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閱讀理解
In2020,OpenAI.aresearchlabinSanFrancisco,revealedasystemcalledGPT-3.Itiswhat
artificialintelligenceresearcherscallaneural(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的)network,afterthewebofneuronsin
thehumanbrain.Aneuralnetworkisreallyamathematicalsystemthatlearnsskillsbylocating
patternsinvastamountsofdigitaldata.Byanalyzingthousandsofcatphotos,forinstance,itcan
learntorecognizeacat."Wccallit^artificialintelligence/butabetternamemightbe'finding
statisticalpatternsfromlargeda:asets',"saidDr.Gopnik,theBerkeleyprofessor.
Morerecently,researchersatplaceslikeGoogleandOpenAIbeganbuildingneuralnetworks
thatlearnedfromenormousameuntsofprose,includingdigitalbooksandWikipediaarticlesby
thethousands.GPT-3isanexample.Asitanalyzedallthatdigitaltext,itbuiltwhatyoumightcall
amathematicalmapofhumanlanguage—morethan175billiondatapointsthatdescribehowwe
piecewordstogether.Usingthismap,itcanperformmanydifferenttasks,likepenningspeeches,
writingcomputerprogramsandhavingaconversation.
Buttherearelimitations.IfyouaskGPT-3for10speechesinthevoiceofMarkTwain,it
mightgiveyoufivethatsoundremarkablylikethefamouswriter—andfiveochersthatcome
nowhereclose.Computerprogrammersusethetechnologytocreatesmallsnippets(一小段)of
codetheycanslipintolargerprograms,butmoreoftenthannottheyhavetoeditandadjust
whateveritgivesthem.
Still,Dr.Gopnikdescribedthiskindofsystemasintelligent.isnotintelligentintheway
humansare.Itislikeanunfamiliarformofintelligence,Mhesaid."Butitstillcounts.”
Dr.Gopnikandmanyothersinthefieldareconfidentthattheyareonapathtobuildinga
machinethatcandoanythingthehumanbraincando.Thisconfidenceshinesthroughwhenthey
discusscurrenttechnologies.Headmits(hatsomeA.I.researchers“struggletodifferentiate
betweenrealityandsciencefiction.0Buthebelievestheseresearchersstillserveavaluablerole.
“Theyhelpusdreamofthefullrangeofthepossible/'hesaid.
Perhapstheydo.Butfortherestofus,thesedreamscangetinthewayoftheissuesthat
deserxeourattention.
I.WhichofthefollowingstatementscorrectlydescribesGPT-3?
A.Itismeanttomonitorhuman'sneuronwebs.
B.Itstoreslimitlessdatainitsmathematicalsystem.
C.Itcanidentifyimagesandemployhumanlanguage.
D.Itstudiespicturesanddigitalbookstoinventpatterns.
2.Inparagraph3,theexampleofcomputerprogrammersisusedto.
A.illustrateGPT-3isfarfromperfect
B.warnprogrammersagainsttechnology
C.showtheprocessofslippingcodeintoprogram
D.explainwhyGPT-3failstofindMarkTwain'sspeeches
3.WhatdoesDr.GopnikthinkofthemathematicalsystemofGPT-3?
A.Hefindsitvaluablebecauseitmaximizesthecurrenttechnologies.
B.Hedoubtsitsworththoughitisremarkablysimilartoahumanbrain.
C.HethinkshighlyofitbecauseitplaysavaluableroleinA.I.research.
D.Hebelievesitwillinterruptourthinkingthoughitdiffersfromsciencefiction.
4.What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardsA.I.?
A.Enthusiastic.B.Opposed.C.Supportive.D.Unconcerned.
PRIVACYPOLICY
TheBundabergPrivacyPolicyexplainshowwecollect,storeinduseyourpersonally
identifiableinformation.OurPrivacyPolicywillbecontinuouslyassessedagainstnew
technologies,businesspracticesandourcustomers'changingneeds.Accordingly,thisPrivacy
Policyissubjecttochangeovertimewithoutnotificalionbeingmadetousers,andIhereforewe
encourageyoutoperiodicallyreviewthisPrivacyPolicytobecomeawareofanychangesthat
mayhaveoccurred.
aCollectionofPersonalInformation
Wcwillcollectpersonallyidentifiableinformationfromyouwhenyouknowinglyprovidei(
tous.Thetypesofpersonalinformationwcmaycollect,includes,butisnotlimitedtoyourfull
name,address,emailaddressandphonenumber.
