高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義專題一閱讀理解第二節(jié)

第二節(jié)方法運(yùn)用于命題閱讀理解的常考命題1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題在高考英語閱讀理解試題中所占比例最大，但這部分題目相對來說比較簡單，只要通過題干的關(guān)鍵詞，在文中找到題目的相關(guān)信息，仔細(xì)對比，就能得出答案。其正確選項特征為：同義替換、語言簡化、正話反說等。其干擾項特征為：張冠李戴、無中生有、曲解文意、顛倒是非等。2．詞義猜測題高考閱讀理解試題中對于詞義猜測題的考查力度逐步加大。詞義猜測是一種閱讀技巧和能力，考查考生在短時間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測所指定的某一個生詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞或詞組往往超出考綱范圍。要做好該類試題需要：利用上下文線索猜測詞義(重述、定義、舉例、同義詞或近義詞、反義詞等)；根據(jù)語法知識猜測詞義；根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測詞義；根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義；根據(jù)常識或背景知識猜測詞義等。3．推理判斷題推理判斷題考查考生根據(jù)字面意思，通過邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判斷題涉及的可能是文中一句或幾句話，甚至是文章或段落的主題，弄清正確選項或干擾選項特征是做題的關(guān)鍵。其正確選項特征為：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出現(xiàn)絕對概念。其干擾選項特征為：曲解文意、張冠李戴、偷梁換柱、無中生有、魚目混珠、擴(kuò)縮范圍等。4．主旨大意題主旨大意題主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、選擇標(biāo)題及判斷作者寫作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。其正確選項特征為：涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段；確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太??；精確性強(qiáng)，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。其干擾選項特征為：過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷換概念；無中生有，生搬硬套等。點(diǎn)津解答各類命題時往往是多法并舉，而不是一種方法解決一種題。(2017·浙江，A)BenjaminWest，thefatherofAmericanpainting，showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays，abrushwasmadefromcamel’shair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong，thecatbegantolookragged(蓬亂)．Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.Thecat’slotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear，oneofBenjamin’scousins，MrPennington，cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjamin’sdrawings.Whenhewenthome，hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings(版畫)byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.In1747，whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold，MrPenningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin’sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.Inthecity，MrPenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape(風(fēng)景)painting.WilliamWilliams，awell-knownpainter，cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle，havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid，“Thosetwobooksweremypanionsbyday，andundermypillowatnight.”Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks，theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了美國著名藝術(shù)家本杰明·韋斯特是如何開始他的藝術(shù)生涯的。21．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Benjamin’svisittoPhiladelphia.B．Williams’influenceonBenjamin.C．ThebeginningofBenjamin’slifeasanartist.D．ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.答案C解析主旨大意題。可運(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法等解答該題。文章從本杰明在六歲時自制畫筆作畫寫起，到后來利用專業(yè)工具作畫，再到知名畫家送給本杰明書籍，都是在講述本杰明是如何開始一步步走上藝術(shù)之路的，故選C。22．WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph3suggest?A．Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.B．Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.C．Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.D．Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.答案D解析句意理解題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵詞法、釋義法等解答該題。由前文可知，本杰明在沒有專業(yè)畫筆之前是用貓的毛制作畫筆的。畫線句的字面意思是“貓的命運(yùn)將會得到改善”。由該段后文可知，本杰明的表兄送給了他專業(yè)的顏料和畫筆。由此可推知D項與畫線句的意思相符。23．WhatdidPenningtondotohelpBenjamindevelophistalent?A．Hetookhimtoseepaintingexhibitions.B．Heprovidedhimwithpaintingmaterials.C．HesenthimtoaschoolinPhiladelphia.D．Hetaughthimhowtomakeengravings.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法等解答該題。短文第四段提到“HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.”，接著下一段又談到“...MrPenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.”，由此可知，潘寧頓送給本杰明繪畫材料來幫助他發(fā)展藝術(shù)才能，故選B項。24．Williams’twobookshelpedBenjaminto.A．