2025年上海市高考英語熱點復(fù)習(xí)：閱讀理解說明文

專題13閱讀理解說明文

目錄

題型綜述.......................................................

解題攻略.........................................................................3

題型01細(xì)節(jié)理解題..............................................................3

題型02詞句猜測題...............................................................4

題型03判斷推理題...............................................................6

題型04主旨大意題...............................................................9

高考練場......................................................

01題型綜述

?題型簡介

說明文是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個重要體裁，其目的是解釋和闡述事物，通常采用比較，解釋說明，引用，下定義，舉

例子，列數(shù)字等方法。說明文結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,語言客觀簡潔，旨在介紹目標(biāo)對象，呈現(xiàn)事實和觀點，作者立場不明顯。說明文

的常見語篇模式包括“問題一（分析）一解決措施一（解釋）一（呼吁，評價或拓展）”，“引出主題一解釋主題一拓展

主題”，“新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一解釋新研究一（進(jìn)一步實驗論證）一研究結(jié)論及其評價，研究啟示,未來研究方向”等。

?命題類型

?細(xì)節(jié)理解題：考查學(xué)生對文章中具體信息的理解，如時間，地點，事件等。

?推理判斷題：考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行邏輯推理和判斷的能力，包括推測隱含意思，文章出處,作者態(tài)度等。

?主旨大意題：考查學(xué)生對文章主題或中心意思的概括和歸納能力,包括段落大意，文章大意和標(biāo)題概括。

?詞義猜測題：考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞或短語的含義,包括代詞指代，生僻詞以及短語短句的含義。

?解題思路

?快速把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)：說明文通常開門見山，作者會在文章開篇就把要介紹的事物或表達(dá)的觀點直接陳述出來。

因此，通過文章第一段可以迅速找出說明文介紹或闡述的事物。

?關(guān)注段落首尾句：說明文的每個段落通常有主旨句,支撐細(xì)節(jié)和總結(jié)句。關(guān)注每一段的段首句和段尾句,可以幫

助考生在有限的時間內(nèi)把握段落的主旨大意。

?理解語篇模式：了解說明文的常見語篇模式，有助于考生從宏觀層面理解語篇的框架和脈絡(luò)，通過“尋讀”迅速定

位問題所在位置，提高閱讀理解的速度。

?同義轉(zhuǎn)換能力：近幾年高考對細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查難度有所增加,除了考查原文中直接出現(xiàn)的信息外，還考查學(xué)生

對原文信息進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換的能力。

?推理和判斷：在解答推理判斷題時，考生需要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容推測隱含意思，推斷作者的態(tài)度和意圖,以及對文章后

續(xù)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測。

02解題攻略

題型01細(xì)節(jié)理解題

提分秘籍

說明文中考查的細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致與記敘文相似。命題區(qū)域都有其共同點：⑴在列舉處命題，如用first（ly）,second（ly）,

third（ly）,finally,notonly,butalso,then,inaddition等表示順承關(guān)系的詞語列舉出事實。試卷要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中

選出符合題干要求的答案項。⑵在例證處命題，句中常用由as,suchas,forexample,forinstance等引導(dǎo)的短語或句子作為

例證，這些例句或比喻就成為命題者設(shè)問的焦點。⑶在轉(zhuǎn)折對比處命題，一般通過however,but,yet,infact等詞語來引導(dǎo)。

對比用unlike,until,notsomuch...as等詞語引導(dǎo)，命題者常對用來對比的雙方屬性進(jìn)行考查。⑷在比較處命題，無端的比

較，相反的比較，偷換對象的比較,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在干擾項中，考生要標(biāo)記并且關(guān)注到原文中的比較，才能順利地排除干擾。⑸在

復(fù)雜句中命題，包括同位詞，插入語，定語，從句，不定式等，命題者主要考查考生對句子之間的指代關(guān)系和語法關(guān)系。

O目困

做這類題目時，一般都能在原文中找到出處,只要仔細(xì)就可以在文中找到答案。但正確的選擇項不可

能與閱讀材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的語句成句型表達(dá)相同的意思。

典例剖析

Studentsandteachers,aswellassomeparents,sitontwowoodenbenchesrunningthelengthofthehallwayoftheir

school.TheytaketurnsreadingfromtheOhen:tonKarihwatehkwen,whichtranslatesfromtheMohawklanguageto"Words

beforeallelse.^^Thesewords,whichexpressappreciationforalllifeforms,marktheday'sstartattheAkwesasneFreedom

School.

