生活中有趣的物理演示實(shí)驗(yàn)

生活中有趣的物理演示實(shí)驗(yàn)演示教學(xué)目錄一、力學(xué)篇二、波動(dòng)篇三、熱力篇四、電學(xué)篇五、磁學(xué)篇六、光學(xué)篇七、能源篇一、力學(xué)篇l氣墊船(Hovercraft)力學(xué)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)(雨套)l

一維動(dòng)力臺(tái)車(chē)(1DKinestheticsCart)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)l

二維動(dòng)力臺(tái)車(chē)(2DKinestheticsCart)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)l云霄飛車(chē)

(CompleteRollerCoaster)實(shí)驗(yàn)圓-周運(yùn)動(dòng)、離心

力l

離心軌道重-力位能和旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)能之能量轉(zhuǎn)換l

麥斯威爾飛輪(MaxwellWheel)能-量轉(zhuǎn)換l雙珠競(jìng)走--走捷徑比較快？l

投射撞擊百發(fā)百中實(shí)驗(yàn)自-由落體&拋體運(yùn)動(dòng)l由低處滾往高處滾動(dòng)的雙錐體重-心問(wèn)題l角動(dòng)量守恒的親身體驗(yàn)飛-輪與旋轉(zhuǎn)椅的相對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)l空氣砲彈(AirCannon)氣-渦流力l鐵鍊栓環(huán)喜結(jié)良緣(Make

a

good

match)二、熱力學(xué)篇l伽利昭溫度計(jì)(Galileo

Thermometer)l

不停地喝水的鳥(niǎo)(Thermodynamicdrikingbird)l

熱動(dòng)力沸騰器(ThermodynamicBoiler)-液氣相轉(zhuǎn)變示

范實(shí)驗(yàn)l

HandBubblerBoilerPenDemonstratesEnergy

Transferl輻射計(jì)(Radiameter)-光熱轉(zhuǎn)輪l咖啡杯上的史特林引擎(Stirling

engine)l翅膀揮舞的蝴蝶是-熱縮冷脹嗎?l紫外光偵測(cè)珠(UltravioletDetectingBeads)l

太陽(yáng)能袋World’sLargestSolarBag六、光學(xué)篇l

GhostlyOpticalIllusion看-得到卻捉不著的影像光學(xué)

反射鏡組l偏振(極)片(Polarizing

Sheets)--光消失了，影像也就

看不見(jiàn)了!l掌上簡(jiǎn)易光譜儀使-用光柵片制作簡(jiǎn)易的光譜儀l

物理學(xué)防偽技術(shù)l

旋轉(zhuǎn)紙陀螺--將黑白變七彩！l

折光潛影偽-鈔辨識(shí)、雙影像、動(dòng)畫(huà)、、應(yīng)用l

具放大鏡功能之輕便可撓的塑膠放大片l

MoriePatternsl

Euler’sdisk七、能源篇l

太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電l風(fēng)力發(fā)電l

太陽(yáng)能與風(fēng)力混合發(fā)電l氫燃料電池l

火力發(fā)電模型l

V引8擎模型一、力學(xué)篇l氣墊船(Hovercraft)力學(xué)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)(雨套)l

一維動(dòng)力臺(tái)車(chē)(1DKinestheticsCart)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)l

二維動(dòng)力臺(tái)車(chē)(2DKinestheticsCart)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)l云霄飛車(chē)

(CompleteRollerCoaster)實(shí)驗(yàn)圓-周運(yùn)動(dòng)、離心

力l

離心軌道重-力位能和旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)能之能量轉(zhuǎn)換l

麥斯威爾飛輪(MaxwellWheel)能-量轉(zhuǎn)換l雙珠競(jìng)走--走捷徑比較快？l

投射撞擊百發(fā)百中實(shí)驗(yàn)自-由落體&拋體運(yùn)動(dòng)l由低處滾往高處滾動(dòng)的雙錐體重-心問(wèn)題l角動(dòng)量守恒的親身體驗(yàn)飛-輪與旋轉(zhuǎn)椅的相對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)l空氣砲彈(AirCannon)氣-渦流力l鐵鍊栓環(huán)喜結(jié)良緣(Make

a

good

match)氣墊魔毯(Hovercraft)力學(xué)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)lTheHovercraftisdesignedtohelpstudentsexperiencefrictionlessmotion,thusbetterunderstandNewton'sLaws.lItslargeplatformprovidesenoughareafortheridertocomfortably

sitwhileriding.l

The

durable

Nylon

skirt

will

withstand

the

rigors

ofthe

classroomenvironment.lTheoptionalCordlessAirSourceisaconvenientway

supply

airtotheHovercraft,howevermostvacuums/blowersusedinawoodshopwillalsobesufficienttolifttheHovercraft.l

Moviefilel

Manual一維動(dòng)力臺(tái)車(chē)(1D

Kinesthetics

Cart)體驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)Key

Features

-PASCO

SE8747l

The

Student

"Becomes"theDynamicsCartl

Experience

the

Feel

of

Physics

ConceptsWhenastudentsitsontopof

the

Kinesthetics

Cart,he

or

she

actuallybecomes

part

of

the

experiment.Activeinvolvementmakesfor"funphysics,"but,moreimportantly,itprovidesasensoryexperience,or"kinesthesia,"

thatteaches

what

aconceptsuchasNewton'sFirstLaw

"feelslike."Students'commonmisconceptionsarequicklyeradicated.Theexperienceisretainedin

"musclememory"andhelpsthestudentunderstandandremembertheconcepts.Features:1.