Intermsofyourpersonalinformation,wconlycollectinfonnaiionaboutindividualsthatis
necessaryforustocarryonourbusinessfunctions.Whatinformaticnwccollectdependsuponthe
natureofourdealingwithyou.Importantly,insomecircumstancesifyoudonotprovidethe
informationthatwcrequest,youmaynotbeabletoengagewithus.Forexample,ifyourefuseto
providesonicpersonalinformationasmayberequestedontheBundabergwebsite,youmaynot
beabletouseallfeaturesorservicesofthewebsite.
aUseandDisclosureofPersonalInformation
Wcmayuseyourpersonalinformationforthefollowingpurposes:
?Billingpurposes;
?Toenableustodevelopourproductsandbusiness,ortocustomizeservices(obettermeetyour
needsandpreferences;
?Statisticalpurposes.
Wewillcontactyoubyelectronicorothermeanstogetyouragreementfirstforany
purposeotherthanthoseabove,includingbutnotlimitedto:
?Futurepromotionalandmarketingpurposes;
?Toinformyouofspecialoffers,promotionsandcompetitions;
?Anyothercustomersupportpurposes.
Yourpersonalinformationmaybeusedbysub-contractorsofBundabergforourbusiness
activitiesonly;however,yourinformationwillnotbedisclosedtoanyotherthirdpartywithout
youragreement,unlessrequiredtodosobylaw.
5.Inordertobekeptinformedoftheprivacyinformation,you'dbetter.
A.examinethePrivacyPolicyregularly
B.checktheofficialnotificationweekly
C.expressyourchangingneedsprivately
D.evaluatethebusinesspracticescritically
6.WhichofthestatementsisTRUEaboutBundaberg'scollectingusers'personalinformation?
A.Youhavenoknowledgeofwhatpersonalinformationiscollected.
B.YourpersonalinformationampromoteBundabergsbusinessfunctions.
C.Allthecustomersarerequiredtoprovideidenticalpersonalinfonnation.
D.Youmaynotgetsomeserviceswithoutprovidingrequestedpersonalinformation.
7.Bundabergwilluseyourpersonalinformationforthepurposeofwithoutgetting
youragreementfirst.
A.attraclingnewsub-contractors
B.advertisingitsservices
C.sendingbillstoyou
D.lettingyouknowaboutspecialoffers
JuliaWhelanclimbedintotherecordingroominherhomeoffice.Inpreparation,shehad
avoidedalcoholthenightbefore,hadavoidedmilksincewakingat6a.m.andhadrunthroughthe
warm-upvoiceexercises.
Whelan,38.isthecalm,confidentfemalevoicebehindmorethan400otheraudiobooks,as
wellasthenarratedversions(敘事版本)ofmanyarticles.Onceshehastakenonaproject,she
readsthroughthebookonceortwice,decidingonthemestohighlightwhenshegetsintothe
recordingroombyusingdifferenttonesandaccents,andemphasizingcertainwords."Narratinga
bookreallyisapcrfbrmance,“shesaid,**anditcanbehardertodothanacting,becauseIcan'tuse
myeyesorfacialexpressionstoconveysomethingtotheaudience.*'
Asshespenttimesubsumingherselfin【hewritingofothers、shebeganto(hinkmoreabout
herowncreativeambitions.Justbeforethepandemic,shebegan“ThankYoufbrListening,M
combiningherwritingwiththeexperiencesshehascollectedasanarrator.
WriterssaythatWhelanhashelpedthemunderstandtheirownwork."WhenIlistentoJulia
readmystories,itsoundslikesheiscallingyouovertotellyouagreatstory,“saidNuzzi,whose
workhasbeennarratedbyWhelan.tkWhcnIwritenow,Itrytothinklikethat,thatIamcallinga
readeroveriotellhimagreatstory.Ilhascompletelychangedmyapproach.Whelansaidthat
shealsolearnsaboutherwritingwhensheexperiencesitasanarrator.**Thercissomethingabout
itthatchangeswhenyoirrcperfbnningii,“shesaid,"Ireadthebookoutloudduringeverystage
ofitsrevisionsbutit'sdiftcrcntwhenyousitdownandhavethemicrophoneinfrontofyou,when
Ifinallyaminallthecharactersandthestorycomes(o
8.Beforerecordingabook,Whelan.
