高中英語語法大全歸納總結(jié).doc

高中英語語法權(quán)威解析目錄:第01章 名詞性從句第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解第03章 高中英語語法中的省略現(xiàn)象第04章 主謂一致第05章 動詞不定式第06章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 第07章 定語從句第08章 被動語態(tài)第09章 祈使句第10章 感嘆句第11章 疑問句第12章 名詞第一章 名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。 名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一 主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那場電影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強調(diào)句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強調(diào)句型）2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is 名詞 從句 It is a fact that 事實是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that 是常識(2) It is 形容詞 從句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物動詞 從句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It 過去分詞 從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It has been proved that 已證實 It is said that 據(jù)說3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。（2）It is said /reported結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 錯誤表達：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 錯誤表達：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 錯誤表達：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 錯誤表達：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞 (及物動詞) 或介詞之后。1. 作動詞的賓語 (1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我聽說他參軍了。 (2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。 (3) 動詞間接賓語賓語從句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。2. 作介詞的賓語，例如： Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3. 作形容詞的賓語，例如： I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個錯誤。注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。4. it 可以作為形式賓語 it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了。5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞 這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如： 正確表達：I admire their winning the match. 錯誤表達：I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞 有些動詞不可用于“動詞間接賓語that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： 正確表達：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 錯誤表達：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如： I dont think this dress fits you well. 我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。三. 表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語連系動詞表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1. 同位語從句的功能 同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位語在句子中的位置 同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分） 高一英語名詞性從句專項練習(xí)1_he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have no idea at all_. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _he would die of the disease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning. A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave9. _is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is _he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether12._the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13. It worried her a bit _her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. ?_more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15._he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. _you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How17._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what 18. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That19. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. _caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. WhereKeys: 15 ABABC 610 AABAC 1115 BBCAB 1620 BCBAA 第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解It 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語語法的重點、難點，又是近幾年高考的熱點，因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視，現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：一、It用作實詞表達以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象 二、It用作形式主語 替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。 It 作形式主語的常見句型： 1. 代作主語的動詞不定式，其句型為 (1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 此處adj. 通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous 例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license. (2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此處adj. 通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy. 例 Its kind of you to help me with the problem. (3) It替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型 Its no good/use doing Its (well)worth doing Its (well)worth ones while doing/to do Its (well)worth while doing/ to do 例 Its no use crying over spilt milk. 2. It替代作主語的從句常見句型 (1) It is + noun +從句 例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office. (2) It is adj. +clause Its surprising that (should)竟然 Its a pity/shame that(should)竟然 例 Its important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=Its of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.) (3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze /bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that 例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.) (4) It verb (to sb.) that= sb/sth verb to do (verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out) 例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.) (5) It is v-ed that=sb/sth is to do (verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know） 例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.) (6) It is v-ed that (should) (verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend 例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question. 三、It作主語的句型 1. It takes sb. to do(=sb takesto do)某人用多長時間做某事 例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.) 2. Its (just)(un)like sb. to do（不）像某人做某事的風(fēng)格 例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us. 3. Its (about/high) time that should /v-ed是該做某事的時候了 例 Its(about/high) time that we should take action. 4. Its the x-th time (that) have v-ed第幾次做某事了 例 Its the third time that he has failed the driving test. 5. It is/has been since continuous v-ed(延續(xù)性動詞) 某動作已有多長時間不發(fā)生了 例 Its 10 years that he lived here 6. It was(not) before過(不)了多長時間某動作發(fā)生了 例 It was not long before they arrived. 