《安全員》課件-常見(jiàn)安全事故原因分析

《安全員》TheSecurity第一節(jié)、安全生產(chǎn)事故的分類SectionI.Classificationofworksafetyaccidents安全事故是指在施工過(guò)程中，在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)突然發(fā)生的一個(gè)或一系列違背人們意愿的，可能導(dǎo)致死亡（包括人員急性中毒）、設(shè)備損壞、建筑工程倒塌或廢棄、安全設(shè)施破壞以及財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的（發(fā)生其中任一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)），迫使人們有目的的活動(dòng)暫時(shí)或永久停止的意外事件。Safetyaccidentsrefertooneoraseriesofunexpectedeventsthatoccursuddenlyattheconstructionsiteduringtheconstructionprocess,whichmayleadtodeath(includingacutepoisoningofpersonnel),equipmentdamage,collapseorabandonmentofconstructionprojects,damagetosafetyfacilities,andpropertyloss(anyormoreofwhichoccur),forcingpeopletotemporarilyorpermanentlystoppurposefulactivities.1．一般工程安全技術(shù)措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的生產(chǎn)安全事故一般有以下分類方法：Therearethefollowinggeneralwaysofclassifyingproductionsafetyaccidentsonconstructionsites:1.按事故傷害程度分類Classificationbydegreeofaccidentalinjury根據(jù)《企業(yè)職工傷亡事故分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB6441-1986）進(jìn)行分類，見(jiàn)下表。Classifiedaccordingto“theStandardforClassificationofCasualtyAccidentsofEnterpriseEmployees”(GB6441-1986),seethetablebelow.

事故按傷害程度分類表

表1-1ClassificationofAccidentsbyDegreeofInjuryTable1-1類別Category失能傷害程度Degreeofdisablinginjury輕傷Minorinjuries1～105天1to105days重傷Seriousinjuries105～6000天105to6000days死亡Death≥6000天≥6000days輕傷，指造成職工肢體傷殘，或某些器官功能性、器質(zhì)性輕度損傷，表現(xiàn)為勞動(dòng)能力輕度或暫時(shí)喪失的傷害。重傷，指造成職工肢體殘缺或視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)等器官受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷，一般能引起人體長(zhǎng)期存在功能障礙，或勞動(dòng)能力有重大損失的傷害。死亡或永久性全失能傷害定6000日。Minorinjuryreferstotheinjurythatcausesphysicaldisabilityorfunctionalororganicmilddamagetocertainorgans,manifestedasmildortemporarylossoflaborability.Seriousinjuryreferstotheinjurythatcausesphysicaldisabilityorseriousdamagetothevisual,auditoryandotherorgansofemployees,whichcangenerallycauselong-termdysfunctionofthehumanbodyorsignificantlossoflaborability.Deathorpermanenttotaldisabilitydamageissetat6000days.1．一般工程安全技術(shù)措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures按安全事故造成人員傷亡或直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失分類見(jiàn)表1-2。SeeTable1-2forabreakdownofsafetyincidentsbythenumberofcasualtiesordirecteconomiclossescaused.2.按安全事故造成人員傷亡或直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失分類Classificationbysafetyincidentresultingininjuryordirecteconomicloss