A.actsoutitsnarratedversion
B.buildsupstrengththroughexercise
C.determinesthefocusofitssubject
D.variesitsemphasizedwords
9.Theunderlinedphrase“subsumingherselfinihewritingofolheis”(paragraph3)isclosestin
meaningto"herselfinthewritingofothers”.
A.dismissingB.involvingC.maintainingD.presenting
10.HowdoesnarratinghelpWhelandoherownwritingbetter?
A.Itenableshertothinkinreaders'view.
B.Itinspireshertobeabsorbedinthestory.
C.Itprovidesherwithdiverselifeexperiences.
D.Itremindshertopursuehercreativeambition.
11.WhatcanbeconcludedfromWhelan'sexperienceasanarratorandwriter?
A.Excellentnarrationisbasedonconvincingstories.
B.Narratingisamorerewardingambitionthanwriting.
C.Aninfluentialwriterisdefinitelyawonderfulnarrator.
D.Experiencesasanarratorcanchangethewritingapproach.
SearchingVenus'sky
FromthemoontoMars,scientistshavebeenhuntingforalienifeinthesolarsystemfor
decades.
However,Venuswasnotregardedasanidealplacebecauseofitshottemperatureanddry
atmosphere.
ButarecentdiscoveryoftracesofagasinthecloudsofVenushasexcitedastronomers,asit
mayserveasapotentialsignoflife.
OnSept14,theRoyalAstronomicalSocietyofCanadaannouncedthatscientistshave
detectedphosphine(磷化氫)inthecloudsofVenus.Phosphineisacolorless,toxic(有毒的)gas
thathasanodorofgarlic.Thoughtoxic,itisviewedasapossiblesignoflifebecauseonEarththe
gasismadebymicroorganismsthatliveinoxygen-freeenvironments.
“Iwasverysurprised-stunned,infhct,“astronomerJaneGreavesofCardiffUniversityin
Walesandleadauthoroftheresearch,toldMSN."Thereisachancethatwehavedetectedsome
kindoflivingorganisminthecloudsofVbnus.”
Thislayerofcloudsisabout48kilometersabovetheVenussurface,withitstemperature
rangingfrom30to200degreesFahrenheit(about-I(o93℃).Scientistshavespeculated(hatif
liteexistsonVenus,thisclouddeck(云蓋)islikelytheonlyplacewhereitwouldsurvive.
Scientistswentthrougheverypossibilitythatcouldhaveledtotheformationofphosphine
gasinVenus'clouds,includingvolcanoes,lightningstrikes,smallmeteorites(隕石)fall"】gintothe
atmosphere.Buttheyruledallofthemout.Itwasconcluded(hatthereisnoexplanationforthe
existenceofthisgasinVenus'clouds,otherthanthepresenceoflife.USATodayreported.
Althoughthedetectionofphosphineisnotrobust(強(qiáng)有力的)evidenceforlife,thisfindingis
greatenoughtochangescicntist>,viewonVenus,whichisthoughttobeacompletelyinhospitable
planet.
Whatsignsoflifewelookingfor?
1.Liquidwater:kcandissolveahugerangeofmoleculesneededforlifeandfacilitatetheir
chemicalreactions.
2.Mildtemperatures:Temperatureshigherthan122Cwilldes:roymostcomplexorganic
molecules,andmakeitalmostimpossibleforcarbon-basedlifetoform.
12.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.AnewlydetectedgasmayindicatepossibleexistenceoflifeonVenus.
B.ScientistsfoundthemosthcspitableplaceonVenus.
TheenvironmentonVenuechangedinfavoroflife.
D.PhosphineformedonVenusmeansalienlifeispresent.
13.Whatcanwelearnaboutphosphinefromthe(ext?
A.Ithasnosmellatall.B.ItonlyexistsonVenus.
C.Itcanbeproducedbymicroorganisms.D.Itisasignoftheexistenceofoxygen.
14.Whatcanweinferfromparagraphs5and6?
A.VariouslivingorganismshavebeendetectedonVenus.
B.ThehigherthecloudisaboveVenus,thewarmeritis.