mastertheuseofpaintsB．a(chǎn)ppreciatelandscapepaintingsC．gettoknowotherpaintersD．makeuphismindtobeapainter答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？蛇\(yùn)用關(guān)鍵信息定位法、題段一致法、掃讀法等解答該題。由文章最后兩句“Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks，theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.”可知，這兩本書是他通往古典繪畫的入門教程，也幫助他下定決心成為一名畫家，故選D項。(2017·浙江，B)GettinglesssleephasbeeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(調(diào)查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights，eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday，and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest：mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren，tenhoursisideal(理想的)．ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson，andtherearemoreopportunities(機(jī)會)tostayawake，withmorehomework，theInternetandthephone，”saysDrMaryCarskadon，asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics，butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers，someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago，schoolsinEdina，Minnesota，changedthestarttimefrom7：25amto8：30am.Students，parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章指出了美國孩子睡眠缺乏的問題，列舉了不同年齡段的孩子所需的睡眠時間、青少年晚睡的原因以及學(xué)校為解決青少年的睡眠問題所采取的措施。25．WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A．Americankids’sleepinghabits.B．Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C．Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D．Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章第一段列舉的一系列數(shù)字可知，國家睡眠基金會對一定年齡段孩子的睡眠習(xí)慣進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，這也呼應(yīng)了本段第一句“GettinglesssleephasbeeabadhabitformostAmericankids.”，故選A項。26．Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A．7hours. B．8hours.C．10hours. D．18hours.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章第二段第四句“Formostschool-agechildren，tenhoursisideal(理想的)．”可知選C項。27．WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A．Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B．Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C．Theyfollowtheirparents’examples.D．Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.答案B解析推理判斷題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法、題段一致法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson，andtherearemoreopportunities(機(jī)會)tostayawake，withmorehomework，theInternetandthephone...”以及第二句“...theseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.”可知，孩子們在睡覺前看電視、寫作業(yè)、上網(wǎng)或打都容易讓他們產(chǎn)生興奮感而不愿意睡覺，故選B項。(2017·浙江，C)FLORENCE，Italy—SvetlanaCojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly，butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagrowingimmigrant(移民)populationbydemandinglanguageskillsinexchangeforworkpermits，orinsomecases，citizenship.Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesmakeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs，suchmeasureswillbeemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合)．Otherssayit’sonlynaturalthatnewerslearnthelanguageoftheirhostnation，seeingitasaconditiontoensuretheycancontributetosociety.OtherEuropeancountrieslaiddownasimilarrequirementforimmigrants，andsometermsareeventougher.Thegovernmentsarguethatthiswillhelpforeignersbetterjointhesocietyandpromoteunderstandingacrosscultures.Italy，whichhasamuchweakertraditionofimmigration，haswitnessedasharpincreaseinimmigrationinrecentyears.In1990，immigrantsnumberedsome1.14millionoutofItaly’sthen56.7millionpeople，orabout2percent.Atthestartofthisyear，foreignerslivinginItalyamountedto4.56millionofatotalpopulationof60.6million，or7.5percent，withimmigrants’childrenaccountingforaneverlargerpercentageofbirthsinItaly.Cojochru，theMoldovancaregiver，hopedobtainingpermanentresidence(居住權(quán))wouldhelpherbringhertwochildrentoItaly；theylivewithhersisterinMoldova，wheresalariesareamongthelowestinEurope.Shewasskepticalthatthelanguagerequirementwouldencourageintegration.Italiansalways“seemeasaforeigner，”anoutsider，eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently，shesaid.