事故按人員傷亡或直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失分類表Classificationofaccidentsbasedoncasualtiesordirecteconomiclosses類別Category死亡Death重傷Seriousinjuries經(jīng)濟(jì)損失Economicloss一般事故GeneralAccidents<3人<3people<10人<10people<1000萬(wàn)<10million較大事故Largeraccidents3～10人3～10people10～50人10～50people1000～5000萬(wàn)1000～5000million重大事故Majoraccidents10～30人10～30people50～100人50～100people5000萬(wàn)～1億50millionto100million特別重大事故Particularlysignificantaccidents≥30人≥30people≥100人≥100people≥1億元≥100million依據(jù)《企業(yè)職工傷亡事故分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB6441-1986）在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，按事故類別分，可以分為14類，即：高處墜落、坍塌、物體打擊、起重傷害、機(jī)械傷害、中毒、車輛傷害、灼燙、火災(zāi)、淹溺、火藥爆炸、窒息、其他傷害等。Accordingtothe"ClassificationStandardforCasualtyAccidentsofEnterpriseEmployees"(GB6441-1986),accidentsatconstructionsitescanbeclassifiedinto14categories,namely:high-altitudefalls,collapses,objectstrikes,liftinginjuries,mechanicalinjuries,poisoning,vehicleinjuries,burns,fires,drowning,explosiveexplosions,suffocation,andotherinjuries.3.按事故類別分類Classificationbyaccidentcategory由≥2m的勢(shì)能差引起，人員由高處墜落以及從平地墜入坑內(nèi)的傷害。筑隨著生產(chǎn)的進(jìn)行，建筑物向高處發(fā)展，從而高空作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)較多，因此高處墜落是最主要的事故，多發(fā)生在洞口、臨邊處作業(yè)、腳手架、模板、龍門(mén)架（井字架）等高空作業(yè)中。Causedbyapotentialenergydifferenceof≥2m,personnelareinjuredbyfallsfromheightsaswellasfallsfromflatgroundintopits.Asproductionproceeds,buildingsaredevelopedtohigherheightsandthustherearemoreworksitesatheight,sofallsfromheightarethemostsignificantaccidents,mostlyoccurringfromholes,workattheedge,scaffolding,formwork,gantries(tic-tacs)andotherworkatheight.（1）高處墜落事故Fallfromheightaccidents指建筑物、堆置物倒塌以及土石塌方等引起的傷害事故。隨著高層和超高層建筑的大量增加，基礎(chǔ)工程的開(kāi)挖也越來(lái)越深，土方坍塌事故上升，同時(shí)傳統(tǒng)的腳手架坍塌、模板坍塌數(shù)量一直較多，因此坍塌也是主要的事故類型之一。Referstoinjuryaccidentscausedbythecollapseofbuildings,stackingstructures,andsoilandrockcollapses.Withtheincreasingnumberofhigh-riseandsuperhigh-risebuildings,theexcavationoffoundationengineeringisbecomingdeeperanddeeper,andthenumberofearthworkcollapseaccidentsisincreasing.Atthesametime,therehasbeenalargenumberoftraditionalscaffoldingcollapseandformworkcollapse,socollapseisalsooneofthemaintypesofaccidents.（2）坍塌事故Collapseaccident指落物、滾石、錘擊、碎裂、崩塊、砸傷等造成的人身傷害，不包括因爆炸而引起的物體打擊。在建筑工程施工中，由于受到工期的約束，必然安排部分的或全面的立體交叉作業(yè)。因此，物體打擊也是主要的事故類型之一，占事故發(fā)生總數(shù)的10％左右。Personalinjurycausedbyfallingobjects,rollingstones,hammering,fragmentation,fragmentation,andcrushing,excludingobjectstrikescausedbyexplosions.Inconstructionprojects,duetotheconstraintsoftheconstructionperiod,itisinevitabletoarrangepartialorcomprehensiveinterchangeoperations.Therefore,objectstrikesarealsooneofthemaintypesofaccidents,accountingforabout10%ofthetotalnumberofaccidents.（3）物體打擊事故Objectstrikeaccidents指從事各種起重作業(yè)時(shí)發(fā)生的機(jī)械傷害事故，不包括上下駕駛室時(shí)發(fā)生的墜落傷害，起重設(shè)備引起的觸電及檢修時(shí)制動(dòng)失靈造成的傷害。