自考英語(yǔ)本科《0095、0834經(jīng)貿(mào)知識(shí)》課文-問(wèn)答-搭配-填空-翻譯-全冊(cè)22課

Lesson1InternationalBusiness

Inlernalion*businessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferent

countries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasof

thesamecountryisalsoregardedasimport,suchasbusinessbetweenHongKong

andTaiwan.

Internationbusinessinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthan

domesticbusiness.Thefollowingsaresomemajordifferencesbetweenthetwo:

1.Thecountriesinvolvedoftenhavedifferentlegalsystems,andoneormore

partieswillhavetoadjustthemselvestooperateincompliancewiththeforeign

law.

2.Differentcountriesusuallyusedifferentcurrenciesandthepartieswill

havetodecidewhichcurrencytouseanddoeverythingnecessaryasregards

conversionetc.Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseof

aforeigncurrency.

3.Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,

value,behavioretc.oftenconstitutechallengesandeventrapsforpeopleengaged

ininternationalbusiness.

4.Countriesvaryinnaturalandeconomicconditionsandmayhavedifferent

policiestowardsforeigntradeandinvestment,makinginternationalbusinessmore

complexthandomesticbusiness.

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescan

completelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespect

isnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.

Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exporting

andimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionor

resaleinanother.Thisformoftradeisalsoreferredtoasvisibletrade.Later

adifferentkindoftradeintheformoftransportation,communication,banking,

insurance,consulting,informationetc.graduallybecamemoreandmoreimportant.

Thistypeoftradeiscalledinvisibletrade.Today,theyconstituteover60%

oftheirgrossdomesticproductsandaccountforanincreasingproportionofworld

trade.

Anotherimportantformofinternationalbusinessissupplyingcapitalby

residentsofonecountrytoanother,knownasinternationalinvestment.Such

investmentscanbeclassifiedintotwocategories.Thefirstkindofinvestments,

foreigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthrough

controllingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.Thehostcountry

isaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates,whilethecountrywherethe

headquartersofinvestorislocatediscalledthehomecountry.Thesecondkind

ofinvestment,portfolioinvestment,referstopurchasesofforeignfinancial

assetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks,

bondsorcertificateofdeposit.Stocksarealsocalledcapitalstocksorbonds.

Bondsarepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthe

moneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Thematurityperiodofabondis

atleastoneyear,oftenlonger,forexamplefive,oreventenyears.Certificates

ofdepositgenerallyinvolvelargeamounts,say25thousandUSdollars.

Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingare

sometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Inlicensing,afirm

leasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.

Suchintellectualpropertymaybetrademarks,brandnames,patents,copyrights

ortechnology.Firmschooselicensingisbecausetheydon'thavetomakecash

paymenttostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.

Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationadvantagesofforeignoperationwithout

anyobiigationinownershipormanagement.Theuseof1icensingisparticularly

encouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarriersonthepartofthehost

country.Howeveritisnotadvisabletouselicensingagreementincountrieswith

weakintellectualpropertyprotectionsincethelicensormayhavedifficultyin

enforcinglicensingagreement.

Franchisingcanberegardedasaspecialformoflicensing.Underfranchising,

afirm,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,called

thefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,and

operatingtechniquesforroyalty.Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthe

1icenserandthe1icensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmore

supportforthefranchisee.

Thefranchisercandevelopinternationallyandgainaccesstouseful

informationaboutthelocalmarketwithlittleriskandcost,andthefranchisee

caneasilygetintoabusinesswithsstablishedproductsorservices.Franchising

isfairlypopularespeciallyinhotelandrestaurantbusiness.

Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagement

contract,contractmanufacturing,andturnkeyprojecl.

Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorother

specializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflat(fixed)

paymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolnine.Sometimesbonusesbased

onprofitabilityorsalesgrowtharealsospecialized(specified)inmanagement

contracts.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesit

considerstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,

managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoicesenablingaforeigncompanyto

operateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.

Bycontractmanufacturing,afirmcanconcentrateontheirstrongestpart

inthevaluechain,e.g.marketing,whilecontractingwithforeigncompanies

forthemanufactureoftheirproducts.Suchfirmscanreducetheamountoftheir

resourcesdevotedtomanufactureandbenefitfromlocationadvantagesfrom

productioninhostcounties.However,lossofcontrolovertheproducingprocess

maygiverisetoproblemsinrespectofqualityandtimeofdelivery.