Butthe60-oddstudentsherewouldn,tunderstandtheselessonsifitweren'tforthislittleschoolhouseattheUnited

States-Canadaborder."Thismakesuswhoweare,andifwedon'thavethis,whoarewegoingtobe?”asksteacher

Kawehnokwiiosthe,whosenameinEnglishmeans"Shemakestheislandbeautiful.^^

Kawehnokwiiostheturnstoheryoungpupilsandstatesthattheyarewise,orage5,Mohawkisthemediumof

educationforstudentsineveryclassfromkindergartento8thgrade.WhenachildasksaquestioninEnglish,

KawehnokwiiostherespondsinMohawk.

MostparentspayfortheirchildrenwithahandmadequiltsoldinAugust.Theschoolisrunasacooperative,where

parentsdothecleaningalongwiththestudentsandthemaintenancework.StudentscomefromAmericanandCanadiansidesof

theborder,buttheschoolhasneveracceptedfundsfromeithergovernment,saysAlveraSargent,whoheadsthenonprofit

FriendsoftheAkwesasneFreedomSchoolandisoneofthelastfirst-languagespeakersofMohawk.

Thatmakesherindispensable,saysWayionCook,formerteacherandnowprojectmanageroftheschool'snonprofit

arm.t4Wetreasureourfirst-languagespeakers,9,hesays.4tWetreasurethembecausetheyaresoimportantforustocontinueon

ourlanguage.^^

9.WhatistheOhen:tonKarihwatehkwenabout?

A.Awayofgreeting.B.Awaytostartandendaday.

C.Deeprespectforthenaturalworld.D.Old-fashionedbusinesspractices.

10.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheschool?

A.ItisheadedbyWayionCookcurrently.

B.Itisself-governedbythelocalcommunity.

C.Itacceptskidsfromkindergartentohighschool.

D.ItemploysbothEnglishandMohawkforteaching.

題型02語意猜測題

提史秘籍

說明文為了把自然規(guī)律,事物的性質(zhì)等介紹清楚或把事理闡述明白，因此學(xué)術(shù)性強(qiáng)的生詞較多，所以常進(jìn)行生詞詞義

判斷題的考查。命題方式多以theunderlinedpart...inparagraph...refersto...或whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或

whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?為設(shè)問方式。說明文在闡述說明對象時易發(fā)生動作變換，人稱轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)象，這類

題目常以it,they,them等代詞為命題點，因此考生要根據(jù)上下文語境,認(rèn)真閱讀原文，分析動作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，弄清動作不同執(zhí)行

者，以便準(zhǔn)確判斷代詞的其實際指代對象。

國目困

解這類題型時，考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀原文,分析其對某些科學(xué)原理是如何定義，如何解釋的，并以此為突破

口抽象概括出生詞詞義。也可以通過上下文來猜測某個陌生詞語的語意?；蛘哒页瞿硞€詞語在文章中的

同義詞。要注意破折號，同位語從句，定語從句，插入語等具有解釋，說明作用的語言成分。

典例剖析

ThepopularityofDurianPersonalitiesisalsodrivenbythelongingfordepthandgenuineemotioninmodemsociety.

Psychologicalresearchshowsthatwithincreasingrelianceonsocialnetworksandinstantmessagingtools,shallow

relationshipshavemademanylosepatienceandabilityfordeepcommunication.However,DurianPersonalitiesofferacure:Its

“unapproachability“becomesafilteringmechanism,avoidingfrivoloussocialinteractionsandencouragingdeeperengagement

invaluableinterpersonalconnections.

15.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"frivolous“inparagraph3probablymean?

A.Regular.B.Unnecessary.C.Nonprofitable.D.Time-consuming.

