譯林版高中英語(yǔ)必修第三冊(cè)UNIT4 Period4單元語(yǔ)法講練(Grammar and usage)課件

Period4

UNIT4

Scientistswhochangedtheworld主題語(yǔ)境人與社會(huì)

——對(duì)社會(huì)有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人物課時(shí)學(xué)案單元語(yǔ)法講練(Grammarandusage)1．surroundvt.圍繞，環(huán)繞；包圍；與……緊密相關(guān)besurroundedby...

被……包圍surroundoneselfwith

和……在一起surroundingadj.

周?chē)模桓浇膕urroundingsn.

環(huán)境；周?chē)氖挛颷即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子

①I(mǎi)liketosurroundmyself____beautifulthings.②Thewholecity，__________(surround)bywaterandmountains，looksverybeautiful.③Whitesaysheisheavilyinfluencedbyhis____________(surround)andthepeopleinthem.④環(huán)繞村莊的美麗山脈為美麗景色提供了令人驚嘆的背景。Thebeautifulmountains_______________________________________provideanamazingbackgroundforthebeautifullandscape.withsurroundedsurroundingssurrounding/whichsurroundthevillage2．favour

vt.較喜歡；偏袒；有助于n．幫助，好事；贊同；偏袒asksb.a

favour＝askafavourofsb. 請(qǐng)某人幫忙dosb.a

favour＝doafavourforsb. 幫某人一個(gè)忙infavourof

贊成；支持inone'sfavour

對(duì)某人有利favourite

adj.

最喜歡的

n.

特別喜愛(ài)的人或物favourable

adj.

有利的；贊同的[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子

①I(mǎi)hadtoaskhim__favourtohelpmemovethefurniture.②Inthedebate，themajorityoftheaudienceseemedtobe__favouroftheeconomicreforms.③Chocolateicecreamismy________(favour)dessertonahotsummerday.④該公司的產(chǎn)品因其出色的設(shè)計(jì)而受到年輕消費(fèi)者的青睞，并迅速獲得成功。Thecompany'sproducts，___________________________，tookoffimmediatelyfortheirgreatdesign.ainfavouritefavoured

byyoungconsumers3．chargevt.&vi.充電；收費(fèi)；控告；譴責(zé)；使……承擔(dān)責(zé)任；使充滿(mǎn)n．收費(fèi)；控告；譴責(zé)；掌管incharge(of)

主管；負(fù)責(zé)inthechargeof＝inone'scharge 由……負(fù)責(zé)/主管takecharge(of)

負(fù)責(zé)；掌管freeofcharge

免費(fèi)bechargedwith

被指控；被指派chargesb.for

sth.

因某物向某人收費(fèi)[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子

①CouldIspeaktowhoeveris__chargeoftheinternationalsales，please?②Howmuchdoyouchargeme___yourservices?③Manynewenergyvehiclesare_____________(charge)inacornerofthesquare.④據(jù)說(shuō)那個(gè)年輕人被指控盜竊，進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。Itwassaidthattheyoungman__________________andputintoprison.inforbeingchargedwaschargedwiththeft動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ed形式又稱(chēng)為過(guò)去分詞，是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種。大部分動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞和其過(guò)去式形式一致，少部分不同，須留意不要將二者混淆。[觀察例句]寫(xiě)出句中黑體部分所作的成分。①Weoftenseehimsurrounded

bymuchwork．

______②Believeitornot，heisourhonoured

guest．

______③Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek．

______④Filledwithhopesandfears，heenteredthecave．

______作賓補(bǔ)作定語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)作狀語(yǔ)[歸納用法]一、動(dòng)詞-ed

形式作定語(yǔ)1．動(dòng)詞-ed

形式作定語(yǔ)的位置(1)單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ed

形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常位于被修飾詞的前面。但修飾something，everything，anything，nothing，somebody，nobody，those等時(shí)，要放在這些詞的后面。

Thetallmanisageneralofadefeatedarmy．那個(gè)高個(gè)子男人是敗軍之將。

There'salmostnothingchangedsinceIleftthetowntwoyearsago.自從我兩年前離開(kāi)以來(lái)，這個(gè)鎮(zhèn)子幾乎沒(méi)有什么變化。(2)動(dòng)詞-ed