Foraninternational“、-■?：,■',afirmsignsacontractwithaforeign

purchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipping

beforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.Suchprojectsareoften

largeandcomplexandtakealongperiodtocomplete.Paymentforaturnkeyproject

maybemadeatafixedtotalpriceoronacostplusbasis.Thelatterwayof

paymentshiftstheburdenofpossibleadditionalcostovertheoriginalbudget

ontothepurchaser.

BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyprojectwhereBstandsforbuild,

0foroperateandTfortransfer.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacility

foraperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoa

foreigncompany.Makingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthe

majordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyproject.Needlesstosay,

thecontractorhastobearthefinancialandotherrisksthatmayoccurinthe

periodofoperation.

Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetween

internationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.

1.Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionsbetweenpartiesfromdifferent

countries.

Therearefourmajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomestic

business:

1)differencesinlegalsystem

2)differencesincurrencies

3)differencesinculturalbackground

4)differencesinnaturalandeconomicconditions

Pleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Which

isbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportion

ininternationaltrade?

2.Commoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufactured

inonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.Thiskindoftradeisalso

referredtovisibletrade.Invisibletradeisintheformoftransportation,

communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.Invisible

tradeisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasing

proportionininternationaltrade.

Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternational

business?

3.Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,

behavioretc.

Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoriesofinternationalinvestment.Whatistheir

majordifference?

4.ForeigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthrough

controllingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.

Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsfora

purposeotherthancontrolling.

Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasmeansofenteringaforeign

market?

5.Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoa

firminanothercountry.

Firmschooselicensingbecausetheydonotwanttomakecashpaymentstostart

business,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,they

canbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutany

obiigationsinownershipormanagement.

Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?

6.Underfranchising,afirm,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthe

nameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,

brandname,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.

Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthe1icensee,the

franchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.

Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?

7.Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecialized

servicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentora

percentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.

Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiders

tobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,management

contractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeigncompanytooperatein

theindustrywithoutowningtheassets..

Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferent

fromit?

8.Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeign

purchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipping

beforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.

ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuilding

itupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.

Makingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifference

betweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyproject.

Franchise:anarrangementbywhichamonopolyproducerorownergivesanother

permissionfortheexclusiverighttomanufactureorselltheproductsincertain

area.

Royalty:moneypaidtotheownerofacopy-rightforpermissiontopublishcopy

rightmaterialandtotheownerofapatentforpermissiontouseapatenteddesign,

usu.atanagreedpercentageofthesellingpriceoftheproduct.

Patent:aspecialrighttoaninventortobetheonlypersontomakeandsell,

ortoauthorizeotherstomakeandsellanewly-inventedmachineorprocess.

Non-tariffbarrier:allformsofman-madeobstructionstointernationaltrade

otherthantariffs,includingprohibitionsandquotas,etc.

Portfolio:theentirecollectionofinvestmentsintheformofstocks,bonds,

orcertificateofdepositsforpurposesotherthancontrolling.

Turnkeyproject:oneinwhichoneofthepartiesagreestosupply,atthecontract

price,acompleteproductreadyforuse,suchasanewhome,factory,ship,etc.

Budget:anaccountofprobablefutureincomeandexpenditureduringastated,

period,usu,ayearusedasaguideinmakingfinancialarrangements.

Return:thegainfromaninvestment,eitherasincomeoryieldorasprofiton

thesaleoftheinvestment.

Expertise:expertknowledgeorskill,esp.inaparticularfield;know-how

Licensor:apersonorcompanygrantingalicense

3.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriateword:(Somewords

aregiventhefirstletterorletters)

Oneofthefastestgrowingareasofinterest.WithintheCollegeofBusiness

andPublicAdministrationisthemajorinInternationalBusiness.Thebusiness

arenainwhichtheCollege'sgraduateswillbeworkingisnolongerlocal,

regionalornationalinnature.Itisglobalandrequiresanunderstandingof,

andsensitivityto,differentculturesandbusinessenvironment.Thismajor

permitsstudentstodevelopasomewhatpersonalcourseofstudyininternational

business.Besidesinternationalbusinesscourses,thestudentsareabletofocus

onaparticularregionoftheworld.TheseregionsareEurope,EastAsiaand

LatinAmerica,andtheparticularregionalemphasiscarriedwithitaseriesof

geography,historyandpoliticalsciencecourseswhichrelatetothatparticular

regionaswellastotheglobalcommunity.Themajoralsocarriesarequirement

ofcompetencyin'aforeignlanguagespokenintheregionofchosenemphasis.