典例剖析

DrKatyTamattheUniversityofTorontoScarboroughsaidboredomwascloselylinkedtoattention.t4Wefeelbored

whenthere?sagapbetweenhowengagedweareandhowengagedwewanttobe,“shesaid."Whenpeoplekeepswitching

throughvideos,theybecomelessengagedwiththevideosandtheyarelookingforsomethingmoreinteresting.Thiscanleadto

increasedfeelingsofboredom.^^

Theresultsappeartochimewithotherstudies:astheteamnotes,previousresearchhassuggestedthatwhileboredom

reliefisadriverforpeopletousesocialmediaorsmartphones,theuseofsuchtechnologyappearstomakethefeelingworse.

30.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“chimewith“meaninParagraph3?

A.agreewithB.comparewithC.contrastwithD.disagreewith

典例剖析

Yourownexperienceofrevisingforexamsmighttellyouthatsessionsofuninterruptedconcentrationcanhelpyouto

betterrememberkeypiecesofinformation.Indeed,manystudentswillengageinintensiverevisionjustbeforeatest-inthe

beliefthatessentialsubjectfactsandfigureswillbememorizedreadyforexamday.

However,thiscommonlyheldwisdomhasbeencontradictedbyanobservationmadeinapsychologicalstudy.Now

knownastheZeigamikeffect,itwasfoundthatinterruptionduringataskthatrequiresfocuscaninfactimproveaperson's

abilitytorememberitafterwards.

49.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thiscommonlyheldwisdom“inparagraph2referto?

A.Rememberingessentialsubjectfactsguaranteessuccessinexams.

B.Interruptiononmemoryprocessinggeneratesunexpectedresults.

C.Uninterruptedconcentrationcontributestoeffectiverevision.

D.Revisionwithfullconcentrationboostslong-termmemory.

題型03判斷推理題

提史秘籍

推理判斷題是高考閱讀理解試卷中的重要題型之一，包括判斷和推理兩個方面,屬于主觀題，是閱讀理解中層次較

高的題目，因此也是考生失分率較高的題型。需要在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對語篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細(xì)節(jié)的

暗示，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義。

推斷則是指通過對文章進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析，推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷正確與否彳艮大程度上取決

于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語氣及觀點。推理判斷題主要有以下幾種形式：細(xì)節(jié)推斷題，重章的來穗或留

者對象推斷題，寫作意圖推斷題，觀點態(tài)度圖等。

這類題目常見的設(shè)問方式有：

1.Whatwastheauthor9sattitudetowards...?

2.Thepassageisintendedto...

3.Theauthorsuggeststhat...

4.Thestoryimpliesthat...

5.Whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?

6.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...

7.Thepurposeofthepassageisto...。

回國圓畫

解決這類題型時,應(yīng)該根據(jù)不同的推理判斷方法解題。學(xué)生要在閱讀理解整體語篇的基礎(chǔ)上,把握文

章的真正內(nèi)涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到,而且推理時我們務(wù)必要忠于原文,在文章中尋找并確定可

推論的依據(jù),準(zhǔn)確理解文中的已知部分,切忌過度推測或無理由推測，要結(jié)合語境和常識推論出未知部

分，把握作者的言外之意。

典例剖析

ResearchersfromSunYat-senUniversitysharedtheirfindingsinInternationalEnvironmentthatmicroplastics（微塑料）

canmakehairlossworsebyhurtingtheskin'sprotectivebarriersthroughaprocesscalledoxidativestress（氧化應(yīng)激）.

Microplasticsareverysmallpiecesofplastic,smallerthan5millimeters.Theycomefrombiggerplasticitemsbreaking

down,likeshoppingbags,take-outcontainers,anddrinkbottles.Thesetinybitscangetintowater,soilandairandtheycan

moveupthefoodchainanddepositinourbody.

Theresultofthefirststudyshowswhenmicroplasticsaretestedinlivinganimals,theycancreateoxidativestressand

stopcertainproteinsfromworkingproperly.Thiscanhurttheskinandthepartsofthehairfollicleswherehairgrows,finally

leadingtohairfallingout.

Inthesecondstudy,researchersexploredhownewandagedmicroplasticsaffecttheskinandhairinmice.Theygave

micewaterwiththesemicroplasticsfortwomonthstoseewhatwouldhappentotheirhair.Afterjustoneday,researcherscould

seethatthemicroplasticshadmovedthroughthemice'sstomachs,gotintotheirbloodandendedupintheirhair.Aftertwo

months,themicethatdrankwaterwithagedmicroplasticshadmoredamagedskinandfallinghairthanthosewithnew

microplastics.Butfurtherexperimentsareneededtodecidewhetheragedmicroplasticsaremoreharmful.