形式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，位于被修飾詞的后面。

Toreturntotheproblemofwaterpollution，I'dlikeyoutolookatastudyconductedinAustralia

in2012．回到水污染的問(wèn)題，我想要你們看一項(xiàng)2012年在澳大利亞進(jìn)行的研究。2．動(dòng)詞-ed形式(短語(yǔ))與動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別(1)及物動(dòng)詞的-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，在語(yǔ)態(tài)上表示被動(dòng)，在時(shí)態(tài)上表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成。不及物動(dòng)詞的-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不表示被動(dòng)意義，只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已完成。

TheStudents'Unionwillcontactthechosencandidatesforaninterviewinafewdays.幾天后，學(xué)生會(huì)將聯(lián)系被選中的候選人進(jìn)行面試。(chosen作定語(yǔ)修飾candidates，表被動(dòng)和完成)Withfallenleavesburiedundertheeartheveryyear，thesoilbecomesricherandricher.每年都有落葉埋在地里，因此土壤變得越來(lái)越肥沃。(fallen作定語(yǔ)修飾leaves，表完成)(2)動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行。

Thereisagreatdealofevidenceindicatingthatmusicactivitiesengagedifferentpartsofthebrain.有大量證據(jù)表明，音樂(lè)活動(dòng)涉及大腦的不同部位。(indicating作定語(yǔ)修飾evidence，表主動(dòng))Whenhesawayoungchildhangingfromasixth-floorapartmentbalcony，Henryranonehundredmetresandheldouthisarmstocatchthefallingchild.當(dāng)亨利看到一個(gè)小孩吊掛在六樓公寓的陽(yáng)臺(tái)上時(shí)，他跑了100米，伸出雙臂去接這個(gè)正在下墜的孩子。(falling作定語(yǔ)修飾child，表正在進(jìn)行)(3)有些動(dòng)詞-ed

形式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式已形容詞化。形容詞化的動(dòng)詞-ed

形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示被修飾詞所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到……的”；形容詞化的動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示被修飾詞所具有的特征，意為“令人……的”。

Thefrightenedlookonthegirl'sfacetoldusshewasfrightenedbythefrighteninglookofthestonefigure.那個(gè)女孩臉上驚恐的表情告訴我們她被這個(gè)石像的可怕的樣子嚇到了。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練1]——補(bǔ)全句子①Helikesthegift____________________(他父親買(mǎi)的).②Oneofthehouses_________________________(被暴風(fēng)雨摧毀的)belongedtomygrandfather.③Awaterandsoilconservationproject______________(1989年建立的)resultedinfarmersreplacingtheircropswithtreesorgrass.boughtbyhisfatherdestroyedbythestormsetupin1989二、動(dòng)詞-ed

形式作狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常表示完成、被動(dòng)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，且與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間存在著被動(dòng)關(guān)系。除伴隨情況外，動(dòng)詞-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其功能都相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。1．作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有時(shí)也可在動(dòng)詞-ed形式前加上連詞when，while，until等，使其意義更加明確。

Filmhasamuchshorterhistory，especiallywhencomparedtosuchartformsasmusicandpainting.電影的歷史要短得多，尤其是與音樂(lè)和繪畫(huà)這樣的藝術(shù)形式相比時(shí)。2．作原因狀語(yǔ)RaisedinthepoorestareaofGlasgow，hehadalong，hardroadtobecomingafootballstar.因?yàn)樵诟窭垢缱钬毟F的地區(qū)長(zhǎng)大，他成為足球明星的道路是漫長(zhǎng)而艱難的。

3．作條件狀語(yǔ)

Givenmoreattention，thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.如果被給予更多的關(guān)注，這些洋白菜還可以長(zhǎng)得更好。4．作讓步狀語(yǔ)Thoughwarnedofthestorm，thefarmerswerestillworkinginthefields.盡管被提醒將有暴風(fēng)雨，農(nóng)民們?nèi)匀辉诘乩锔苫睢?．作伴隨狀語(yǔ)(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句)Shesatbythewindow，lostinthought(＝andshewaslostinthought).她坐在窗前，陷入了沉思。

[名師點(diǎn)津]動(dòng)詞-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))和動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別(1)動(dòng)詞-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))有兩大特點(diǎn)：①表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；②表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。因此，作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示的動(dòng)作通常發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。(2)動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))有兩大特點(diǎn)：①表示主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；②表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練2]——補(bǔ)全句子①___________(被……吸引住)hiswork，Jimneglectedfoodandsleep.②_______________(如果加熱)，waterchangesintosteam.③__________________(從月球上看)，theearth，withwatercoveringabout70%ofitssurface，appearstobeablueball.AbsorbedinHeated/IfheatedSeenfromthemoon三、動(dòng)詞-ed