Ballbearingsmountedonthebottomof

theuppercartallowitto

slide

off

the

lower

cart2.

Low

"RollerBlade"Wheelsonbothcartsallowfor

smooth,

constanttravel3.

Couplerkeepscartspiggy-backeduntilriderremovesit4.

Cartlengthof

90.5

cm-PASCOSE8747一維動(dòng)力臺(tái)車(chē)(1D

Kinesthetics

Cart)TypicalExperimentsof1D

Kinesthetics

Cart1.

Newton'sFirstLaw2.

Newton'sFirstLaw3.

Newton's

SecondLaw4.

Newton's

SecondLaw5.

Coin-tossMisconceptionDemo*6.

ProjectileMotion*7.

Uniformvs.AcceleratedMotion*8.

Newton'sThirdLaw9.

Centerof

Mass--TheBoardwalk*10.SimpleHarmonicOscillator*11.HumanOscilloscope*12.Collisions:Newton'sThirdLaw13.

Newton'sThirdLawMisconceptions14.

Newton'sThirdLawMisconceptions15.

Newton'sThirdLawMisconceptionsExperimental

Manual*Theseexperimentsrequire

additionalequipmentnotincludedwiththeKinestheticsCart.Sample:Experiment

1-Newton'sFirstLawDemonstration1.

Oneridesonthepiggy-backedcartsatinitialvelocity,Vo

.Heremovesthecouplerasheapproachestheblockfastenedtothefloor.2.

Thelowercartstrikestheblockandstops,buttheupper

cart

andstudentcontinuetomoveforwardatvelocity,Vo

.3.

Theslight

joltthatthestudentfeelswhenthewheelshitthefloorwillhelpingrainNewton'sFirstLawinthestudent'smemory.4.

Newton'sFirstLaw:Anobjectinmotioncontinuesinmotion,unlessacteduponbyanexternal

force.Experiment6-Independenceof

theX

and

Y

Motion

of

a

ProjectileExperiment9:Centerof

MassConservationofMomentumNewton’s

Third

Law-“A

Crushing

Experience”Experiment4:Newton’sSecondLaw-“The

Bucket

Accelerator”Experiment6a:IndependenceoftheXandY

Motionofa

Projectile二維動(dòng)力臺(tái)車(chē)(2DKinestheticsCart)力學(xué)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)lWiththiscircular,6-wheeledcart,students

can

"feel"

the

forces

andaccelerationsthatoccurduringtwo-dimensionalmotionsuchascircular

andtrajectorymotion.Thiscartenablesstudentstodirectly

experiencecentripetal

force,and

it

allows

quantitative

verification

of

the

relationshipbetweencentripetalforce,orbitalperiodandtheradius.Astheysit

on

thecart,studentswillfinallybeconvincedthatcentripetalforce

is

directedradiallyinward.l

Manual-2DKINESTHETICSCARTTheFoucault

PendulumDemonstrationIn

the

rotating

frame

of

the

rider,

the

plane

ofthe

pendulum

rotates,

although

in

the

lab

frameits

plane

of

oscillation

remains

fixed.TheFoucaultPenduluminaction.TheRollerCoasterincludingthetrackandMiniCarsandsomeaccessoriesallowsthequantitative

study

of

energyandmotion.KeyFeatures:1.3-CarRollerCoaster2.Quantitative

StudiesofEnergyConservation3.EasytoChangeTrackConfigurations云霄飛車(chē)實(shí)驗(yàn)(Complete

Roller

Coaster)TypicalApplications:1.

Conservationof

Energy-ReleasetheMiniCarandmeasureitsvelocityandheightatseveralpointsalongthetrack.Usethesevaluestocalculatetotalenergyof

theMiniCar.Frictionallosses

are

less

than5%.2.

ConstantAcceleration-Severalstraightinclinedsectionscanbeusedtomeasureanddemonstrateconstantlyacceleratedmotion.3.

ProjectileMotion/Conservationof

Energy--Usetheinitialheightof

the

Mini

Car

to

determine

its

speed

as

it

flies

off

the

end

of

thetrack.Usingthisspeedandheightabovethegroundwhenit

leavesthetrack,predictwheretheMiniCarwillland.云霄飛車(chē)實(shí)驗(yàn)(Complete

Roller

Coaster)l

將裝有一小重物的塑膠燒杯置放于滑車(chē)上，使

滑車(chē)從含有圓形軌道的最左側(cè)軌道上滑落下，觀察滑車(chē)在整個(gè)軌道上的運(yùn)動(dòng)情形。雙珠競(jìng)走--

走捷徑比較快？l目的：展現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的速度與加速度間的關(guān)系、矢量分解。l實(shí)驗(yàn)：演示示范影片1.初始速度相同的雨個(gè)球在具相同水平位置的起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)，但賂

徑不同的軌道上競(jìng)走。其中一球不受加速度影響，另一球軌道

于鉛直面上高度先下俘后再上升。2.

將雨球放置在發(fā)射架上，以磁控開(kāi)關(guān)使雨球的發(fā)射條件和初始

的運(yùn)動(dòng)速率相同。將球發(fā)射，觀察哪一顆球先抵達(dá)終點(diǎn)。l思考問(wèn)題1.雨球最終速度是否相同？2較.快抵達(dá)終點(diǎn)是否意味過(guò)程中獲得能量？這些能量從何而來(lái)？3.雨球的時(shí)間差與什么條件相關(guān)？4.下俘的球不論多深都回得來(lái)？5.加入球轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的情形將會(huì)如何？6.加入摩擦力考慮，結(jié)果如何？討

論1.雨球最終速度是否相同？2.比較快抵達(dá)終點(diǎn)是否意味過(guò)程中獲得能量？

這些能量從何而來(lái)？3.雨球的時(shí)間差與什么條件相關(guān)？4.