語篇解讀本文是一篇議論文?？萍s卡魯在意大利佛羅倫薩打工已經(jīng)七年了，但為了繼續(xù)待在這里她不得不通過考試來證明自己的語言技能——近幾年意大利的外來移民越來越多，政府認(rèn)為讓外來移民參加語言考試，是為了幫助他們更好地融入社會，促進(jìn)文化交流，而一些移民感覺這一舉措讓自己受到了傷害。28．WhydoesCojochruhavetotakealanguagetest?A．TocontinuetostayinItaly.B．ToteachherchildrenItalian.C．TofindabetterjobinItaly.D．TobettermixwiththeItalians.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？蛇\(yùn)用關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法、掃讀法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句中的“butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatest”可知，為了能繼續(xù)留在意大利，科約卡魯需要參加語言測試來證明她的語言技能。29．Somepeopleworrythatthenewlanguagerequirementmay.A．reduceItaly’spopulationquicklyB．causeconflictsamongpeopleC．leadtofinancialdifficultiesD．putpressureonschools答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。可運(yùn)用關(guān)鍵信息定位法、位置特征法、掃讀法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句中的“suchmeasureswillbeemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合)”可知，有的移民擔(dān)心對移民的語言測試和要求可能會導(dǎo)致各民族間的偏執(zhí)而非融合，故選B項“在人們之間引起沖突”。30．WhatdoweknowaboutCojochru?A．SheliveswithhersisternowinItaly.B．SheenjoyslearningtheItalianlanguage.C．ShespeaksItalianwellenoughforherjob.D．Shewishestogobacktoherhomecountry.答案C解析推理判斷題?？蛇\(yùn)用關(guān)鍵詞法、題段一致法、掃讀法等解答該題。由最后一段中的“eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently”可知，科約卡魯?shù)囊獯罄Z說得足夠流利，這讓她能夠勝任她的工作，故選C項。跟蹤訓(xùn)練A(2017·浙江吳越聯(lián)盟二模)BionicYarnismakingasplashonthefashionscene.TheNewYorkCity-basedpanyturnsusedoldplasticbottles，someofwhichwererecoveredfromoceanshorelines，intoyarns(紗線)andfabricsforclothing.Thepany，whosecreativedirectorisrecordingartistPharrellWilliams，haspartneredwithseveraldifferentclothingbrands，includingG-StarandO’Nell—sinceitsfoundingin2009toincorporateitsyarnintoavarietyofproducts，fromdenimjeanstosnowboardingjackets.“Inthepastthreeyears，BionicYarnhastransformedabout7millionplasticbottlespulledfromshorelines，”panyco-founderTimCoombstoldTheHuffingtonPostinanemail.Becauseplasticbottlesaremadeupofthesamepolymer(聚合物)aspolyester(聚脂)，BionicYarnisabletobreakthemdownandremaketheminto“recycled”polyester.Theyarnmadefromthissubstancecanbeusedinplaceofvirginpolyester，ornewpolyestermadedirectlyfromcrudeoil.“Itwasawaytonotkillplasticoffbutatleastslowdowntheproductionofitandslowdowntheproductionofnewpolyesterwhenwecanjustrecycletheplasticfrombottles，”WilliamsexplainedinaCNNinterview.Thereareover165milliontonsofplasticsinouroceanstoday.Withoutnewreforms，therecouldbemoreplasticsbyweightinouroceansthanfishby2050，accordingtoareportreleasedbytheWorldEconomicForumandEllenMacArthurFoundationearlierthisyear.Ahorrifying8.8milliontonsofplasticendsupintheoceanseveryyear—that’saboutthesameasagarbagetruck’sworthofplasticgettingdumpedintoourwaterseverysecond，fromthesamereport.語篇解讀本文是一篇科普文章。文章介紹了BionicYarn公司利用海洋中回收的廢舊瓶子生產(chǎn)衣服，保護(hù)地球的做法。1．Whyplasticbottlescanbeturnedintoyarns?A．Theybothcanbebrokendown.B．Theybothbenefittheenvironment.C．Theybothconsistofpolymer.D．Theybothcontaincrudeoil.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法等解答該題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Becauseplasticbottlesaremadeupofthesamepolymer(聚合物)aspolyester(聚脂)”可知，此項目可以實現(xiàn)是因為兩者都是由同一聚合物組成的。2．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardsthetransformingplasticbottles?A．Doubtful. B．Favorable.C．Unconcerned. D．Negative.答案B解析觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。可運(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法等解答該題。根據(jù)作者對此項目的描述以及舉例，尤其是倒數(shù)第二、三段的描述，可以看出作者對這一項目是持支持的態(tài)度，所以選B。3．Whatisthemainpurposeofusingplasticbottlestomakeclothing?A．Tomakeclothesfashionable.B．Tocutdownthebudget.C．Torecycleyarnsandfabrics.D．Tosavetheoceanandtheearth.答案D解析推理判斷題。可運(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法、關(guān)鍵詞法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章后三段可知，這種做法可以保護(hù)海洋和地球。4．