 4 oclock.,The price of this new machine is on the bo

49、rder of/ in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars.,現(xiàn)在將近四點(diǎn)了。,現(xiàn)在四點(diǎn)左右。,這臺新機(jī)器的價格約1000美元。,The book will only cost 15 dollars or so.,這本書只要十五美元左右。,About / Some / Around / Round twenty passengers were killed in the road accident.,這次交通事故中約有二十名旅客死亡。,（二）表示“大約”、“不確定”：about，some，around，round，nearly，towards，some

50、where about，estimated，approximately，on the border of，close to，or so等,Never spend in excess of your income.,There are three thousand odd students in this normal school.,Supplies of this commodity greatly exceed the demand.,花錢切勿超過你的收入。,這所師范院校有三千多名學(xué)生。,這種商品的供應(yīng)大大超過了需求。,Upwards of seven thousand medical w

51、orkers and twenty thousand PLA men have left for the earthquake district.,有七千多名醫(yī)務(wù)人員和兩萬多名解放軍前往震區(qū)。,The patients are children of three years old and upwards.,這些病人是三歲和三歲以上的兒童。,（三）表示“高于”、“多于”：more than, odd, over, above, long, past, or more, upwards of, higher than, in excess of , exceed等,The child could

52、nt count past 20.,這個孩子不會數(shù)20以上的數(shù)。,The price of that tricycle is less than /under /below fifty dollars.,He bought the coffeepot at 6 dollars off the list price.,那輛三輪車的售價還不到50美元。,他以低于價目表6美元的價格買下了那把咖啡壺。,（四）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”：less, less than, below, no more than, under, short of, off, to, within, as few a

53、s等,The invention cost each family no more than one dollar a week.,這項(xiàng)發(fā)明使每個家庭每周最多花費(fèi)1美元。,Its five minutes to five now.,現(xiàn)在是5點(diǎn)差5分。,The motor ran 450 solid days on end.,The experiment will take three months, at least.,The temperature at the suns center is as high as 10 000 000 ,馬達(dá)連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了足足450天 。,實(shí)驗(yàn)至少需要三個月時間

54、。,太陽中心的溫度高達(dá)攝氏1 000萬度。,They covered full twenty reference sources on clone in a single day.,僅用了一天時間，他們就看完了足足20種有關(guān)克隆的資料。,There were no less than 3 000 dead and wounded in the 911 terrorist attack.,在911恐怖襲擊中，死傷者達(dá)3 000多人。,（五）表示數(shù)目、數(shù)量多時：full, solid, at least, all of, no less than, asas，等,They covered all

55、of ten miles.,他們走了實(shí)足十英里。,There is at most / only room for one person.,That solar-energy car weighs only / merely / barely / scarcely / but 500kg.,至多只有可容納一個人的空間。,那輛太陽能汽車重量僅有500公斤。,（六）表示數(shù)目、數(shù)量少：only, merely, barely, scarcely, but, at most, no more than, scant 等,Inspection time for the installation was

56、no more than 2 hours.,安裝檢驗(yàn)工作僅用了兩個小時。,They covered a scant six miles today.,他們今天走了近6里路。,1. “be n times as a. (ad.)+ as”,The grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.,2. “n times + a.(ad.)比較級+than ”,“是的n倍”或“比大（n1）倍”,今年的糧食產(chǎn)量大約是去年的3倍/比去年多兩倍左右。,（七）倍數(shù)的翻譯,Asia is four ti

57、mes larger than Europe.,“是的n倍”或“比大（n1）倍”,亞洲的面積是歐洲的4倍/亞洲的面積比歐洲大3倍。,This power plant is four times larger than that one. 這個發(fā)電站比那個發(fā)電站大三倍。,1. This wire is as long again as that one.,2. Brown has half as many books again as Peter does.,這根金屬線的長度是那根的兩倍。,布郎的書比彼得的書多一半。,3. Prof. Peter has books as many again

58、as I do.,彼得教授的書比我的書多一倍。,3.“be as + a. (ad.)+ again as” ； “again as+ a. (ad.) + as”,“是的兩倍”或“比多一倍”,另外，若again之前有half，則表示“比長（大，寬，多）半倍”；若again之前有much或many，則表示“比長（大，寬，多）一倍”。,4. “n times + upon/over”,“是 n倍”或“比 多n-1倍”,The industrial output in our factory this year is ten times over that of 1999.,今年我們工廠的產(chǎn)量是1

59、999年的10倍。,The total output value of the citys light industry has grown three times over that of last year.,這個城市的輕工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值比去年增長了兩倍。,He is five times upon your age.,他的年齡是你的5倍。,The population of this county has increased by a factor of 5.,By 2004 the production of primary copper has increased fivefold.,該縣的人口已經(jīng)增長了4倍。,到2004年，原銅產(chǎn)量增長了4倍。,The sales of industrial electronic products have multiplied 5 times.,工業(yè)電子產(chǎn)品銷售額增加了4倍。,The steel output has increased by three times.,鋼產(chǎn)量已增加了兩倍。,5. “incre