"Notably,indailylifemicroplasticscanbefoundinbottledwater,clotheswewear,andeventheairwebreathe.Itis

estimatedthatapersonconsumesapproximately5gramsofmicro-plasticparticlesperweekonaverage,saidresearchleader

WangXusheng.

17.Howdoestheauthordevelopparagraph2?

A.Byquotation.B.Bylistingnumbers.

C.Bycomparison.D.Bygivingadefinition.

18.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph34?

A.Microplasticsareabsorbedthroughmanyorgans.

B.Microplasticsfinallydepositinthemice'sstomachs.

C.Researcherswillcarryoutfurtherexperimentsonhumanbeings.

D.Newandagedmicroplasticsaffectthemicetothesameextentinthefirststudy.

19.WhatisWangXusheng'sattitudetowardsmicroplasticsindailylife?

A.Indifferent.B.Objective.C.Concerned.D.Skeptical.

20.Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?

A.Tostressontheimportanceofhairprotection.

B.Tointroducesomenewfindingsofmicroplastics.

C.Tocallforurgentactiononplasticbanworldwide.

D.Towarnreadersthedangerofmicroplasticsindailylife.

題型04主旨大意題

提史秘籍

說明文常用文章大意判斷題考查考生對通篇文意的理解。即對文章的主題或中心意思的概括和歸納。主要考查考

生對文章的整體理解能力。命題形式常以Thispassagemainlytalksabout.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?為設(shè)

問方式。這種試卷多以Thispassagemainlytalksabout...

回國陶因

答題時首先閱讀題干，掌握問題的類型,了解試卷題干以及各個選項所包含的信息，然后有針對性地

對文章進(jìn)行掃讀對有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合，甄別，分析，對比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾

項，選出正確答案。

典例剖析

Thebrainisprotectedbyshock-absorbingfluidand,outsidethat,theskull.Inaconcussion（月囪震蕩），thebrainbounces

aroundintheskull,accelerating,deceleratingorrevolving.Thiscreatesaseriesofimpacts.Theneurons（神經(jīng)元）inthebrain

aredisturbed,andbetweenthoseneurons,theaxons-thinfibersthattransmitelectricalimpulses-stretchorbreak.Insidethe

brain,it'slikeanearthquakethathashappened.Everythingisstillstanding,buttherearecracksintheroadsandinbuilding

foundations.

Thisextremelysmalldamagehasbigconsequences.Butdecadesago,thepublichada“walkitoff'attitudetowards

concussions.Thafschanged,thanksinparttoanincreasedawarenessaboutthelong-termeffects.The2015film“Concussion”

tellsthetruestoryofDrBennetOmalu,aforensicpathologiststudyingchronictraumaticencephalopathy（CTE）,abrain

disordercausedbyrepeatedheadinjuries.

Untilrecently,thedark-roomtreatmentwasthestandardprescribedbymostdoctors,involvingpatientsrestingin

darknessandwithoutanymentalstimulation,untiltheirsymptomseasedoff.Thissuggestioncameoutofstudiesinthe1990s

andearly2000sthatfoundwhenathleteswithconcussionscontinuedwithhighlevelsofactivity,theyrecoveredmoreslowly

thanthosewhorested.

Butpeoplewhospendmoretimeinadarkroom-sometimescalled'"cocooning^-arealsomorelikelytoexperience

anxiety,depressionandsleepproblems.Theirbodiesgetweakerduetounderuse,aswell.

"Scienceandresearchhaveevolvedoverthepastdecade,showingthatwhenyoustopdoingactivityaltogether,that

actuallyaffectsyourrecoveryprocess,9,saysBabul,asports-injuryspecialist.Theactive-restapproachtoconcussionrecovery

promotesaslowincreaseinactivity,startingwithadayortwooflightdailymovement,andgraduallyaddingactivity,building

toafullreturntonormal,unrestrictedactivity.

“Peoplewhofollowtherightguidanceandmanagementtendtorecoveruneventfully,andthosewhodon'tandcontinue

todotheiractivitiescontinuetotaxtheirbrainandarelikelytohavelong-term,persistingsymptoms,Babulsays."Thekeyis

torecognizeitimmediatelyandknowwhattodo.”

