英語專項深度練習-閱讀理解(八)

英語專項深度練習一一閱讀理解（八）

Theoriginsofetiquette—:hcconventionalrulesofbehaviorandceremoniesobservedinpolite

society-arecomplex.Oneofthemisrespectforauthority.Fromthemostprimitivetimes,

subjects（臣民）showedrespectfortheirrulerbybowing,prostratingthemselvesonthegmund,

notspeakinguntilspokento,andneverturningtheirbackstothethrone.Somerulersdeveloped

rulestostressevenfurthertherespectduetothem.TheemperorsofByzantiumexpectedtheir

subjectstokisstheirfeet.Whenanambassadorfromabroadwasintroduced,hehadtotouchthe

Rroundbeforethethronewithhisforehead.Meanwhilethethroneitselfwasraisedintheair

sothat,onlookingup?theambassadorsawtherulerfarabovehim,haughtyandremote.

Absoluterulershave,asarule,madeetiquettemorecomplicatedratherthansimpler.Thepurpose

isnotonlytomaketherulerseemalmostgodlike,butalsotoprotecthimfromfami1iarity,

forwithoutsomesuchprotectionhislife,livedinevitablyinthepubliceye,wouldbe

intolerable.ThecourtofLouisXIVofFranceprovidedanexcellentexampleofaveryhighly

developedsystemofetiquet:e.BecausethekingandhisfamilywereconsideredtobelongtoFrance,

theywerealmostcontinuallyonshowamongtheircourtiers（朝臣）。Theywoke,prayed,washed

anddressedbeforecrowdsofcourtiers.Evenlargecrowdswatchedthemeattheirmeals,andaccess

totheirpalacewasfreetoalltheirsubjects.

Yetthispubliclifewasorganizedsocarefully,withsucharefinementofceremonial,that

theauthorityoftheKingandtherespectinwhichhewasheldgrewsteadilythroughouthislifetime.

Acrowdwatchedhimdress,butonlytheDukewhowashisfirstvaletdechamber（貼身男仆）

wasal1owedtoholdouttherightsleeveofhisshirt,onlythePrincewhowashisGrandChamberlain

couldrelievehimofhisdressinggown,andonlytheMasteroftheWardrobemighthelphimpull

uphistrousers.Thesewerenotfaini1iarities,normerelydLties,buthighlydesiredprivileges.

Napoleonrecognizedth。valueofceremonytoaruler.WhenhebecameEmperor,hediscardedthe

revolutionarycustomofcallingeveryone“citizen”,restoredmuchoftheCourtceremonialthat

theRevolutionhaddestroyed,andrecalledmembersofthenobilitytoinstructhisnewcourt

intheoldformalmanners.

Rulesofetiquettemaypreventembarrassmentandevenseriousdisputes.Thegeneralruleofsocial

precedenceisthatpeopleofgreaterimportanceprecedethoseoflesserimportance.Beforethe

rulesofdiplomaticprecedencewereworkedoutintheearlysixteenthcentury,rivalambassadors

oftenfoughtforthemostjionourablcseatingpositionataceremony.Beforetheprinciplewas

establishedthatambassadorsofvariouscountriesshouldsigntreatiesinorderofseniority,

disputesaroseaslowhoshouldsignfirst.Theestablishmentofrulesforsuchmattersprevented

uncertaintyanddisagreement,astorulesforlessimportantoccasions.Forexample,atanEnglish

wedding,themotherofthebridegroomshouldsitinthefirstpeworbenchontheright-hand

sideofthechurch.Theresultisdignityandorder.

Outsidepalacecircles,themainconcernofetiquettehasbeentomakeharmoniousthebehaviour

ofequals,butsometimessocialclasseshaveusedetiquetteasaweaponagainstintruders,

refiningtheirmannersinordertomarkthemselvesofffromthelowerclasses.

Insixteenlh-cenluryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,decreasingprosperityandincreasing

socialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfrom

thelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.Inaprosperouscommunity,onthe

otherhand,politesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrich,andinEnglandtherehasneverbeen

anyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemtheMannersappropriatetotheirnewway

oflife.

Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements：basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhich

promoteefficiency：andartificial,optionalgracessuchasformalcomolimentsto,sav,women

ontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.

Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.Amongtheancient

Egyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania,

theyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEngland,untilaboutacenturyago.

youngchildrendidnotsitintheirparents'presencewithoutaskingpermission.

Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsocial1ifeasmakingprope”

introductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.

Beforetheinventionofthefork,etiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptasclean

aspossible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuse,etiquettesuggestedthat,after

spitting,apersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuously（難以察覺的）underfoot.

Extremelyrefinedbehavior,however,cultivatedasanartofgraciousliving,hasbeen

characteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisure,whichadmittedwomenasthesocial

equalsofmen.AfterthefallofRome,thefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivate

lifeinaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewasIwelfth-centuryProvence,inFrance.

Provencehadbecomewealthy.Thelordshadreturnedtotheircastlesfromthecrusades（十字

軍東征），andtheretheidealsofchivalry（武士制度）grewup,whichemphasizedthevirtue

andgentlenessofwomenanddemandedthataknight（騎士）shouldprofessapureanddedicated

lovetoaladywhowouldbehisinspiration,andtowhomhewoulddedicatehisbravedeeds,

thoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionoftheconceptof

romanticlove,whichwastoinfluenceliteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllives

oninabelittledforminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnovelstoday.

InRenaissanceItalytoo.inthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies,awealthyandleisured

societydevelopedanextremelycomplexcodeofmanners,buttherulesofbehavioroffashionable

societyhadlittleinfluenceonthedailylifeofthelowerclasses.Indeedmanyoftherules,

suchashowtoenterabanquetroom,orhowtouseaswordorhandkerchiefforceremonialpurposes,

wereirrelevanttothewayof1ifeoftheaverageworkingman.whospentmostofhislifeoutdoors

orinhisownpoorhutandmostprobablydidnothaveahandkerchief,certainlynotasword,

tohisname.

Yettheessentialbasisofallgoodmannersdocsnotvary.Considerationfortheoldandweak

andtheavoidanceofharmingorgivingunnecessaryoffencetoothersisafeatureofallsocieties

everywhereandalal1levelsfromthehighesttothelowest.Youcaneasi1ythinkofdozensof

examplesofcustomsandhabitsinyourowndailylifewhichcomeunderthisheading.

1.Etiquettesimplyservesthepurposeofshowingrespectforauthority.

2.LouisXIVofFrancemadeetiquetteverycomplicatedtoavoidfami1iarity.

3.Peopleofallsocietiesandsocialranksobservetheg〉odmannersofconsiderationforthe

weakandrespectforage.

4.NapoleondiscardedaristocraticprivilegeswhenhebecameEmperorofFrance.

5.Etiquettehasbeenusedtodistinguishpeoplefromdifferentclasses.

6.InEurope,thenewlyrichhaveaddednewingredientstoetiquettewhiletheyarelearning

tobehaveappropriatelyforanewwayoflife.

7.Afterthesixteenthcentury,fightsbetweenambassadorsoverprecedencewereacommon

occurrence.

8.Extremelyrefinedbehaviourhadonthelifeoftheworkingclass.

9.Basicmoraldutiesareoneoftheofeverycodeofetiquette.

10.Accordingtothepassage,theconceptofromanticlovewasintroducedin.

答案：LN2.Y3.Y4.N5.Y6.NG7.N

8.littleinfluence9.threeelements10.twelfth-centuryProvence,France

Nearlyeveryoneagreesthatmoneydoesn,tbuyasmuchasitusedto,nomatterwhereyouwant

tospendit.Thisiscertainlytrueofthepapermoneythatpassessoquicklythroughone'shands.

Inflation（通貨膨脹）eatsawayatitsbuyingpowerjustasthesteadyappetiteofwaveschews

atsandcliffs.Butwhataboutcoinsthatseemtodoverylittleexceptwearoutyourpursesand

pockets?Uniikenotes,metalmoneybecomesmorevaluablethelongeritisheld,especially

ifilisputawaywhereitwon'tgetscratchedorworn.Whyisthis?Onereasonisthatcoins,

beingmoredurable,fallm^rereadilyintoacategoryforcollectors.Naturally,therarergold

piecesmustbecomemorevaluableasthepriceofthismetalgoesup.