下俘的球不論多深都回得來(lái)？5.加入球轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的情形將會(huì)如何？6.加入摩擦力考慮，結(jié)果如何？離心軌道l

為何小鋼球不會(huì)從軌道的頂端掉下？而改變軌道的角度，還可以示范其他的拋體運(yùn)動(dòng)。本組包含鋁制圓周軌道、小鋼球及木制底座。投射撞擊-百-發(fā)百中實(shí)驗(yàn)lExperiment

1:ProjectileMotionl

The

purpose

of

this

experiment

is

to

predict

and

verify

therangeof

aballlaunchedat

an

angle.lTheinitialvelocityof

theballisdeterminedbyshootingithorizontally

and

measuring

the

range

and

the

height

of

the

Launcher.1.使發(fā)射器中的小鋼球?qū)?zhǔn)另將

作自由落體運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體發(fā)射做

拋體運(yùn)動(dòng)。2調(diào).整發(fā)射方向于雨球在一連線

上。3發(fā).射小鋼球，觀察雨球相碰撞之點(diǎn)。4調(diào).整拋體的發(fā)射仰角和被射物

體的高度，重新觀察雨球相碰

撞的情形。演示影片：投射撞擊1,2,3,4目的：觀察物體的重心與滾動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)間的關(guān)系。實(shí)驗(yàn)：1.

兩個(gè)圓錐底面連結(jié)在一起形成一個(gè)雙錐體。2.

一個(gè)V字型的軌道，使V字型尖端的部分低于另一端。3.

將雙錐體橫跨放置于V型軌道上較低的一端，觀察雙錐

體滾動(dòng)的方向。示范影片：http://demo.phy.tw/experiment/dynamics/double-cone/原理思考1.雙錐體為何會(huì)由低處往高處的方向滾動(dòng)？2.雙錐體的錐角、

V型軌道的張角與軌道面的斜度對(duì)本物

體的滾動(dòng)方向有何影響？由低處滾往高處滾動(dòng)

的雙錐體DoubleConerollsupward

on

a

planelDemonstration:AscendingCone-Defygravityasourconeappearstorollupward.l

This

visual

demonstrator

of

the

center

of

gravity

consists

of

a

woodenframewithdivergingrailsandadouble-endedcone.lTheconeappearstorollupward;inactuality,itisthecenter

of

massthatismovingdownward.Thephysicalexplanation:(a)Thecenterofmassof

thecone

is

descending.(b)Themotionmaybedescribedbytheenergyconservationlawforthecone-Earthas

follows:(1/2)mv2+(/2)Iω

2+mgw

=

constantI

=(3/5)mR2=rotational

inertia

of

double

conewithrespecttosymmetryaxisWhere

m

=mass(g),R=radius(cm),v=velocity

(m/s2)

and

ω

=

angular

velocity(rad/s),w=instantaneousheightof

centerof

massof

doubleconeoverzero

level

of

potentialenergy.問(wèn)題討論1.

比較一般圓柱或輪子在斜面上的滾動(dòng)與本實(shí)驗(yàn)有何不

同？2.雙錐錐角大、軌道開(kāi)角大、軌道斜角小是向上滾的條

件嗎？3.

如果沒(méi)有摩擦力，結(jié)果會(huì)如何？4.雙錐爬到何處會(huì)停止？會(huì)再滾回來(lái)？5.若雙錐中的一錐為空心，一錐為實(shí)心，結(jié)果如何？6.

如果雙錐以尖端部分相連結(jié)來(lái)做實(shí)驗(yàn)，結(jié)果如何？延伸實(shí)驗(yàn)：可以將雨個(gè)塑膠漏斗開(kāi)口部分用膠帶黏住，

以筷子做軌道架，在書(shū)本上做本實(shí)驗(yàn)。角動(dòng)量守恒的親身體驗(yàn)飛-輪與旋轉(zhuǎn)椅間的相對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)目的：體驗(yàn)角動(dòng)量變化的效果。實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置：活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)椅，飛輪和電鉆。1.演示者坐在活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)椅上，手持飛輪。2.另一位同學(xué)以手或電鉆讓飛輪快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，演示者變動(dòng)

飛輪面的方位，觀察演示者座椅的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)間

的相對(duì)變化情形。演示影片一、二原理思考1.當(dāng)演示者將飛輪軸順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)時(shí)，旋椅轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向?yàn)楹?2.當(dāng)演示者將飛輪軸逆時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)時(shí)，旋椅轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向?yàn)楹?l討論演示者先感受到雙手轉(zhuǎn)變飛輪軸時(shí)傳回來(lái)一股扭力，他為了維

持坐姿，雙腿會(huì)用力因而帶動(dòng)座椅旋轉(zhuǎn)。l關(guān)于實(shí)驗(yàn)與1.

座椅必須非常滑順，摩擦力越小時(shí)的效果越佳。2.飛輪直徑越大而且重量越重時(shí)，效果越好。l實(shí)驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)操作時(shí)注意演示者的安全，飛輪脫手或演示者摔倒都容易造成

受傷。演示助教必須要有豐富的操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)才能上場(chǎng)。l

ReferpptfilelUsefulfordemonstratingmomentum,

conservationof

energyandtorque,thisapparatusisbasicallyalargemetalflywheelsuspendedbytwostrong

cords

inametal

frame.lThecordsarewoundaroundthe

shaftof

the

wheel

which

is

then

released.Thewheelwillunwindasitfallsbutwillwind

itself

back

up

as

the

momentumcarriesitupwardintheoppositedirection.lThisoscillationprocesswillcontinueforseveralmomentsbeforegraduallycomingtoastop

asthewheel

slowlylosesmomentumandtravelslesseach

time.MaxwellWheelAir

Cannon(空氣砲彈)or

Airsooka

Air

Gun-Agreatdemonstrationof

theenergythatcan

be

stored

inwaves.l

TheAirCannonusesavortexof

air

for

ammunition.l

Its

unique

shape

creates

a

stable

toroidal

vortex.