41.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theworkingsofconcussion.B.Thecausesofconcussion.

C.Thesymptomsofconcussion.D.Theeffectsofconcussion.

44.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.FromInactiontoAction:ConcussionShocks.B.FromDarknesstoLight:ConcussionRecovery.

C.FromOutsidetoInside:ConcussionTreatment.D.FromNothingtoSomething:ConcussionStudy.

03高考練場

題型oi細(xì)節(jié)理解題

（2025年浦東新區(qū)一模）

Insociology,consumptionisaboutsomuchmorethanjusttakinginorusingupresources.Humansconsumetosurvive,of

course,butintoday'sworld,wealsoconsumetoentertainandamuseourselves,andasawaytosharetimeandexperiences

withothers.Weconsumenotonlymaterialgoodsbutalsoservices,experiences,information,andculturalproducts.

Consumptiontodayisacentralorganizingprincipleofsociallife.

Sociologistsrecognizethatmanyaspectsofourdailylivesarestructuredbyconsumption.Infact,Polishsociologist

ZygmuntBaumanwroteinthebookConsumingLifethatWesternsocietiesarenolongerorganizedaroundtheactof

production,butinstead,aroundconsumption.ThistransitionbeganintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury,after

whichmostproductionjobsweremovedoverseas,andoureconomyshiftedtoretailandtheprovisionofservicesand

information.

43.WhatwasthechangeintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury?

A.Ashifttolocalproduction.B.Agrowthofoverseasconsumption.

C.Afocusonretailandservices.D.Adeclineinthevalueofconsumption.

（2025年浦東新區(qū)一模）

Insociology,consumptionisaboutsomuchmorethanjusttakinginorusingupresources.Humansconsumetosurvive,of

course,butintoday5sworld,wealsoconsumetoentertainandamuseourselves,andasawaytosharetimeandexperiences

withothers.Weconsumenotonlymaterialgoodsbutalsoservices,experiences,information,andculturalproducts.

Consumptiontodayisacentralorganizingprincipleofsociallife.

Sociologistsrecognizethatmanyaspectsofourdailylivesarestructuredbyconsumption.Infact,Polishsociologist

ZygmuntBaumanwroteinthebookConsumingLifethatWesternsocietiesarenolongerorganizedaroundtheactof

production,butinstead,aroundconsumption.ThistransitionbeganintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury,after

whichmostproductionjobsweremovedoverseas,andoureconomyshiftedtoretailandtheprovisionofservicesand

information.

43.WhatwasthechangeintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury?

A.Ashifttolocalproduction.B.Agrowthofoverseasconsumption.

C.Afocusonretailandservices.D.Adeclineinthevalueofconsumption.

（2025年閔行一模）

TheconversationaltoneofanAIchatbotorvoice-basedassistantisagoodwaytolearnnewconcepts,butitmayactually

makeusmorewillingtobelieveinaccuracies,comparedwithinformationpresentedinastatic（靜態(tài)的）article.

Toinvestigatethisissue,SonjaUtzfromGermanyasked1,200participantstoengagewithoneofthreeformats.Thefirst

involvedtextappearingletterbyletterinthestyleofalargemodel,similartoChatGPT;thesecondprovidedinformation

throughavoice-baseddevice;andthethirdwasastatic,text-basedcopyofcontent.

43.WhatwasthemainfocusofSonjaUtz*sstudy?

A.FeaturesofAIchatbotsorvoice-basedassistants.

B.People'spreferenceforinformationsources.

C.Whystaticarticlesdifferfromconversationalcontent.

D.Howtextformatsinfluenceinformationtrustworthiness.

題型02語意猜測題

（2025年嘉定一模）

Thesimplicityofthefondant-asingle-servingdessertwithamoltencore-beliesitscomplexity.Achievingtheperfect

textureandensuringthecenterflowsattheexactmomentofcuttingarethechallengesthatonlyaskilledchefcanconsistently

conquer.There'sanelementofanticipationbuiltintotheexperience:willthewarmchocolatefloworremaindisappointingly

solid?

44.Whatdoestheword“belies”（paragraph4）mostprobablymean?