But,curiously,oneoftherarestcoinsintheworldisnotmadeofgold,butoftherelatively

cheapersilver.In1804,theUnitedStatesmint（造幣廠）struck19,570siIverdollars.That

iswhatitsrecordsshow.Todayonlysixofthisoriginalnumberremainandthesearcunlikely

evertoreachtheauctionmarket.Sowhathappenedtosome19,564largesilvercoins,netthe

easiestsortofthingstolose?Oneofthemoreromanlictheoriesisthattheywerepartcfthe

paymenttoNapoleonfortheAmericanterritorythenknownasLouisiana.Buttheyneverreached

France.SomewhereintheGulfofMexico,theshiptransportingthemwassunk*eitherbyastorm

orbypirates(#￡&)?Theprobableanswertothemysteryisihattheyweremelleddown-since

thesilvervaluewasgreaterthantheactualvalueofthecoin.Whatreallyhappenedtotherest

willprobablyalwaysremainamystery.Whatisknownisthatwhoevercancomeupwithonewi11

findhimselfinstantlyrich.

26.Itcanbeinferredfrompassagethat_______.

A.moneybuysasmuchasitdidbefore

B.moneydoesnotbuyasmuchasitdidbefore

C.papermoneybuysmorethanmetalmoney

D.metalmoneybuysmorethanpapermoney

27.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofacoin?

A.Thelongeritisheld,thelessvaluableitbecomes.

B.Themoreitwearsout,themorevaluableitbecomes.

C.Thelessitgetsscratched,thelessitvalues.

D.Thelongeritlasts,themoreitvalues.

28.Accordingtothispassage,oneoftherarestcoinsintheworldismadeofA.silverB.gold

C.copperD.paper

29.Coinsbecomemorevaluablebecause.

A.theywearoutyourpursesandpockets

B.thepriceofmetalgoesup

C.theyfallmorereadilyintoacategoryforcollectorsduetotheirduration

D.bothBandC

30.Whatreallyhappenedtosome19,564largesiIvercoins?

A.Theyweremelteddown.B.TheyweresunkintheGulfofMexico.

C.Itisstillamystery.D.Theywerestolenbypirates.

Tounderstandwhysomeonebecomesanoptimistorapessimist,ithelpstounderstandwhat

distinguishesthem.Sayyoucrashyourcar.Doyouexpectgoodthingstohappenafterthe

accident-aneasyrecuperation(挽回損失)，afatcheckfromyourinsurer?Ordoyouworry

thatyourneckwillhurtforever?

wOptimisticpeopletendtofeelthatbadthingswon*tlastlongandwon'taffectotherparts

oflife.".Soligmansays.Pessimiststendtobelieveonenegativeincidentwilllastand

undermineeverythingelseintheirlives.

Alsoimportant,researcherssay,isthestoryyouconstructaboutwhythingshappen-your

explanatorystyle.Optimistsbelievethatbadeventshavetemporarycauses-44Thebossisina

badmood."Pessimistsbelievethecauseispermanent-“Thebossisajerk.”

Thissenseofcontroldistinguishesonetypefromtheother.Positivethinkersfeelpowerful.

Negativethinkers,Seligmansays,feelhelplessbecausetheyhavelearnedtobelievethey're

doomed,nomatterwhat.Ayoungwifewho*stoldshe'sincapableofhandlinghouseholdfinances

mightlatei'becomeadivorce

womanwhocan'tbalanceacheckbook.

Suchlearnedhelplessnesscausesmuchharmonhealth.Studiesshowthatoptimistsarebetterat

copingwiththedistressassociatedwitheverythingfromsorethroattoheartsurgery.

Furthermore,scientistsatU.C.L.A.discoveredthatoptimistshavemoredisease-fightingT

cells.

Pessimistsalsodon4tbelieveinpreventivecare.Visitadoctorandyoumightfindoutyou're

sick!Myfatherwasrushedtotheemergencyroomformedicalconditionsthatwouldhavebeen

easilytreatableifhe'dseenadoctorsooner.