Pullbacktheflexiblemembrane,releaseandtheinvisible

wave

front

of

air

can

hit

a

target20

feetaway!Airzooka

air

gunLaunchafullairassaultwithouteverleaving

the

ground

with

the'Airzooka

airgun'.Airzooka

isa

hand

heldfungunthatfiresa

ball

ofairwith

enough

powerto

mess

upa

persons

hair,

ruffletheirshirtorscatterpapersfromadistance

of20feet

away.By

pulling

backthe

membraneand

releasing-ashockwaveof

airissent

hurtling

atyour

target.Requiring

no

batteriesorelectricity,Airzookaworkswithan

elasticatedair

launcher.Pull

backand

releasethe

launcherlikeacatapult,firing

the

ball

ofairoutofthe

airgun.Because

itshootsair,you

neverrunout

ofammo!llllll喜結(jié)良緣(鐵鍊栓環(huán),Make

a

good

match)步驟一：用右手大拇指和食指撐起鐵鍊,中指放於大拇

指與食指正下方緊靠手心。步驟二：將鐵環(huán)套于鐵鍊中間，再往上提至右手中指上方，將鐵環(huán)一端放于中指上(拇指食指下)。Step

1:Useyourthumbandforefingertosupportthe

chaininthecenterof

thering.Atthesametime,yourmiddlefingerisclosetoyourthumb.Step2:Lettheringleanagainstyourmiddlefingerloose

thering,thentheringwillbehitchedbythechain.二、熱力學(xué)篇l伽利昭溫度計(jì)(Galileo

Thermometer)l

不停地喝水的鳥(niǎo)(Thermodynamicdrikingbird)l

熱動(dòng)力沸騰器(ThermodynamicBoiler)-液氣相轉(zhuǎn)變示

范實(shí)驗(yàn)l

HandBubblerBoilerPenDemonstratesEnergy

Transferl輻射計(jì)(Radiameter)-光熱轉(zhuǎn)輪l咖啡杯上的史特林引擎(Stirling

engine)l翅膀揮舞的蝴蝶是-熱縮冷脹嗎?l紫外光偵測(cè)珠(UltravioletDetectingBeads)l

太陽(yáng)能袋World’sLargestSolarBagBeinventedbyGalileoGalileifour

centuries

agoToindicatetheapproximatecurrenttemperature.Galileo

Thermometer

伽(利略溫度計(jì))HowdoesaGalileothermometerwork?l

BasedonathermoscopeinventedbyGalileoGalileiin

the

early

1600s. Asimple,fairlyaccuratethermometer,todayitismostlyused

as

decoration.l

Beconsistedof

asealedglasstubethatis

filledwithwater

and

severalfloatingbubbles.

Thebubblesareglassspheresfilledwith

a

coloredliquidmixture.Thisliquidmixturemaycontainalcohol,oritmightsimplybewaterwithfoodcoloring.

Attachedtoeachbubbleisalittlemetaltagthatindicatesatemperature.Anumberanddegreesymbol

areengravedin

the

tag.lThesemetaltagsareactuallycalibratedcounterweights.Theweightof

eachtagisslightlydifferent

fromthe

others.

Sincethebubblesareallhand-blownglass,theyaren'texactlythe

same

size

and

shape.Thebubblesarecalibratedbyaddingacertain

amount

of

fluidtothem

so

thattheyhavetheexactsame

density.

So,aftertheweightedtagsareattachedtothebubbles,eachdiffers

very

slightly

in

density(theratioof

masstovolume)fromtheotherbubbles,andthe

density

of

all

of

themisveryclosetothedensityof

thesurrounding

water.lAnobjectimmersedinafluidexperiencestwomajorforces:thedownwardpullof

gravityandtheupwardpushof

buoyancy.Itisthe

downwardforceof

gravitythatmakesthisthermometerwork.lThebasicideaisthatasthetemperatureof

theairoutsidethe

thermometerchanges,sodoesthetemperatureof

thewater

surroundingthebubbles.lAsthetemperatureof

thewaterchanges,iteitherexpandsorcontracts,therebychangingitsdensity.

So,atanygiven

density,

some

of

the

bubbleswillfloatandotherswill

sink.lThebubblethatsinksthemostindicatestheapproximatecurrent

temperature.GalileothermometerlConsidertheexample:Let'ssaytherearefivebubblesinthethermometer:1.

A

blue

bubble

represents60oF2.

A

yellow

bubble

represents65oF3.

A

green

bubble

represents70oF4.

A

purple

bubble

represents75oF5.

A

red

bubble

represents80oFl

The

blue

bubble(60oF)is

the

heaviest

(densest)bubble,andleachbubblethereafterisslightlylighter,withtheredbubblebeing

thelightest.l

Now,let's

say

the

temperature

in

the

room

is

70oF.l

Since

the

surrounding

air

is70oF,we

know

the

water

inside

the

thermometer

isalso

about70oF.The

blue

and

yellow

bubbles(60

and

65oF,respectively)

arecalibratedsothattheyhavehigherdensitiesthanthewateratthistemperature,so

they

sink.lThepurpleandredbubbleseachhaveadensitythatislowerthanthe

surrounding

water,sotheyfloatattheverytopof

thethermometer.