A.Reveals.B.Defines.C.Masks.D.Explains.

（2025年虹口一模）

Buttrade-offsexist.Givenpeople'sanxietyaboutmathandlevelofmathematicalability,thereisanupperlimitwhen

communicatingthesekindsofdetails.Inpastresearch,itwasfoundthatpeoplefindnumbershelpful,solongastherearen'ttoo

manyofthem.Nohard-and-fastrulesuggestshowmanyistoomany-itdependsonthecomplexityofthetopic,people's

familiaritywiththesubjectandtheiroverallnumeracy.Communicatorsthereforeneedtoknowandattendtotheiraudience:ifa

speakerseessomeonelookingbored,forexample,ifsasigntobackoffonthenumbers.

44.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsthedescriptionof"trade-offs”（paragraph4）?

A.Numberscausedifficultiesinunderstandingthematter.

B.Peoplefindthesubjectbeingtalkedaboutunfamiliar.

C.Ittakestimetoconfirmtheprecisionofallnumbers.

D.Peopletendtoholdmoredebatesaboutthetopic

題型03判斷推理題

（2025年徐匯一模）

Mosttaxidriversneedasmartphonetogettotheirdestinations.Butsharks,itseems,neednothingmorethantheirown

bodies——andEarth'smagnetic（磁的）field.AnewstudysuggestssomesharkscanreadEarth'sfieldlikeamapanduseitto

travellongdistanceswithaccuracy.

Sincethe1970s,researchershavesuspectedthatsomefishcandetectmagneticfields.Butnoonehadshownthatsharksuse

thefieldstofindtheirlocationornavigate（導(dǎo)航）,partlybecausetheanimalsaren'tsoeasytoworkwith.Ifsonethingifyouhave

asmallfish,orababyseaturtle,butwhenyouworkwithsharks,youhavetoupscaleeverything.

（2025年楊浦一模）

Neurodiversityisatermthatreferstothenaturalrangeofdifferencesinpeople'sbrains.Theneurodiversitymovementsays

thatthebrainsthatwanderfromtheaveragewithinthatrangeshouldn'tbedismissedasinsufficientautomatically.Thetermdates

backtotheautism（自閉癥）communityinthe1990s,thoughit'snowappliedtoallsortsofmentaldifferences.Inthepast,

“autismwaswidelyseenasanindividualmedicaltragedy,9,saysRobertChapman,aneurodivergent（腦功能異于常人的）

philosopherwithautism,t6Theonlyhopeforautisticpeopleandourfamilies,itwasthought,wasthatwewouldonedaybefixed

throughbehavioralorbiomedicalintervention.

Crucially,theneurodiversitymovementallowsneurodivergentpeopletotransformtheirthinkingaboutthemselves.tcThe

dominantmedicalizednarrativesuggestedthatbeingautisticmademesomehowtragic,broken,andinneedoffixing“Chapman

writesinhis2023book."ThiswaswhyIfounddiscoveringneurodiversitymovement,whichofferedadifferentanalysis,so

liberating.^^

45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutRobertChapman?

A.Hebelievesbeingautisticisalife-longtragedy.

B.Hehasbeenfixedthroughbio-medicalintervention.

C.Heisbotheredbythenegativenarrativesurroundingautism.

D.Hethinksautisticpeoplecanbeliberatedfromthemovement.

46.Themainpurposeofthearticleisto.

A.introducetheeffectivetreatmentmethodsforautism

B.explainthehistoryandsignificanceoftheneurodiversitymovement

C.argueforthenecessityofpromotingtheneurodiversitymovement

D.criticizethewrongfocusofresearchinunderstandingautism

題型04主旨大意題

（2025年靜安一模）

About150yearsafterhisdeath,questionsappearedabouttheauthorshipofWilliamShakespeare5splays.Scholarsand

literarycriticsbegantofloatnameslikeChristopherMarlowe,EdwarddeVereandFrancisBacon-menofmoreknown

backgrounds,literaryrecognition,orinspiration-asthetrueauthorsoftheplays.Muchofthiscamefromtheincompleterecord

ofShakespeare'slifeandthelackofeye-witnesssources.OfficialfilesfromtheHolyTrinityChurchandtheStratford

governmentrecordtheexistenceofaWilliamShakespeare,butnonebearsthestatementslikehimbeinganactororplaywright

（劇作家）.