形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1．動(dòng)詞-ed形式(短語(yǔ))作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)或完成意義。賓語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))是意義上的主謂關(guān)系。

Inthemorning，peoplewokeupandfoundtheworldoutsidetheirhousescompletelychanged(＝theworldoutsidetheirhouseshadcompletelychanged).早上，人們醒來(lái)，發(fā)現(xiàn)房子外面的世界完全改變了。2．能以動(dòng)詞-ed

形式(短語(yǔ))作賓補(bǔ)的幾類(lèi)動(dòng)詞

(1)表示感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的感官動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的有see，hear，find，notice，observe，lookat，listento等。Backfromhistwo-yearmedicalserviceinAfrica，DrLeewasveryhappytoseehismothertakengoodcareofathome.在非洲進(jìn)行醫(yī)療服務(wù)兩年回來(lái)后，李醫(yī)生很高興看到他的媽媽在家得到了很好的照顧。

Themanagerwassatisfiedtofindmanynewproductssoldwell．發(fā)現(xiàn)許多新產(chǎn)品賣(mài)得很好，經(jīng)理很滿(mǎn)意。注意：感官動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)后跟動(dòng)詞-ed形式(短語(yǔ))作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，表示被動(dòng)和完成，也可表示狀態(tài)；跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，不涉及動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程；加省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。(2)表示“使、令、讓”等意義的使役動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有have，make，get，keep等。①havesth.done的含義通常為：(主語(yǔ))請(qǐng)/派別人完成某事；(主語(yǔ))遭受某種不幸的情況。I'mgoingtohavemyletterspostedtomorrowifI'vegotthemreadybythen.如果明天我能將信函準(zhǔn)備好的話，到時(shí)我就把它們寄出去。Hehadhislegbrokeninthematchyesterday.他在昨天的比賽中摔斷了腿。②make常用于makeoneselfheard/understood/known，意為“讓人聽(tīng)到/理解/知道自己”。BeingpooratEnglish，I'mafraidIcan'tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.由于我的英語(yǔ)很差勁，我怕用英語(yǔ)不能讓別人理解我的意思。③keep可用于keepsb./sth.done結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“使某人/某事一直處于某種狀態(tài)”。Michaelputupapictureofafamousartistbesidehisbedtokeephimselfremindedofhisowndreams.邁克爾在他的床邊貼了一張一位著名畫(huà)家的畫(huà)，以提醒自己不要忘了自己的夢(mèng)想。(3)表示“希望；愿望；命令”的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)，如want，wish，like，expect，order等。

Hewantedhisabilityrecognized．他希望他的能力得到認(rèn)可。

3．動(dòng)詞-ed形式(短語(yǔ))用在“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中。Thelivingroomiscleanandtidy，withadiningtablealreadylaidforamealtobecooked.客廳干凈整潔，一張用來(lái)擺放即將做好的飯菜的餐桌已經(jīng)擺好了。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練3]——單句語(yǔ)法填空①Evenwithlargeamountsofgoods________(produce)，however，theystillfacedanotherproblem.②Thebosswouldn'tliketheproblem________(discuss)atthemoment.③Hefoundalmostalltheleaves______(fall)ontotheground.produceddiscussedfallen短文語(yǔ)境填空Inhermessylab，1．__________(surround)bybuzzingmachines，thescientistcarefullyexaminedherdata，2．___________(discover)surprisingconnectionsthatwentagainstwhatwaspreviouslythought.Eachnewfindingmadehermoreconfidentand3．________(motivate).Shewasdrivenbyastrongdesire4．________(explore)andunderstand.5．______(fuel)byherendlesscuriosityandpassionfordiscovery，shesurroundeddiscoveringmotivatedtoexploreFueledwasexcitedtouncover6．______(hide)mysteriesandsharenewideaswiththescientificcommunity.Witheveryexperimentsuccessfully7．____(do)，shemovedcloserto8．_______(solve)thepuzzles9．_________(confuse)scientistsforsolong，10．______(drive)byherdeterminationtolearnmoreandexpandherunderstandingscience.hiddendonesolvingconfusingdriven課下預(yù)習(xí)第二篇課文(Extendedreading)①putourfutureatrisk使我們的未來(lái)岌岌可危put...atrisk將……置于危險(xiǎn)中②eviln．罪惡，罪行③putanotherway換句話說(shuō)putv．說(shuō)，表達(dá)