Sincethe

greenbubble

is

calibratedtorepresent70oF,thesametemperatureasthewater,it

sinks

slightly

so

thatitisfloating

justbelowthepurpleandredbubbles--therebyindicatingthe

room'stemperature!Solutionl

AGalileothermometercombinesArchimedes'principlewiththefactthatliquidsgenerallyexpandfasterwithincreasingtemperaturethansolidsdo.l

Eachsphereinthethermometerhasanaveragedensity

(amass

dividedby

volume)

that

is

very

close

to

that

of

the

fluid

in

the

thermometer.l

AsstatedinArchimedes'principle,if

thesphere'saveragedensity

is

less

than

that

of

the

fluid,thespherefloatsandif

thesphere's

average

densityis

more

than

that

of

the

fluid,

it

sinks.l

Butthefluid'sdensitychangesrelativelyquicklywithtemperature,becominglesswith

eachadditionaldegree.l

Thusasthetemperatureof

thethermometerrises,thesphereshavemoreandmore

trouble

floating.l

Eachsphere'sdensityiscarefullyadjusted

sothat

itbeginsto

sink

as

soon

as

thethermometer'stemperatureexceedsacertainvalue.l

Atthatvalue,theexpandingfluid'sdensitybecomeslessthantheaverage

density

of

thesphereandthesphereno

longer

floats.l

Thespheresalsoexpandwithincreasingtemperature,butnotasmuch

as

the

fluid.l

Hereisapictureof

acombinedGalileothermometerand

simplebarometer.l

Inadditiontomeasuringthetemperaturewithfloatingspheres,thisdevicemeasures

theoutsideairpressurewithacolumnof

dark

liquid.l

Ithasatrappedvolumeof

airthatpushestheliquid(visibleatthebottom

of

theunit)up

averticalpipewhentheoutsideairpressuredrops.喝水不停的熱力學(xué)鳥(niǎo)

一開(kāi)始喝水，就喝個(gè)不停的鴨子鴨子喝水是常見(jiàn)的科學(xué)玩具，仔細(xì)觀察裝置

的結(jié)構(gòu)及操作過(guò)程，思考其原理。實(shí)驗(yàn)：將鴨子的頭部嘴(喙)浸入水中后放手，

鴨子回到平衡位置附近搖搖晃晃。

不久后，

又開(kāi)始自動(dòng)將頭部浸入水中，繼續(xù)喝水。鴨子一旦開(kāi)始喝水，就會(huì)重復(fù)喝水的動(dòng)作。如此過(guò)程可以不斷重復(fù)。l

一個(gè)熱能與機(jī)械能互相轉(zhuǎn)換的熱力學(xué)過(guò)程。l

The

dunking

is

due

to

the

evaporating

water,

which

cools

the

headreducing

the

pressure

of

the

gas

inside.

The

liquid

inside

the

bird

risesup

fromhistailtowardshis

head,

causing

the

bird

to

tip

and

appear

to

be

drinking.

As

the

bird

dunks,

the

liquid

returns

to

its

tail,

and

theprocessbeginsagain.原理探討l鴨子喝水其實(shí)是個(gè)熱力學(xué)過(guò)程，是將熱能轉(zhuǎn)為機(jī)械能的過(guò)程。為什么可以這么

設(shè)？我們先作以下的觀察和思考：1鴨.子的頭和身體分別是玻璃球，透過(guò)一根玻璃管連接。2.

將頭部浸入水中時(shí)，內(nèi)部液體怎么流動(dòng)？3.頭部濕了以后，溫度會(huì)下俘還是上升？會(huì)怎么影響氣體的壓力？4.頭部浸水后放手，是什么讓鴨子回到直立的狀態(tài)(進(jìn)而搖晃)？鴨子的重心在哪

里？會(huì)因?yàn)橐后w的流動(dòng)而改變嗎？5.

搖搖晃晃的過(guò)程有什么作用？6鴨.子的頭部嘴(喙是)什么材質(zhì)？會(huì)影響結(jié)果嗎？7.內(nèi)部液體是特殊的嗎？有什么性質(zhì)？水可以嗎？8.

”（二氯甲烷),“ether”（乙醚）等。l

進(jìn)一步問(wèn)題探討1.環(huán)境的濕度會(huì)影響鴨子重復(fù)喝水的頻率嗎？2.水杯里的水溫會(huì)影響鴨子重復(fù)喝水的頻率嗎？水冷些或熱些的影響是什么？3鴨.子可以重復(fù)喝水的動(dòng)作，能量是哪里來(lái)的？有沒(méi)有違背能量守恒定律？一般

的單擺在擺動(dòng)一段時(shí)間后也終會(huì)因?yàn)槟Σ亮ΧＶ?，為什么鴨子不?huì)？我們的

確看到當(dāng)鴨子搖晃的程度漸漸變小后，

不一會(huì)兒怎么又「自動(dòng)」將頭伸入水中。這「神奇」的能量是哪里來(lái)的？Thermodynamic

Drinking

Birdl

The‘DrinkingBird’isdisguisedasagreat

demonstration

ofthermodynamics.l

When

the

head

of

the

bird

is

moistened

with

water

it

will

repeatedlytipoverand

appear

to

be

drinking

from

a

cup

placed

in

front

ofit.l

Thedunkingisdueto

the

evaporating

water,which

cools

the

head

reducing

the

pressure

ofthegasinside.