46.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.waystodeterminetherealauthorofclassicliteraryworks

B.thefightsbetweenShakespeare^supportersandhisopponents

C.doubtsandproofsabouttheauthorshipofShakespeare'splays

D.thecriticismonShakespeare9splaysandtheirvalues

（2025年奉賢一模）

Forthefirsttime,scientistshaveobservedthebrainthroughoutthepregnancy（懷孕）timeline.Sexhormones,likeestrogen

andtestosterone,arepowerfulplayersinthebrain,affectingmood,memory,andmore.Someofthemostdramatichormonal

changesthathumansexperiencehappenduringpregnancy,andyetthoseninemonthshavebeenablackboxforhuman

neuroscienceuntilnow.

AnewstudypublishedthisweekinNatureNeuroscienceprovidesthemostextensivelookinsidethatblackboxyet.

Researchersscannedthebrainofonewoman26timesovertheentirecourseofherpregnancy-before,duringandafter.Brain

scansshowthattracksofwhitemattergetstrongerduringpregnancy.Previousbrainimagingstudiesfrombeforeandafter

pregnancyhaveshownthatpregnancyshrinks（縮d、）partsofthebrain,specificallyitsgraymatter.Theseouterlayersofthebrain

areresponsibleformostofsensation,learningandothergreatthingsthebraindoes.

43.Thepassagemainlytellsus.

A.howpregnancyimpactswomen'smemoryB.howbrainscansleadtoabreakthrough

C.howpubertydiffersfrompregnancyD.howbrainchangesduringpregnancy

變式演練

A

（2025年崇明一模）

ThePulitzersareAmericanawardsgivenwithintheUnitedStatesforoutstandingachievementinjournalismaswellas

books,dramaandmusic.Undertheseheadings,thereare22categoriesincludingonlinejournalism,newspaperreporting,

fiction,history,music,drama,poetry,photographyandmore.Recipientscanbeanewsorganization,anindividualoragroupof

people.

Eachofthefirst21winnersreceivesa$15,000cashprizeandacertificate.Thetwenty-secondprize,however,isthe

PublicServicePrize,whichisalwaysgiventoanewsagency.Insteadofcash,thenewsorganizationreceivesthePulitzerGold

Medal.Thenameoftheyear'swinnerisononesideofthecoinandtheyearisontheother.Allwinnersarehonoredand

awardedtheirprizesatanannuallunchparty.TheeventtakesplaceatColumbiaUniversity,whichwasoriginallytaskedwith

administeringtheaward,andusuallyoccursinMay.

Ifithadn'tbeenforaHungarian-AmericannamedJosephPulitzer,theawardswouldneverhavecomeintoexistence.

PulitzerwasbornintoawealthyfamilyinHungaryin1847.HemadehiswaytoAmericaandbuiltacareerinjournalism.He

developedareputationasanambitiousandenergeticyoungjournalist.By1872Pulitzerhadbecomeapublisher,andsixyears

laterheownedanewspapercompany.In1883hepurchasedyetanothernewspaper.Hebecameknownassomeonewhowas

notafraidtotakeapublicstandagainstcorruption（腐敗）.

Afterasuccessfulcareerinjournalism,sevenyearsbeforehisdeath,Pulitzerwroteawill,leaving$2,000,000to

ColumbiaUniversity.ThemoneywastoestablishaschoolofjournalismatColumbiaandasetofawards.Pulitzer'sdesirewas

toraisethestandardsofjournalism.Hehopedtheprizewouldactasastimulusforjournaliststoworkforexcellence-then

andintothefuture.

FaithfullyfollowingPulitzer'sinstructions,ColumbiaUniversityawardedtheveryfirstPulitzerPrizesin1917.Today

theseawardsareconsideredsomeofthemostdistinguishedprizesinAmerica.

36.WhatcanbeknownaboutthePulitzers?

A.Theirrecipientsallgetcashprizes.B.Thereare21winnerseachyear.

C.Theyareawardedworldwide.D.Theygobeyondjournalism.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatJosephPulitzer.

A.washumorousandcourageousB.wasraisedupinajournalist,sfamily

C.hadastrongsenseofjusticeD.