④beofvalue很有價(jià)值(＝bevaluable)⑤befamiliarto為……所熟知⑥enablevt.使能夠⑦tothecreditof歸功于creditn．贊揚(yáng)，認(rèn)可；信用⑧negatevt.取消，使無(wú)效；否認(rèn)，否定⑨intellectualenjoyment智力上的享受⑩letusdown使我們失望?unimaginedstrangeness想象不到的奇特之處?asto關(guān)于，至于?prettysure很確定prettyadv.很，非常?insomedoubt有些疑問(wèn)?bebornoutof源于；起源于；脫胎于?authorityn．權(quán)威，權(quán)力；官方?leaveroomfordoubt給質(zhì)疑留有余地leaveroomfor給……留下余地或空間?comingadj.后來(lái)的；將要到來(lái)的TheValueofScienceWhenIwasyounger，Ithoughtsciencewouldmakegoodthingsforeverybody.Itwasobviouslyuseful；itwasgood.ButthenduringthewarIworkedontheatomicbomb.Thisresultofsciencewasobviouslyveryserious—itrepresentedthedestructionofpeopleanditputourfutureatrisk①.Ihadtoaskmyself，“Istheresomeevil②

involvedinscience[1]？”[1]此處為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾someevil。Putanotherway③，whatisthevalueofthescienceIhadlongdevotedmyselfto[2]—thethingIhadloved—whenIsawwhatterriblethingsitcoulddo?ItwasaquestionIhadtoanswer[3].Ithoughtlongandhardaboutthisquestion，andIwilltrytoansweritinthistalk.[2]此處為定語(yǔ)從句修飾thevalueofthescience，省略了引導(dǎo)詞that/which。[3]此處為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾aquestion，省略了引導(dǎo)詞that/which。Thefirstwayinwhichscienceisofvalue④

isfamiliarto⑤everyone：scientificknowledgeenables⑥ustodoandmakeallkindsofthings.Ofcourse，ifwemakegoodthings，itisnotonlytothecreditof⑦science；itisalsotothecreditofthemoralchoicewhichledustogoodwork.Scientificknowledgeisanenablingpowertodoeithergoodorbad—butitdoesnotcarryinstructionsonhowtoapplyit[4].Suchpowerhasobviousvalue—eventhoughthepowermaybenegated⑧bywhatonedoeswithit[5].[4]“how＋不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”，作介詞on的賓語(yǔ)。[5]what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。Anothervalueofscienceistheintellectualenjoyment⑨itcanprovideuswith.Whenwelookatanyquestiondeeplyenough，wefeeltheexcitementandmysterycomingtousagainandagain.Withmoreknowledgecomesadeeper，morewonderfulmystery[6]，inspiringonetolookdeeperstill.Neverconcernedthattheanswermayletusdown⑩，withpleasureandconfidenceweturnovereachnewstonetofindunimaginedstrangeness?leadingontomorewonderfulquestionsandmysteries.Thankstothescientificeffort，wehavebeenledtoimagineallsortsofthingsmorefantasticthanpoetsanddreamersofthepastevercould[7].[6]本句為倒裝句，句子主語(yǔ)是adeeper，morewonderfulmystery，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是comes，被提至主語(yǔ)前面。[7]could后面承前省略了動(dòng)詞imagine。Iwouldnowliketoturntoathirdvaluethatsciencehas.Thescientisthasalotofexperiencewithignoranceanddoubtanduncertainty，andthisexperienceisofverygreatimportance.Whenascientistdoesn'tknowtheanswertoaproblem，heisignorant.Whenhehasanideaasto?whattheresultis，heisuncertain.Andwhenheisprettysure?ofwhattheresultisgoingtobe[8]，heisstillinsomedoubt?.[8]what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。Now，wescientiststakeitforgrantedthatitisperfectlypossibletoliveandnotknow.Butourfreedomtodoubtwasbornoutof?adeepandstrongstruggleagainstauthority?intheearlydaysofscience.Inordertoprogress，wemustnotforgettheimportanceofthisstruggle；wemustrecognizeourignoranceandleaveroomfordoubt?.Permitustoquestion—todoubt—tonotbesure.Itisourresponsibilityasscientists，knowingthegreatp