Whatarethelasttwoparagraphsmainlytalkingabout?A．Theoceanisbeingpollutedbytheplasticbottles.B．Therewillbemoreplasticsthanfishintheocean.C．Tonsofplasticsgetdumpedintowaterseveryyear.D．TheWorldEconomicForumcallsfornewreforms.答案A解析推理判斷題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵詞法、題段一致法等解答該題。根據(jù)最后兩段所列舉的信息可以知道，現(xiàn)在有很多廢棄塑料被扔進(jìn)大海，導(dǎo)致污染。所以選A。B(2017·福建師大附中期中)Formostseventhgraders，lifedoesn’tgetmuchharderthanahistorytest.ButforGrantReedofBellville，Ohio，it’shisowncurrenteventsthataresopainful.“Honestly，Idon’twanttodie，”Grantsays.Lastyear，doctorsatNationwideChildren’sHospitalinColumbusfoundatumor(腫瘤)inGrant’sbrain.Theycutitout，butthesurgerylefthimwithstroke-likesymptoms.Plus，hehadtogothroughmonthsofradiationandchemotherapytotrytostopthespreadofthedisease.Yet，throughitall，Granthasshownremarkabledetermination，whichheowes，partly，toOhioStatefootball.Hisparents，TroyandDenise，werebothintheOSUmarchingbandandfellinloveduringhalftimeoftheMichigangame.HiscatisnamedaftertheteamBuckeye.Hiswardrobeispaintedscarlet(thecoloroftheteam’ssportswear)．Thepointis，almostnothingmatteredmoretoGrantthanOhioStatefootball—untilhegotsick，ofcourse.“Ididn’tlikethewordcancer，”Grantsays.Sohedecidednottousetheword.Instead，thekidnamedhiscancerMichiganandinsistedeveryoneinhisliferefertoitassuch，becauseOhioStatealwaysbeatsMichigan.Thatwassomethinghecouldunderstandandmakeitintoapetition.Hewasgoingtobeatthisdisease.It’snowbeenmorethanayearsinceGrantissuedthatannouncement.“Andifyoulookathisscans，”Dr.RandalatNationwideChildren’ssays，“There’snothingthere.There’sabigspace，butthere’snotumor.”“GrantisbeatingMichigan.Andalthoughmuchofithastogotoscience，don’tignorethesemantics(語義學(xué))．Youhavetodosomethingtomakeitadiseaseyoucanfight.AndforGrant，thatwasnamingitMichigan，”hisparentssay.Thisweekend，OhioStateandMichiganwillbebattlingliketheirlivesdependonit.Butinthishouse，theReedfamilywillbewatchingwithacalminsight：it’sjustagame.語篇解讀Grant得了癌癥，但是他沒有放棄，通過自己堅強(qiáng)的意志力和醫(yī)學(xué)的幫助，戰(zhàn)勝了病魔。5．What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A．Historyisadifficultsubject.B．Grantsufferedaseriousdisease.C．Theoperationwassuccessful.D．Thetumorhasspreadallover.答案B解析段落大意題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵詞法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章第一段的句子“Lastyear，doctorsatNationwideChildren’sHospitalinColumbusfoundatumor(腫瘤)inGrant’sbrain.”及為此接受的治療等可知，該段主要介紹Grant得了重病。故選B。6．Fromthesecondparagraph，wecaninferthat.A．GrantwasbornafootballfanB．footballmakesafullmanC．interestisthebestteacherD．Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves答案A解析推理判斷題?？蛇\(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵詞法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章第二段描述可知，Grant天生是個足球迷。故選A。7．Bysayingthatit’sjustagame，wecaninferthattheReedfamily.A．haslostinterestinthematchbetweenOhioStateandMichiganB．believesMichiganwillsurelybeatOhioStatethisweekendC．hasabetterunderstandingoflifeD．viewsthematchasamatteroflifeanddeath答案C解析推理判斷題。可運(yùn)用掃讀法、關(guān)鍵詞法、關(guān)鍵信息定位法等解答該題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的句子“Butinthishouse，theReedfamilywillbewatchingwithacalminsight：it’sjustagame.”可知，Reed一家用冷靜的視角看待比賽，說明他們對人生有了新的理解。故選C。C(2017·湖北武漢調(diào)研)InSwitzerland，thelandofwatches，trainsreallydorunlikeclockwork.“IfI’m30secondslate，thetrainisgone，”saidMichelleKranz，whomutes(通勤)dailyintoLucerne，wheresheworksforthetouristboard.Stepacrosstheborder，andyou’reinadifferentuniverse.Italyhastworailschedules：theoneprintedinthebrochureandtheother，flashingupdates，onaboardinthestation.Thefirstmaybeafantasy；thesecond，reality.Nexttoposteddepartures，“Invariablyyouseetheword‘ritardato’(delayed)，”saidRickSteves，whowritesguidebooksandrunsatourpanycalledEuropeThroughtheBackDoorinEdmonds，Wash.Yourtimeormytime？Whentraveling，you’reintheirtime.Andthatcanaffectalmosteverything：catchingtrainsandbuses，shopping，gettingamealandmakingappointments.Knowingalittleabouttheculturecanpr