The

liquid

inside

thebird

rises

upfrom

his

tail

towards

his

head,

causing

the

birdtotipandappeartobedrinking.Asthebirddunks,the

liquid

returns

to

its

tail,andtheprocessbeginsagain.l

Inessence

this

is

asmall,cleverly

designedthermodynamic

engine

which

only

needs

watertorun!l

Avoid

breakingglass,containsmethylenechloride

(二氯甲烷)

and

may

stain

clothing

andothersurfaces.

Donotswalloworallowto

come

into

contactwitheyes.Flammable.Keepawayfrom

flameandotherheatsources.CHOKINGHAZARD:http://noether.physics.ubc.ca/xcart/product.php?productid=16665lSetup:Wetclothwhichcoversthetubeinthebird(i.e.wetbird'shead)and

set

up

the

bird

with

a

beaker

in

front

ofit.The

gas

in

thebirds,which

consists

of

various

organic

fluids,will

condensecausingthebirdsto

"drink".Thewatercoolsandreversesthecondensationprocessandthebirdsettlesbackdown.l

ConceptsDisplayed:condensation,expansion,Rankinecyclel

ClickHereto

see

a

shortvideoclip

of

the

demonstration.l

Clickhere

for

a

more

detailed

explanation

ofhowitworksThermodynamicBoiler-液氣相轉(zhuǎn)變示范實(shí)驗(yàn)l

This

thermodynamic

hand

boiler

is

made

of

hand-blown

glass.l

Theliquidinsidethesebeautifulboilersshootsupthetubesandappearstoboilwhenyouholdit

in

yourhand.l封閉的玻璃容器內(nèi)，裝有酒精等易揮發(fā)的液體。

在下端以手掌握住后，由于溫度升高，液體轉(zhuǎn)變

成氣體。

在固定容積內(nèi)，溫度上升，氣壓增加，便將下部

的液體推擠至上部的球中。

手一拿開(kāi)，溫度回俘至室溫，氣壓隨之俘低，上

球的液體又流回下球中。l簡(jiǎn)單有趣的小道具，可以清楚地解釋液氣相的變

化、空氣壓力等物理現(xiàn)象。/HandBubblerBoilerPenDemonstratesEnergyTransferHoldthebottomchamberbetweenyourfingersandwatchasyourbodyheatwarmstheliquid.Asitstartstovaporize,it

expandsmoving

it'swaythroughthetubestotheupperchamber.Whenalltheliquidhasreachedthetop,abubblingeffectiscreated!Letgoandtheliquidscool,

andmoveback

downtothelowerchamber.Greatfor

scienceclass!

Includesmatchingstand.WARNING:Notintendedasatoyfor

children.ContainsEthylAlcohol.Avoidcontactwitheyes.Incase

of

eye

contact,flush

thoroughly

with

water.Ifirrigationpersists,getmedicalattention.Donotusenearheatorflames.Onlywarnusingyour

hand.Liquid

will

stain

if

glass

is

broken.Keep

out

of

reach

of

children.llll1.2.3.1.封閉玻璃容器的中間支撐一可自由旋轉(zhuǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)輪，轉(zhuǎn)輪由四片葉片

組成，葉片的雨面分別為黑色與白色。2.當(dāng)使用光源(傳統(tǒng)臺(tái)燈，太陽(yáng)光，手電筒皆可照)射到葉片上，便會(huì)逐漸開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。移開(kāi)光源，葉片即停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。3改.

以雷射筆或LED燈泡的手電筒照射葉片時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)輪不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。4.用手電筒照射葉片白色那面時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)輪不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)。但照到黑色那面時(shí)

,轉(zhuǎn)輪就迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)起來(lái)。5.分別(1改)用吹風(fēng)機(jī)以加熱方式或(2)以熱乎乎的毛巾及(3)冰冷的

毛巾包覆玻璃器的上端，再仔細(xì)觀察黑白葉片轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的情形。輻射計(jì)(Radiameter)-光熱轉(zhuǎn)輪現(xiàn)象：黑白葉片照光會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)，是光壓作用？還是電磁作用？

能否反向轉(zhuǎn)？可否以其他方式也使之旋轉(zhuǎn)？

目的：觀察黑白葉片旋轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)制實(shí)驗(yàn)：輻射計(jì)(Radiameter)深層思考l

此裝置很容易由網(wǎng)賂購(gòu)得的科學(xué)小玩具，價(jià)錢(qián)僅約US＄10左右，臺(tái)

灣賣(mài)~NT$650-800。提供給滿八歲以上的孩童于把玩過(guò)程，透過(guò)觀察

有趣的物理現(xiàn)象，學(xué)習(xí)并探究其原理。但其中所蘊(yùn)含的物理原理卻

值得深思。l問(wèn)題：為何葉片會(huì)旋轉(zhuǎn)？如何決定葉片旋轉(zhuǎn)的方向？如果是光壓？光子打到白色葉片時(shí)，動(dòng)量變化應(yīng)是打到黑色葉片的雨倍(想一想為什么？)，所以不論照黑色面或白色面，轉(zhuǎn)輪應(yīng)該都會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)，而且照白色那面時(shí)，應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)更快才是?？墒沁@跟觀察三不符?1.是電磁作用嗎？仔細(xì)觀察轉(zhuǎn)輪的結(jié)構(gòu)，組成的都是元件都是絕緣體,如果是與電磁現(xiàn)象相關(guān)，會(huì)有產(chǎn)生電流或磁場(chǎng)等裝置，似乎沒(méi)有看到？2.