21.Theword“undermine”(Para.2)mostprobablymeans

A.gobelowB.weaken

C.affectD.destroy2-2.“Thebossisajerk."Thesewordsareusedheretoshow.

A.howsomebossesactdisplcasingly

B.howoptimistsexplainsomebadevents

C.howpessimiststhinkabouttheunhappythingsaroundthem

D.howthewritersuggestspeopleshoulddowhenfacingsomethingunpleasant

23.Theexamplegivenaboutayoungwifeshowsthat.

A.thedividinglinebetweenoptimistsandpessimists

R.ynnngwnmpntndaysuffpraInt.indninghnnspwnrk

C.mostofyoungwivesarepessimists

D.thepessimistsareusedtothinkingofeverythingnegatively

24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEof“myfatherM?

A.Myfatherwasanoptimist.

B.Myfatherdidn'tliketotakeanypreventivemeasures.

C.Myfatheroftenvisiteddoctors.

D.Myfatherwaswiseenoughtomindhisownhealth.

25.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatSeiimanshouldbe.

A.anoptimistB.apessimist

C.apsychologistD.thewriterofthispassage

Socialcustomsandwaysofbehavingchange.Thingswhichwereconsideredimpolitemanyyearsago

arenow110Justafewyearsago,itwas12impolitebehaviorforamantosmokeonthestreet.

Nomanwhothoughtofhimselfasbeingagentlemanwouldmakea13ofhimselfbysmokingwhen

aladywasinaroom.

Customsalsodifferfromccuntrytocountry.Docsamanwalkontheleftortherightofawoman

inyourcountry?Ordoesn'tit14?Whatabouttablemanners?Shouldyouusebothhandswhen

yuuaieeating?Shouldyouleaveoneinyuuilap,uivntheluble?

TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalso15alargenumberofsocial

customs.Forexample,inbothAmericaandEnglandpeopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachother

forthefirstlime.Also,mostEnglishmenwi11openadoorforawomanoroffertheirseatto

awoman,andsowillmostAmericans.16isimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis,

ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o'clock,thedinnerguesteitherarrives17tothattimeor

callsuptoexplainhis18.

Theimportantthingtorememberaboutsocialcustomsisnottodoanythingthatmightmakeother

peoplefeeluncomfortable-19iftheyareyourguests.Thereisanoldstoryaboutamanwho

gaveaformaldinnerparty.Whenthefoodwasserved,oneoftheguestsstartedtoeathispeas

withaknife.Theotherguestswereamusedorshocked,butthe20calmlypickeduphisknife

andbeganeatinginthesameway.

A.especiallyB.attainableC.closeD.delay

E.consideredF.hostG.deliveryH.Preparation

I.shareJ.foolK.specificallyL.acceptable

M.matterN.Promptness0.care

答案：11.L12.E13.J14.M15.I16.N17.C18.D19.A20.F

Everyday,thenewsoftheworldisrelayedtopeoplebyover300millioncopiesofdailypapers,

over400millionradiosets,andover150milliontelevisionsets.Additionalnewsisshewnby

motionpictures,intheatresandcinemasallovertheworld.Asmorepeoplelearnwhatthe

importanteventsofthedayare,fewerarestillconcernecexclusivelywiththeeventsoftheir

ownhousehold.AstheEnglishwriterJohnDonneputitnearlyfourhundredyearsago,“noman

isanisland."ThisideaismoreappropriatetodaythanitwaswhenDonne1ived.Inshort,

whereverhelives,amanbelongstosomesociety;andwearebecomingmoreandmoreawarethat

whateverhappensinoneparticularsocietyaffects,somehow,thelifeanddestinyofallhumanity.

Newspapershavebeenpublishedinthemodernworldforaboutfourhundredyears.Mostofthe

newspapersprintedtodayarereadinEuropeandNorthAmerica.However,soontheymayberead

inallpartsoftheworld,thankstothenewinventionsthatarechangingthetechniquesof

newspaperpublishing.