C.Theclouddeckisrichinphosphine.
D.IflifeexistsonVenus,itislikelyintheclouddeck.
15.WhatdidscientistsconcludeaboutthephosphinegasdetectedonVenus?
A.Itcouldbeformedasaresultofthefallingofmeteorites.
B.ItcouldbeasignthatthereislifeinVenus'clouds.
C.Itcouldbecausedbyvolcanoesandlightingstrikes.
D.ItprovesthatVenusisanotherhospitableplanet.
Therearesometypicaloftrainsyou*11findyourselftravelingoninFrance.SNCF(法國(guó)國(guó)家
鐵路公司)operatesamixofhigh-speedservicesonmcijorroutesandslowerregionalservices
betweensmallerstationsaroundFrance.Findoutmoreabouteachtraintypebelow.
TGV
High-speed:upto320km/h
ConnectsPariswithmajorcitiesinFrance
Double-deckertrains
Oneofthemostpopularmodesoftransportforlong-distancetravelinFrance.Thesemodem
trainsrunonaround50high-speedroutesandalwaysrequireareservationinadvance.
Inter-cites
StopsatcitiesnotpartoftheTGVnetwork
Dayandnightservices
Night(rainsbetweenParisandToulouse.Rodcz,BrianconandUitour-dc-Carol
Intcr-citestrainsaremainlyusedformedium-distancejourneysacrossFrance.
AlthoughnotasfastasTGVtrains,theyservicealotofstationsacrossthecountrythataren'ton
TGVroulcs.ReservationsarcusuallyrequiredonmostInicr-cilcsservices.
TER
Regionaltrains(oneforeachregioninFrance)
Low-cost
SlopsatsmallerstationsaroundFrance
TERstandsforTransportExpressRegionalandthereare20differentregionalTERservices
operatingacrossFrance.Popularwithcommuters(遠(yuǎn)距離通勤的人),yoirlllikelyboardoneof
thesetrainsforshorterdistance(raveltosmallercitiesandtownsthroughoutFrance.Youwon't
needareservationtoboardaTERtrain.
Sleepertrains
OvernighttraveltoseveraldestinationsinFrance
Comfortableandsecurecabins
Opportunitytosaveonaccoinmadation
OperatedbyThcllo,thepopularnighttrainrouteinFrancestartsinParisandworksitswaydown
intoItaly.Ifyouwanttosavemoneyonaccommodationduringyour(rip,takingasleepertrain
letsyouwakeupfeelingrefreshedatyournextdestination.
16.WhatdoTGV(rainsandIntcr-citestrainshaveincommon?A.Bothcantravelat320km/h.
B.Botharcdoub.c-dccker(rains.
C.Bothusuallyrequireareservation.D.BothconnectbigcitiesinEurope.
17.WhatisspecialaboutTERservice?
A.Itfeaturesnightservices.B.IttravelsasfastasTGVtrains.
C.Itissuitableforlong-distancetravelinFrance.D.Itoffersregionalservicesatrelatively
lowcosts.
18.WhichbestsuitspeoplewhotraveltoItalyandwant(osavemoney?
A.TGVtrains.B.Inter-citestrains.
C.TERtrains.D.Sleepertrains.
Greenfingers
ItneveroccurredtomewhenIwaslittlethatgardenswereanythinglessthanglamorous
places.Granddad'sgardenwasonthebankofariverandslopedgentlydowntowardsthewater.
Youcouldn'treachtheriverbutyoucouldhearthesoundofthewaterandthebirdsthatsangin
thetreesabove.Iimaginedthatallgardenswerelikethis-aplaceofescape,peaceandsolitude.
Granddad'ssmallplotoflandwasnothingoutoftheordinarywhenitcametofeatures.Hehad
nothingasgrandasagreenhouse,unlikesomeofhisneighbors.However,thislittlepieceofland
boreagreatpailofmycarefreeandjoyfulchildhood.
