間套作研究對我國農(nóng)業(yè)綠色增長的啟示

間套作研究對我國農(nóng)業(yè)綠色增長的啟示報告內(nèi)容背景間套作研究的新進(jìn)展對我國農(nóng)業(yè)綠色增長的啟示報告內(nèi)容背景間套作研究進(jìn)展對我國農(nóng)業(yè)綠色增長的啟示(Shenetal.,2013)DevelopingcountrieslikeChinawhichconsumesmoreandmorefertilizer農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀問題的提出China’seutrophiedlakeareareached8700km2(2007)overthelast4decades.Eutrophication(Science2009,1014-1015)AirpollutioninBeijingScience

327,1008–1010(2010)環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀SimulatedtotalsoilC(forsoildepthfo0to20cm)changesforthecentralU.S.cornbelt.PointsatwhichsoilCwas53%and61%ofconcentrationatconversiontoagriculture(in1907)areindicated.(Matsonetal.,1997,Science)(Nosengo,2003,Nature)生態(tài)現(xiàn)狀高產(chǎn)高效“三步走”戰(zhàn)略是實現(xiàn)保障糧食安全的同時維護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的重要途徑。CropproductivityWaterandnutrientinputAtpresent（savingfertilizer）The2ndstep10%-20%（High-yield）The3rdstep30%-50%IncreasesoilfertilityThe1ststepSavingNby30%withoutyieldpenalty如何實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)的綠色增長？解決途徑公元前8000年←古代→1770年←近代→1950年←現(xiàn)代→2008

1908年Habor和Bush發(fā)明合成氨；1950年全球氮肥產(chǎn)量400萬噸。1960s綠色革命之父--NormanBorlaug農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展階段原始農(nóng)業(yè)階段傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)階段現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)階段標(biāo)志刀耕火種金屬農(nóng)具的使用機(jī)械化、信息技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)等科學(xué)技術(shù)無有有生產(chǎn)農(nóng)具石斧、石鐮等犁、鐮、刀、耙、鋤、稿等犁、鐮、刀、耙、鋤、稿等+機(jī)械（旋耕機(jī)、深松機(jī)、收割機(jī)、播種機(jī)等）。灌溉無淤灌、自流、提灌等自流、井灌、微灌、噴灌等使用外力無牲畜、水力、風(fēng)力電力、機(jī)械、較高風(fēng)力等栽培技術(shù)穴播、撒播穴播、條播、復(fù)種、間套作、輪作、連作等穴播、條播、復(fù)種、間套作、輪作、連作、立體栽培、人工溫室等產(chǎn)量效率極低一般較高在沒有化肥、低投入的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)中，農(nóng)民主要通過間套作模式提高作物產(chǎn)量、培肥地力。報告內(nèi)容背景間套作研究的新進(jìn)展對我國農(nóng)業(yè)綠色增長的啟示不同的間套作模式(1)帶狀間套作:twoormorecropsgrowntogetherinstripswideenoughtoaccommodatemachinery.

間套作：間套作是指在同一塊土地上同時種植兩種或兩種以上作物的一種種植模式。Glutinousrice/HybridriceMaize/SoybeanWheat/soybeanWheat/fababean

Rubber/PepperMaize/commonbean/squash(“threesisters”)(3)混合種植:twoormorecropsgrowntogetherwithnodistinctrowpatter;(2)Relayintercropping:asecondcropisplantedintoanexistingcropMaize/fababeanWheat/watermelonNurseplant

（photobyC.Zhang)植物間的互作（競爭和互惠作用）是間套作重要的研究課題。根系種間相互作用對小麥邊行優(yōu)勢具有重要貢獻(xiàn)邊行產(chǎn)量優(yōu)勢僅有地上部作用(地下部＋地上部)作用小麥/玉米小麥/大豆29.4%84.8%30.4%53.6%地下部作用55.4%23.2%（李?。┝缀坎钪祂g/ha種間互作對玉米磷含量的貢獻(xiàn)出苗后天數(shù)（d）施磷增強(qiáng)種間互作前期，地下部互作的貢獻(xiàn)增強(qiáng)明顯，后期地上部互作貢獻(xiàn)明顯增強(qiáng)。地下部作用一直大于地上部地上部作用先正后負(fù)，地下部作用一直增加（羅蘭燕，2013）Rootlengthdensityvariance(Zhangetal.,2014,AnnalsofBotany)(PostmaandLynch,2012)(vanRuijven&Berendse2003.Ecol.Lett;2005.PNAS)物種間根系分布的空間差異越大，根系構(gòu)型差異越顯著，相對于單作體系，間作體系作物的根系在土體中的分布更趨于均衡。物種互作的影響之一：作物冠層和根系的空間生態(tài)位分離越明顯。Relationshipbetween(A)nodulenumberand(B)noduleweightoffababeanandNO3?concentrationinsoil(Lietal.,2016,PNAS)影響之二：養(yǎng)分的來源不同SolefababeanIntercroppedfababeanAir-NFertilizer-NSoil-N(Xiaoetal.,2004)TreatmentNoduleSoleIntercropped-NNumber(Nodule/plant)80104NSFreshweight(g.pot-1)1.071.52NS+NNumber(Nodule/plant)732*Freshweight(g.pot-1)0.551.10*與禾本科作物間作解除高施氮條件下豆科植物的“氮阻遏”現(xiàn)象。(Lietal.,2016,PNAS)Fig.Theroot–rootinteractionsdrivenbymaizerootexudatesstimulatenodulationandNfixationoffababeaninthemaize/fababeanintercroppingsystem.Maizerootexudatesinducesignificantup-regulationofexpressionofCFI,NODL4,GH3.1,ENODL2,FixI,andENOD93infababeanroots,which,atleastpartially,providesanexplanationfordeformationofroothairs,nodulation,andnodulematuration.Up-regulationofCFIexpressionenhancesgenisteinsynthesisandsecretion.Genisteinreleasedfrommaizeandfababeanrootspromotesrhizobiumenrichmentandreleaseofnodfactors,whichfacilitatenodulation.availablePspeciesBspeciesAunavailablePP-mobilizingprocess(Hinsingeretal.2011,PlantPhysiology)availablePspeciesBspeciesAunavailablePP-mobilizingprocess