四、It 作形式賓語 用來替代作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。 It 作形式賓語的常見句型： 1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep) 例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that youll do the task on your own. 2. verb+it+adj./noun (ones) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth ones while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep) 例 Ill make it worth your while telling me about his secret. 3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that (should) verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that(should) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep) 例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference. 4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view) 例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture. 5. v. +it + prep. + that owe it to sb. that把歸功于 leave it to sb that把留給某人去做 take it for granted that 想當然 keep it in mind that 例 Dont bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out. 6. It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, dont mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語從句緊跟it之后 例 I hate it you can swim so well and I cant. 7. It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外） 例 Im for it that you will follow their advice. 五、強調(diào)句型 It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+ that(who) 強調(diào)句型用來強調(diào)謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。當被強調(diào)部分是人時也可以用who。 在使用強調(diào)句型時需注意以下幾點： 1. 請注意強調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句 例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？ 2. 在強調(diào)原因狀語從句時，只能強調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句 例 It was because he was ill that he didnt come to school yesterday. 3. 在強調(diào)not until結(jié)構(gòu)時必須把not與until一起放到被強調(diào)的位置上 例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother. 4. 注意強調(diào)句型與定語從句的區(qū)別 例 It was at 7 oclock that he came here yesterday.( 強調(diào)句型) It was 7 oclock when he came here yesterday.(定語從句) 六、It 常用的固定搭配 1. make it (1).在口語當中相當于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時到達 例 Its hard to make it to the top in show business. (2).在口語中相當于fix the date for,表示“約定好時間” 例 Shall we meet next week? OK. We just make it next Saturday. 2. as it is (1).相當于in fact, in reality表示“事實上，實際情況是” 例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably wont finish it until next week. (2).相當于方式狀語從句，表示“照原樣” 例 Leave the table as it is. 3. as it were 相當于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說，可以說，換句話說” 例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes. 4. if it werent for/if it hadnt been for用來引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣，相當于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是，要不是” 例 If it werent for Tom, I wouldnt be alive today. 5. thats it (1). 相當于Thats all. Thats so much. 表示“至此為止，沒有別的了” 例 You can have one more sweet, and thats it. (2). 相當于 Thats right.表示“對啦” 例 I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A” Thats it. 6. catch it 在口語中，相當于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做錯事而挨罵，受責備，受批評，受懲罰” 例 Well really catch it form our teacher if were late for class again. 7. have it (1).相當于say, insist表示“說，主張，表明，硬說” 例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced. (2).相當于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉” 例 I had it from John that she was going abroad. 8. have what it takes在口語中，相當于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件” 例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star. 9. so it seems / appears. 10. Keep at it! (Dont give up!)相當于go on,表示“繼續(xù)做，不放棄” 例 My teacher asked me to keep at it. 11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞 12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.) 13. Now youll catch it! (Youll be punished.) 14. As it happened, 在口語中，相當于its a pity that, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾” 例 As it happened, they were out. 15. As it turned out,在口語中，相當于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是” 例 As it turned out, his statement was false. 16. Such as it is(they are) 在口語中，相當于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒有多大價值” 例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is. 17. Take it/things easy. 相當于Dont worry or dont hurry. 用來勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔心，存住氣” 例 Take it easy! He will do it well. 18. Take it from me.在口語中，相當于believe me what I say.表示“請相信我的話，我敢擔保” 例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time. 19. For what it is worth在口語中，相當于although Im not sure its of value, 表示“不管其價值如何” 例 Here is the article I promise you, for what its worth. 20. Worth it 在口語中，相當于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做” 例 Dont hesitate about it! Its worth it. 21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你” 例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday. 22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放棄 例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it. 23. It all depends/that all depends 在口語中，相當于it hasnt been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒有定下來” 例 Are you going to the countryside for holiday? It/That all depends. 24. Its up to sb. 在口語中，相當于its decided by sb. 表示“由決定，由負責，取決于” 例 Shall we go out for dinner? Its up to you. “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練1. Was it during the Second World War_ he died? A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88) 2. Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this B.that C.it D.he (89) 3. I dont think _ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A.this B.that C.its D.it (91) 4.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it (91)5. It was not _ she took off her glasses _ I realized she was a famous film star. A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then (92)6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected _ to be much better. A.that B.this C.one D.it (93) 7. It was not until 1920 _ regular radio broadcasts began. A.while B.which C.that D.since (94) 8. _is a fact tha