如果照光就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)，那為什么照射雷射光時(shí)，應(yīng)該卻一點(diǎn)兒動(dòng)靜也沒(méi)有？（觀察二）3難.道是光電效應(yīng)？那使用雷射或LED手電筒不是更好嗎？4照.黑色與白色有差別？因?yàn)楹谏菀孜鼰幔栽斐尚D(zhuǎn)的機(jī)制與

熱有關(guān)嗎？5.

為何以吹風(fēng)機(jī)或冷熱毛巾的熱能也能啟動(dòng)葉片的旋轉(zhuǎn)？進(jìn)一步更深度的探討1.玻璃容器內(nèi)部是一大氣壓？還是真空？抑或是某特殊壓力？2內(nèi).部是否有氣體？有的話，是哪一種氣體？3.玻璃容器內(nèi)部需要填充特別的氣體嗎？4.不小心打破玻璃容器后，直接照光于轉(zhuǎn)輪上還會(huì)有同樣的結(jié)

果嗎？5.如果葉片不是一面黑一面白，若雨片全黑或全白，葉片照光

還會(huì)旋轉(zhuǎn)嗎？6若.一黑一白的葉片改涂成其他不同的顏色，您認(rèn)為現(xiàn)象會(huì)如

何改變？7可.辦小型競(jìng)賽，如比賽方式可比賽組裝使特林引擎的技巧，

或利用光電閘紀(jì)錄飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的圈數(shù)及總轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)間，最多圈及時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)者勝出。競(jìng)賽可大幅提高學(xué)習(xí)者的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)機(jī)及趣味

性。咖啡杯上的史特林引擎(Stirlingengine)透視引擎的視覺(jué)化運(yùn)作！目的：藉由透視史特林引擎的運(yùn)作,了解抽象的熱力學(xué)循環(huán)過(guò)程。實(shí)驗(yàn)：組裝好的史特林引擎置於裝滿熱水的杯子上。熱水的熱能透過(guò)引擎氣室下方的金屬板傳導(dǎo)至氣室內(nèi)金屬板和白色活塞之間的氣體。此時(shí)稍微撥動(dòng)一下飛輪，引擎即開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)氣室上下雨金屬板的溫度差越大，飛輪則旋轉(zhuǎn)地越快。引

擎就靠著熱水所提供的熱能量，持續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，直至水溫冷卻到接近室溫，引擎才逐漸停止旋轉(zhuǎn)。工作機(jī)制：熱能

動(dòng)能的能量轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制，即蒸汽引擎的工作原理

應(yīng)用：(1)早期推動(dòng)蒸汽火車(chē)和蒸汽汽車(chē)前進(jìn)的主要機(jī)制。(2)火力發(fā)電廠中帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)高速旋轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)電的主要機(jī)制發(fā)電廠中的能量轉(zhuǎn)換流程：化學(xué)能

熱能

動(dòng)能

電動(dòng)。史特林引擎-推動(dòng)科技進(jìn)步、改善人類(lèi)生活質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵性發(fā)明史特林引擎，又稱(chēng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)：是一種活塞式熱氣

引擎經(jīng)由外部加熱裝有氫氣或氦氣氣體的密封氣室

,使氣體受熱膨脹，進(jìn)而推動(dòng)活塞做功。膨脹后的氣體在冷氣室冷卻，然后進(jìn)入下一個(gè)

流程。同樣只要有一定值的溫度差存在，都可

以形成斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，比如上面這個(gè)咖啡杯上

的斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，如果下面是冰塊，它也能轉(zhuǎn)

起來(lái)，而且比里面是熱咖啡（或熱水）還要持

久，一個(gè)小時(shí)左右。斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可以使用多種的燃料，各種可燃?xì)怏w估計(jì)是最佳材料，DeanKamen還用牛糞來(lái)作過(guò)燃料。而且排氣潔

凈，還有一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)相對(duì)于內(nèi)燃機(jī)來(lái)設(shè)，因?yàn)闆](méi)

有氣體爆炸，所以大大俘低了噪音污染。理想的史特林引擎是由雨個(gè)等溫過(guò)程及雨個(gè)等體積過(guò)程組成的熱力學(xué)循環(huán)。l

等溫壓縮(ab)：工作氣體的溫度T1

不變，但壓力上升。l

等體積加熱(b

c)：從熱水的熱蒸汽中獲得熱能。l

等溫膨脹(cd)：工作氣體的溫度不變

T2

，但壓力減小。l

等體積冷卻(d

a)：將熱能排至環(huán)境。

理想狀況下，若T1

與T固2

定的情況下，史特林引擎的效率等于

理想「卡喏循環(huán)」的熱機(jī)效率

原理思考史特林引擎中的熱力學(xué)循環(huán)過(guò)程

「卡喏循環(huán)」(Carnot-cycleengine)左圖是引擎內(nèi)工作氣體的工作圖

PV相圖?