Studentschoosingthismajoralsohavemanyinterestingstudyabroad

opportunitieswhichtheyareexpectedtoparticipateHIforasummer,asemester

orevenayear.Itisalsopossibleforstudentsselectingthismajortominor

inafunctionalspecializationinbusinesstoenhancetheirattractivenessto

potentialemployers.Thisisanexcitingandchallengingmajorwhichoffers

studentsexcellentcareeropportunities.

4.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese:

Inthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,internationalbusinesshasbecome

animportanteconomicforce.Todayfew,ifany,countriesareeconomically

self-sufficient.EvenChina,withitsvasthumanandnaturalresources,hasnot

beenabletoremainalooffromtheworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStates,

internationalbusinesstouchpeople's1ivesdaily.Commongoodsandservices

suchasShellgasolinestations,etc.,oftenidentifiedwiththeUnitedStates,

are,infact,foreignowned.

Internationalbusinessisbusinessconductedinmorethanonecountry,

includingbuyingandsellinggoodsandservices.Otherinternationalbusiness

activitiesincludemarketing,manufacturing,mining,andfarming.Insum,

internationalbusinessisal1thepracticesabusinessinasinglecountrydoes,

butattheinternationallevel.

Internationalbusinessdoesnotfunctioninavacuum.Itoperateswithinthe

contextofinternationaland,sometimes,regionalrulesandregulationssetby

appropriateorganizations.Althougheachorganizationisdistinct,someoftheir

commoncharacteristicsarefosteringtradeamongmembercountries,establishing

commonrulesandregulations,promotingfairtradepracticesamongmembers,and

protectingmembersfromcompetitionfromnon-membercountries.Other

organizationsexisttofacilitatefinancialtransactionsamongnationsorthe

particularinterestofmembers,suchastradeinaspecificcommodity.

20世紀(jì)的后半葉，國(guó)際商務(wù)成了推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要力量當(dāng)今，世攜，極少有什么國(guó)

家能夠在經(jīng)濟(jì)上實(shí)現(xiàn)自給自足。即使是像中國(guó)這樣有著豐富人力和自然資源的國(guó)家，也

不能孤立于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)之外。在美國(guó)，國(guó)際商務(wù)與人們的日常生活休戚相關(guān)。一些常見(jiàn)貨

物和服務(wù)，例如殼牌加油站，通常認(rèn)為是美國(guó)的，實(shí)際上為外國(guó)所擁有。

國(guó)際商務(wù)是兩國(guó)或更多國(guó)家間進(jìn)行的商務(wù)活動(dòng)，包括買(mǎi)賣(mài)貨物和服務(wù)。其他國(guó)際商務(wù)

形式還包括：營(yíng)銷(xiāo)，制造，采礦和農(nóng)業(yè)?？傊瑖?guó)際商務(wù)包括一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)進(jìn)行的所有的

商務(wù)活動(dòng)；只不過(guò)這些活動(dòng)是在國(guó)際間進(jìn)行的。

國(guó)際商務(wù)不是在真空，進(jìn)行的，而是在有關(guān)組織制定的國(guó)際性或區(qū)域，陶彥規(guī)的條件

下進(jìn)行的。盡管這些組織不嗣，但是他們有一些共同的特征：發(fā)展成員國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易，

建立共同的法律法規(guī)，促進(jìn)成員國(guó)之間進(jìn)行公平貿(mào)易，保護(hù)成員國(guó)免受來(lái)自非成員國(guó)的

競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。有些組織的存在是為了方便國(guó)家間的金融往來(lái)或是為了成員國(guó)的特別利益，比如

在某一特定商品上的貿(mào)易。

5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易

要復(fù)雜得多。

Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferent

countries,itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomestic

business.

2.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此,

在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescan

completelystayawayforminternationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespect

isnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.

3.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。

Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,

contractmanufacturingandturnkeyproject.

4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一

國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。

Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exporting

andimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionor

resaleinanother.

5.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資，國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。

Besidestradeandinvestment,licensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenas

ameansofenteringaforeignmarket.

Lesson2IncomelevelandtheWordMarket

Inassessing(evaluate)thepotentialofamarket,peopleoftenlookatits

incomelevelsinceitprovidesclues(ideas)aboutthepurchasingpowerofits

residents.Theconceptsnationalincomeandnationalproducthaveroughlythe

samevalueandcanbeusedinterchangeablyifourinterestisintheirsumtotal

whichismeasuredasthemarketvalueofthetotaloutputofgoodsandservices

ofaneconomyinagivenperiod,usuallyayear.Thedifferenceisonlyintheir

emphasis.Theformerstressestheincomegenerated(produced)byturningoutthe

productswhilethelatter,thevalueoftheproductsthemselves.GNP(Gross

NationalProduct)andGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)aretwoimportantconcepts

usedtoindicateacountry,stotalincome.GNPreferstothemarketvalueof

goodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsof

aneconomy.Thistermwasusedbymostgovernmentbeforethe1990s.GDPmeasures

themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicarea

ofaneconomy.Ithasbeenpreferredbymostcountriessincethe1990s.

ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownership

ofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhere

productiontakesplace.Forexample,thedividendreturnedbythesubsidiaryof

MicrosoftinChinaisincludedintheUSGNPbutnotinitsGDP.Andtheproduction

ofthesamesubsidiaryisincludedinChina,sGDPbutnotinitsGNP.The

differencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignoredsinceitisverysmal1inmostcases.

Peoplecanusewhichevertermthatismoreeasilyavailableandtheycancompare

acountryJsGNPandanothercountry7sGDPwithoutworryingthattheresultwould

beterriblydistorted.Forinstance,in1996,theUSGNPwas7,637.7billionUS

DollarsanditsGDPwas7,636billionUSDollar,adifferenceofonly0.02%.And

in1996,China'sGNPwas8,042.28billionyuanRenminbianditsGDPwas8,191.09

billionyuan,withadifferenceof1.8%,stillinsignificantthoughlargerthan

theUSfigure.

Inassessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopleoftenlookat

percapitaincome.Similartothecaseofnationalincomeandnationalproduct,

percapitaincomeandpercapitaGDPdonothavemuchdifference.Solet'suse

pei-capitaGDI,toillustrateaneconomyJsincomelevel.Itiscalculatedby

dividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation.TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsize

ofaneconomy,whichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentor

bulkgoodssuchasgrain,steel,orcement.PercapitalGDPreveals(shows)the

averageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumer

durables.Forexample,ChinahasalargeGDPofroughlyUSD1.4trillionin2003,

beingtheseventhlargesteconomyintheworld.IfadjustedbyPPP,thefigure

wouldprobablybeaslargeasUSD6.4trillion,accountingfor12%oftheworld,s

totalandrankingthesecondonlyaftertheUSA.Sochinaisnotonlyanewly

emergingproducerbutalsoanewlyemergingmarket.HoweveritspercapitalGDP

isstillfairlylow,justabitoverUSD1100.Though$1000percapitalincome

isbelievedbyexpertstobelevelatwhichconsumerismbeginstoemerge(form),

theChinesefigureisstillratherlow,rankingonlythe1111intheworld.In

contrast,SingaporehasaGDPofroughlyabitover$100billion,butapercapital

incomeashighas$32810.ObviouslyChinaandSingaporerepresenttwodifferent

kindsofmarket.

Businesspeoplearealsoconcernedaboutthe：!(,<)meclislrilmii<ofamarket,

i.e.theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.Producersof

qualityelectricalappliancessuchascolorTVsareinterestedinthesizeof

acountry'smiddleclass,whilemanufacturersofexpensivecarssuchas

Rolls-Roycesmaywanttoknowthenumberofitsmillionaires.

Countriesoftheworldaredividedby!"、WorLdintothreecategories

ofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomeeconomies.Thoseenjoyingannual

percapitalincomeof$9386andaboveareclassifiedashigh-incomecountries.

Thisgroupcompri(ismadeupof)threetypesofcountries.Thefirsttype

includesmostmembersoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationand

Dcvcl,二Thesecondtypearerichoi1producingcountriesoftheMiddle

EastsuchasKuwait,SaudiArabia,andtheUnitedArabEmirates.Thethirdtype

consistsofsmall-industrializedcountriesorregionssuchasIsrael,Singapore,

HongKongandTaiwan.High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure,high

purchasingpower,advancedtechnology,efficientmanagement,andfavorable

environmentfortradeandinvestment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensive

consumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.

Countrieswithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9,386butabove$765are

regardedasmiddle-incomecountries.IncludedinthiscategoryaremostEast

EuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,

sixOECDmembersthatarenotuptothelevelofhighincomecountries,quite

anumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountries

inAsia,suchasIndonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippines,andThailand.Amongthe

Africancountries,SouthAfricaandoil-producingLibya,NigeriaandAlgeria

belongtothiscategory.Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isa

middle-incomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.

Lowerincomecountriesarethosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765

orevenless.MostAfricancountries,someAsiancountriesandafewLatinAmerican

countriesareincludedinthisgroup.Thesecountriesusuallyhavepoor

infrastructure,lowconsumerdemandandunfa