Athome,hisson,myHither,couldbequietandwithdrawn.Iwouldn'twanttomakehim
soundhumorless.Hewasn't.Sillythingswouldamusehim.Icametorealizethat,deepdown,he
wasprobablydisappointedthathehadn'lmademoreofhislife.Heleftschoolwithout
qualificationsandbecameaplumberapprentice(學(xué)徒).Plumbingwasnotsomethinghewas
passionateabout.Itwasjustwhathedid.Hewasneverparticularlyambitious,thoughtherewasa
momentwhenheandMum(hoightofmovingtoCanada,bu(itcametonothing.Wherehecame
intohisownwasaroundthehouse.Hehadan“eyeforthejob”.Beitbookshelvesoracupboard
whathecouldachievewasastonishing.Myparentsmovedhouseonlyoncein(heirentiremarried
life.Butmyfathermadeupforthislackofdaringwhenitcametofurniture.Youwouldhavejust
gotusedtotheshapeofonechairwhenanotherappeared.
Asforme,schooldidn'tappealtomemuch.Iwantedtoleaveschoolassoonaspossiblebut
thatseemedanunlikelyprospectuntilonedaymyfatherannounced,"They'vegotavacancyfbr
anapprenticegardenerintheParksDepartment.Ithoughtyoumightbeinterested.MInonebrief
momentDadhadgoneagainsthisbetterjudgment.HemightstillhavepreferreditifIbecamea
carpenter.ButIliketofeelthatsomewhereinsidehimwasafeelingthatthingsmightjustturnout
fbrthebest.MaybeI'mdeceivingmyself,butIprefertobelievethatinhisheart,althoughhe
hatedgardeninghimselfhe'dwatchedmedoingitfbrlongenoughandnoticedmyunfailing
passionlorallthingsthatgrewandfioweredandfruited.
19.Whenthewriterdescribeshisgranddad'sgarden,heis.
A.proudthathisgranddadwassuchagoodgardener
B.embarrassedthatthegardenwasnotasgoodasothersnearby
C.annoyedthatitemsinthegaidenwereoftendamaged
D.positiveaboutthetimehespentinthegarden
20.Whatisthewriter'sattitudetohisfatherinthesecondparagraph?
A.Hewasregretfulthathisfatherhadnotachievedmore.
B.Hewasannoyedthathisfatherusedwordshedidn'tunderstand.
C.Hewassympathetictothereasonswhyhisfatherbehavedashedid.
D.HewasgratefulthathisfatherhadnottakenthefamilytoCanada.
21.Whatdoesthewritermeanbytheunderlinedphrase“cameintohisown”?
A.wasabletodosomethingbyhimself
B.wasabletoshowhowtalentedhewas
C.wasabletocontinuehisdayjob
D.wasabletoforgethisfailure
22.Whatdoesthewriterthinkisthereasonbehindhisfather'sdecisioninthelastparagraph?
A.Hisfatherdidnotmanagetomakeabetterjudgment.
B.Hisfatherwastiredofdisagreeingwithhisson.
C.Hisfatherhadbeenimpressedbyhisson,sloveofgardening.
D.Hisfathercametorealizethecharmofgardening.
Ilowcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?It
hasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,
imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktoget
toworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybealittlebitlowerthanlast
year's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation(通貨
膨脹).
Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostof
investinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthe
generaltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehave
tosubsidise(補(bǔ)貼)thedailycommute(通勤)ofarailtravellerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasense
thatthesufferingsofcommutersintheSouthEast,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedto
thosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.
However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworst
railstrikesinyears.Ilisallverywelltrainoperatorsboastingabouttheimprovementstheyare
makingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthe
substantialsumstheyarcnowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityfcr(helatestwaveofstrikes
restson(heunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohiivebeenworstaffectedby
industrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.
TheGovernmenthaspromisedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservice
requirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldform
partofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.
Yes,moreinvestmcniisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopayinorcindefinitelyif(hey
mustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,alongwithregularchaoswhentimetablesarc
changed,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmay
havebeenseenofffbrnow,butitwillreturnwitharevengeifthejustifiedangerofpassengersis
notaddressedinshortorder.
23.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares.
A.createsextraburdenontaxpayers.
B.haskeptpacewithinflation.
C.isbeyondtheexpectationofcommuters
D.remainsanunreasonablepractice.
24.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisright?
A.Compensationsaretobegiventothecommutersaffectedbythestrikes.
B.Aminimumservicerequirementwillbelikelytosettletherailwayproblems.
C.Intermsofservice,thereisaconflictbetweentrainoperator'sclaimandthereality.
D.Trainoperatorshavesufferedhugelossesowingto(hestrikes.
25.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface.