縱軸是工作氣體的壓力?橫軸是工作氣體的體積?γ

為工作氣體的體積壓縮比。深入探討l使特林引擎的循環(huán)對(duì)應(yīng)的熱力學(xué)過(guò)程為何？l氣體在不同的階段和過(guò)程中，氣體的壓力、體

積及溫度的關(guān)系為何？l飛輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向與引擎的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)嗎？還

是由初始旋轉(zhuǎn)方向決定？l如果熱水的溫度增加，會(huì)影響什么？l可用什么方法讓引擎運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)間持續(xù)增加？l日常生活中充滿了使特林引擎運(yùn)用的物品，您知道有哪些嗎？問(wèn)題：是熱縮冷脹嗎?現(xiàn)象：通電，蝴蝶的翅膀會(huì)揮舞老師的答案：這可不是熱漲冷縮哦！目的：介紹反直覺(jué)的物理現(xiàn)象。實(shí)驗(yàn)：在一回賂中加入特殊金屬絲并通入電流，觀察通

電前后特殊金屬絲的變化。思考：一通電，物體就會(huì)被往上拉了？上頭是有裝馬達(dá)

嗎？要不然怎么一通電就往上拉。，通電的目的

是為了加熱該金屬絲，使其改變形狀，以達(dá)到此實(shí)驗(yàn)所想表現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象。討論：請(qǐng)舉出非熱漲冷縮的例子。備注：本實(shí)驗(yàn)利用通電的方式加熱，取代用火所造成的

不均勻加熱。參考資料：Wikipedia-Shapememoryalloyl

是一種對(duì)溫度特別敏感的特殊材料，當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度變化時(shí)，由于材料的內(nèi)應(yīng)力作用，使得材料發(fā)生變形，而當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度恢復(fù)後，該

材料也隨即恢復(fù)為原來(lái)的形狀，這就是所謂的記憶合金。l包括鎳鈦合金、銅鋅合金、銅鋁鎳合金以及銅金鋅合金等，現(xiàn)在

也已有以鐵合金及不銹鋼合金制成的記憶合金材質(zhì)。l除了形狀記憶合金之外，近些年來(lái)還出現(xiàn)了形狀記憶塑膠，某些

高分子聚合物也具有形狀記憶的功能。例如，日本有一種形狀記

憶塑膠，它是苯乙烯和丁二烯的聚合物，這種聚合物加熱至60oC

時(shí)，丁二烯開(kāi)始軟化，而苯乙烯仍然保持堅(jiān)硬，如此就能展現(xiàn)其形狀記憶的性能。l形狀記憶合金和形狀記憶塑膠的開(kāi)發(fā)，對(duì)于玩具業(yè)的發(fā)展有很好

的推動(dòng)作用。應(yīng)用十分廣泛，在日本利用記憶合金推出了不少新

穎別致的商品，可用于玩具、電子產(chǎn)品等領(lǐng)域。形狀記憶合金(ShapedmemoryAlloy,SMA)l簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)記憶合金，又稱(chēng)智慧型合金。l如機(jī)械上的固緊銷(xiāo)、管接頭，電子儀器設(shè)備上

的火災(zāi)報(bào)警器、插接件、積體電賂的釬焊。l醫(yī)療上的人造心瓣膜、脊椎矯正棍、頭顱骨修

補(bǔ)整形、口腔牙齒矯形和頜骨修補(bǔ)手術(shù)等。l在通訊衛(wèi)星、彩色電視機(jī)、溫度控制器以及玩

具等方面發(fā)揮神奇的效能，也將成為現(xiàn)代航海

、航空、航天、交通運(yùn)輸、輕紡等各條戰(zhàn)線上的新型材料。NIMS已開(kāi)發(fā)出形狀記憶合金薄膜驅(qū)動(dòng)器的簡(jiǎn)易制造技術(shù)引-自

2007/07/09

【日經(jīng)BP社報(bào)導(dǎo)】-http://big5.nikkeibp.co.jp/china/news/news/200707/mech200707090130.html

ㄝ記憶合金應(yīng)用十分廣泛：已上市的記憶合金產(chǎn)品l鈦鎳形狀記憶合金下尿賂擴(kuò)展支架l記憶合金食道支架l記憶合金作為防偽材料的應(yīng)用l醫(yī)用高強(qiáng)度記憶合金矯形棒l一種記憶合金薄壁管內(nèi)支架l

網(wǎng)格狀記憶合金超彈性文胸托杯l記憶合金食道支架l記憶合金人體椎體l記憶合金防偽標(biāo)志l單側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)記憶合金釘l一種記憶合金易拆卸環(huán)抱式加壓接骨器l記憶合金無(wú)聲脈動(dòng)電機(jī)l記憶合金脊柱棒l形狀記憶合金溫控器l滅火器用記憶合金彈簧收縮式感溫驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置Ultraviolet

Detecting

Beads

-UV

Science

and

Funl

TheseUVbeadsareaninexpensivefunwaytomaketheinvisiblebecome

visible.l

Thesolarponybeadsarepaleinvisiblelight,such

as

indoors

or

if

they

are

shieldedby

aUVscreensuchasautomobileglass

or

sunglasses.

TheUltra-violet

sensitivebeads

containapigmentwhichchangescolorwhenexposedtoUVlightfromthe

Sun

or

otherUV

source.l

Manyof

today'sspacetelescopesobservecolorsof

lightnotin

the

visible

spectrum

such

asinfraredandultraviolet.l

Onecanmakeasimplebraceletfroma

standardpipe

cleaner

or

strip

of

rawhidewhich

canfunctionasaUVdetector.Useyourimaginationtothinkof

otherthingstousethem

for.l

Manyotherexperimentsarepossibleaswell...testsunglasses

forthe

effectiveness

of

theirUVprotection,orevensuntan

lotion.l

Infiveassortedcolors,allbeadsarepale,off-white

in

the

absence

of

UV

light.l

Theultravioletbeadswillcyclebackandforth(tobrightcolors

andbackagain)

over50,000times!l

BecomeanultravioletdetectivewiththeseamazingUV-sensitivebeads!It'ssolarmagic

inaction!l

Makebracelets,testtheeffectivenessof

sunscreen,orexperimentwithcolorwhileyoulearnaboutthepowerof

sunlight.Includedisascience

activity

guidewith

lots

of

funexperiment