?P2P:twoplantssharePVisualizationofrhizosphereacidificationoffababean(a),soybean(b),andmaize(c).Therootswereimbeddedfor6hinagargelcontainingapHindicator(bromocresolpurple)withoutPsupply(GreenhouseStudy2).Yellowindicatesacidification,andpurpleindicatesalkalization.Concentrationofmalateandcitrateintherhizosphereofmaize,soybean,andfababean.Harvestswereat35and45daysafteremergence.(Lietal.,2007,PNAS)20

8年的田間長期定位試驗表明，間套作提高土壤有機(jī)碳含量4%，相當(dāng)于土壤固碳速率184kgCha-1year-1。(Congetal.,2014,GlobalChangeBiology)0-20cm184kgCha-1year-14%影響之三：增強(qiáng)土壤碳的固定，減少溫室氣體的排放Congetal.2015PlantSoilRootlitterdecompositiondrivenbyfastercyclingofN.RootlitterNmineralisationCongetal.2015SoilBiol.Biochem.Congetal.2015J.Ecol.Congetal.2014GlobalChangeBiol.GreaterbiologicalNfixationbyfababeaninintercropsthaninsolecrops.SoilorganicmatterRootbiomassRootdecompositionSOMdecompositionRootlitter1AbovegroundbiomassAtmosphericCO2MechanismsunderlyingenhancedSOCinintercrop+4%+10-40%Intercropping(Congetal.,2014,GlobalChangeBiology)(Ganetal.2014,NatureCommunications)Fig.Therelationshipbetweencarbonfootprintandsoilcarbongainandcropyieldinwheat.(a)Wheatcarbonfootprint(withthelinebarsatthedatapointbeingthestandarderrors)isequaltozeroatsoilcarbongainof454kgCO2eqha-1anditbecomesnegative(moredesirable)withsoilcarbongaingreaterthan454kgCO2eqha-1;and(b)wheatcarbonfootprintvaluesdonothaveaclearcorrelationwiththegrainyields,eventhoughgrainyieldsserveasthedenominatorinthecalculationofcarbonfootprintvalues,suggestingthatthecarbonfootprintofwheatproductionisanoutcomeofacomplexofvariousfactors.Fig.Carbonemission(top)andsequestrations(bottom)foralternativewheatcroppingsystems.Thererotationsystemsweretestedunderdry(theratioofprecipitationtoevapotranspiration(Pr/PE)=0.291±0.014),normal(Pr/PE=0.496±0.036)growingconditions.Thelinebarsareleastsignificantdifferences(LSDs)withP≤0.05amongthefourrotationsystemswithineachwater-availabilitycategory(n=3replicates*7yearsfordryyears,3*13fornormalyearsand3*5forwetyears).

(Ganetal.2014,NatureCommunications)(Zhangetal.,unpublisheddata)影響之四：

減少病蟲害的發(fā)生。間作的發(fā)病率僅為單作的73.7%，有些病害的控病效果更明顯，間作的發(fā)病率僅為單作的37%。RootrotPowderymildewLeafrustRoughly17%higheryieldthansolecrop(Yuetal.,FieldCropsResearch,2015).HighN,Puseefficiencyduetorhizospherechemicalprocesses(Lietal.,2001;Lietal.,PNAS,2007;Hinsingeretal.,PlantPhysiology,2011;Zhangetal.,2014).增加土壤碳固定、減少碳排放；減輕土壤侵蝕和養(yǎng)分流失(Allenetal.,2016;Fanetal.,2016)。土壤-作物系統(tǒng)(Lietal.,2014,NewPhytologist)間套作優(yōu)勢來源于：（1）地上冠層和地下根層的空間生態(tài)位分離；（2）養(yǎng)分來源的生態(tài)位差異。增加經(jīng)濟(jì)收益(Huangetal.,2015)充分挖掘作物生物學(xué)潛力增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能報告內(nèi)容背景間套作研究進(jìn)展對我國農(nóng)業(yè)綠色增長的啟示Height(cm)LAI(m2/m2)543210Sunflowerheight

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