A.thelossofinvestment.B.thecollapseofoperations.
C.areductionofrevenue(收入)D.achangeofownership.
26.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.WhoAretoBlamefortheEver-risingFares?
B.RailStrikesNeedtoBeStopped
C.EnhanceRailwayService,EasePassengerAnger
D.Ever-risingFaresAreUnreasonable
With25%o優(yōu)it'seveneasiertostayconnected!
EasierisbetterwiththeLively?Flip
FROMTHEMAKERSOFJITTERBUG
TheLively?Flip,fromthemakersoftheJitterbugtheoriginaleasy-to-usecellphone,has
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EASYTOBEPREPAREDLifehasawayofbeingunpredictable,butyoucanbeprepared
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TheLivelyFlipisoneofthemostaffordablecellphonesonthemarketandcomeswith
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**Monthlyfeesdonotincludegovernmenttaxesorfeesandaresubjecttochange.Plansand
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911callscanbemadeonlywhencellularserviceisavailable.UrgentResponsetracksan
approx.locationofdevicewhendeviceisturnedonandconnectedtothenetwork.Livelydoesnot
guaranteeanexactlocation.UrgentResponseisonlyavailablewiththepurchaseofaLively
Health&SafelyPackage.
27.WhichofthefollowingisnotthefeatureoftheLivelyFlip?
A.Itabandonstheunnecessaryfunctions.
B.Itensureseverycallisinhighquality.
C.Itdoesn'trequireaphonenumber-change.
D.Itenablestheusertocallthedoctorforhelpatanymoment.
28.ForwhomistheLivelyFlip(hemostsuitable?
A.Businessmentravelingregularly
B.Teenagersattendingschool
C.Theagedunfamiliarwithdigitaltechnologies
D.Techenthusiastsenjoyingcollectingthelatestcellphonemodels
29.Whichofthefollowingcanbelearnedfromtheleaflet?
A.Thehigh-qualitycameraensuresgreatphotosinanylightingconditions.
B.TheurgentresponsebuttondesignisuniquetotheLivelyFlip.
C.FixedmonthlyfeesareinvolvedintheuseoftheLivelyFlip.
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Eatingoutgoesalongwayback.TheRomanshad(heirpubsservingsetmealsandcook
shopscalledthennopoliasellinghotrcady-to-catdishes.IntheMiddleAges,innswouldprovide
buftetsofcoldmeatsorroaststoservethemanypeoplewhodidn'thavekitchens.Beforethe
revolutioninFrance,therewereplentyofplaceswhereyoucouldeatoutbuttinediningwas
somethingenjoyedmerelybythearistocracy(^:^)inthecomfortoftheirownhomes.
In18th-centuryFrance,whilethearistocratswereenjoyingfoodpreparedbypersonalchefs,
coldwintersandoppressivetaxationhadleftmostoftheFrenchpopulationunabletoaffordbread.
WhenthestarvingmassesfinallytooktothestreetsofParisin1789,commonlyknownasthe
FrenchRevolution,thearistocratsfledtothecountryside,leavingtheirchefsandtheirfinewines
behind.Bothfoundtheirwaytothecities'existingeateriesandwithinayear,ahostofnew
elegantrestaurantswithextensivemenushadbeenestablished.
“Theserestaurantswereamicrocosm()oftheNewFrance,“saysDavidGilks,alecturer
inModernEuropeanHistoryattheUniversityofEastAnglia.**Theyweretheplaceswherethe
nouveauriche,whohadprofitedfromIherevolution,weretobeseen.Therewerestillshortagesof
basicfoodstuffsinmanypartsofParisbutinthenicerpartsyouwcuidseepeopleenjoyingfine
foodinelegantsurroundings?,
Inthe1760sthemerchantsofParisdevelopedatasteforlightsoupsknownas“restoralives”
or“restaurants”,anddininghallswherecustomerscouldsitatindividualtablesandhavethem
beganpoppinguparoundthecity.
Thenewpost-revolutionaryrestaunintstooktheirnamesfromtheseandthenewclassof
Frenchbusinessmen,boomingintheearly19thcenturywhenNapoleondecided(hatifpeople
wereenjoyingfoodanddrinks,they'dbeunlikelytorebelagain.Ci:izensweregrantedthe
^freedomofpleasure'5andrestaurantsbegantocompete
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