Electronicsandautomationhavemadeitpossibletoproducepicturesandtextfarmorequickly

thanbefore.Photographicreproductioneliminatestheneedfortypeandprintingpresses.And

fewerspecialists,suchastype-setters,areneededtoproduceapaperormagazinebythe

photo-offset（照相平板膠?。﹎ethod.Therefore,thepublishingofnewspapersandmagazines

becomesmoreeconomical.Furthermore,photo-copiescanbesentovergreatdistancesnowbymeans

oftelevisionchannelsandsatellitessuchasTelstar.Thus,picturescanbebroughttothepublic

morequicklythanpreviously.

Machinesthatprepareprintedtextsforphoto-copiesarebeingusedagreatdealtoday.Thousands

oflettersandfiguresofdifferentsizesandthicknessescannowbearrangedonablackglass

discthatisonlyeightinchesindiameter,tobeprintedinnegativeform（whiteonablack

background）?Thedisconthemachineturnsconstantlyattherateoftenrevolutionsasecond.

Abeamof1ighlfromas1roboscopic（頻閃的）lampshinesonthedesiredlettersandfigures

foraboutIwo-millionthsofasecond.Thentheimageofthelettersandfiguresthatwere

iIluminatedisprojectedontoafilmthroughlenses.Thesectionoffilmislargeenoughtchold

theequivalentofapageoftext.Thereisakeyboardinfrontofthemachinethatissimilar

tothekeyboardofatypewriter,andthemachineoperatorhasonlytostriketheproperkeys

fortheimageofthecorrespondingletterstobeimmediatelytransferredtothefilm.Thenegative

imageonthefilmcanquicklybetransferredontopaper.Thismethodmakesitaseasytoreproduce

photographsandillustrationsasitistoreproducethetextitself.

Film,beinglightandsmall,canbesentrapidlytootherplacesandusedtoprintcopiesof

thetextwheretheyareneeded.Filmimagescanalsobeprojectedeasilyonamovieortelevision

screen.Televisionbroadcastsarc1imitedtoanareathatiswithinsightofthesendingstation

oritsrelay（中繼）。Althoughtelevisionrelaysareoftenplacedonhillsandmountainsso

thattheycancoverawiderregion,theystillcannotcovermorelandthanonecouldseefrom

thesamehilltoponaclearday.However,theraysalsogooutintotheatmosphere,andifthere

isarelaystationonasatellitethatrevolvesaroundtheearth,itcantransmitthepictures

toanypointontheearthfromwhichthesatelliteisvisible.Threesatellitespermanently

revolvingovertheequatortransmitanytelevisionprogramtoanypartoftheearth.Thismakes

iIpossibleforworldeditionsofnewspaperstogivethenewsinal1countriesatthesametime.

Somedayitmaybepossibleforasubscribertoatelevisednewspapertopressabuttonandsee

anewspaperpageonhistelevisionscreen.Hecouldalsodecidewhenhewantsthepagetoturn,

and.bydiallingdifferentnumberssuchasthoseonatelephonedial.hecouldchoosethelanguage

ortheeditionofthepaperhewantstoread.Itseemsstrangetothinkthat,eventoday,methods

ofthepastarcnotentirelyuseless.Forexample,sometimespressagenciesthatuseradioand

Telstarusecarrierpigeonstosendmessagesbetweenofficesinlargecitiesbecausethepigeons

arenotbotheredbytrafficproblems.

ItmaybesometimebeforetelevisionsetsbecomecommonintheaveragehomesinAfricaandAsia.

However,radioisalreadyrapidlybecomingaccessibletothousandsofpeopleintheseareas.

And,nowthatgoodradioserebeingmadewithtransistors,andtheirpriceisgraduallydropping

becauseofmassproduction,itmaynotbo“toolongbeforeradiosbecomecommonplaceinareas

whichhavenonewspapers.Transistorsmakeitpossibleforpeopletocarrysmal1radioswherever

theygo,withoutneedofelectriccurrent.Eventelevisionsetsarenowoperatingontransistors,

andthepocketTVmaysoonbeaswidespread

asthepocketradio.

Nowthatscientificprogressismakingitpossibletosendthene