Referstomechanicalinjuryaccidentsthatoccurduringvariousliftingoperations,excludingfallinginjurieswhengettingupanddownthedriver'scab,electricshockcausedbyliftingequipment,andinjuriescausedbybrakefailureduringmaintenance.（4）起重傷害Liftinginjury指由于電流經(jīng)過(guò)人體導(dǎo)致的生理傷害，不包括雷擊傷害。建筑工程施工離不開(kāi)電力，不僅指施工中的電氣照明，更主要的是電動(dòng)機(jī)械和電動(dòng)工具，觸電事故也是多發(fā)事故，占事故總數(shù)的7％左右。Referstophysiologicaldamagecausedbyelectriccurrentpassingthroughthehumanbody,excludinglightningdamage.Constructionprojectscannotdowithoutelectricity,whichnotonlyreferstoelectricallightingduringconstruction,butalsomainlyelectricmachineryandtools.Electricshockaccidentsarealsofrequent,accountingforabout7%ofthetotalnumberofaccidents.（5）觸電事故Electricshockaccident（6）機(jī)械傷害事故Electricshockaccident指被機(jī)械設(shè)備或工具絞、碾、碰、割、戳等造成的人身傷害，不包括車輛、起重設(shè)備引起的傷害。Itreferstopersonalinjurycausedbystranding,grinding,collision,cuttingandstabbingbymechanicalequipmentortools,excludinginjuriescausedbyvehiclesandliftingequipment.（7）火災(zāi)fire火災(zāi)時(shí)造成的人員燒傷、窒息、中毒等。Burns,asphyxia,poisoning,etc.causedbyfire.（8）車輛傷害Vehicleinjury指被車輛擠、壓、撞和車輛傾覆等造成的人身傷害。Itreferstopersonalinjurycausedbybeingsqueezed,pressed,collidedandoverturnedbyvehicles.（9）灼燙burn指火焰引起的燒傷、高溫物體引起的燙傷、強(qiáng)酸或強(qiáng)堿引起的灼傷、放射引起的皮膚損傷。不包括電燒傷及火災(zāi)事故引起的燒傷。Itreferstoburnscausedbyflame,burnscausedbyhotobjects,burnscausedbystrongacidoralkali,andskindamagecausedbyradiation.Excludingelectricburnsandburnscausedbyfireaccidents.（10）火藥爆炸Gunpowderexplosion指在火藥的生產(chǎn)、運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)藏、使用過(guò)程中發(fā)生的爆炸事故。Itreferstotheexplosionaccidentoccurredduringtheproduction,transportation,storageanduseofgunpowder.（11）中毒和窒息PoisoningandSuffocation指煤氣、油氣、瀝青、一氧化碳等有毒氣體中毒。Itreferstogas,oilgas,asphalt,carbonmonoxideandothertoxicgasespoisoning.（13）其他傷害Otherinjuries包括扭傷、跌傷、凍傷、野獸咬傷等。Includingsprains,falls,frostbite,animalbites,etc.（12）淹溺Drowning指人落入水中，因呼吸受阻造成傷害的事故。Itreferstoanaccidentinwhichapersonfallsintothewaterandisinjuredduetorespiratoryobstruction.（11）中毒和窒息PoisoningandSuffocation指煤氣、油氣、瀝青、一氧化碳等有毒氣體中毒。Itreferstogas,oilgas,asphalt,carbonmonoxideandothertoxicgasespoisoning.（13）其他傷害Otherinjuries包括扭傷、跌傷、凍傷、野獸咬傷等。Includingsprains,falls,frostbite,animalbites,etc.（12）淹溺Drowning指人落入水中，因呼吸受阻造成傷害的事故。Itreferstoanaccidentinwhichapersonfallsintothewaterandisinjuredduetorespiratoryobstruction.（11）中毒和窒息PoisoningandSuffocation指煤氣、油氣、瀝青、一氧化碳等有毒氣體中毒。Itreferstogas,oilgas,asphalt,carbonmonoxideandothertoxicgasespoisoning.（13）其他傷害Otherinjuries包括扭傷、跌傷、凍傷、野獸咬傷等。Includingsprains,falls,frostbite,animalbites,etc.（12）淹溺Drowning指人落入水中，因呼吸受阻造成傷害的事故。Itreferstoanaccidentinwhichapersonfallsintothewaterandisinjuredduetorespiratoryobstruction.從建筑活動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)及事故的原因和性質(zhì)來(lái)看，建筑安全事故可以分為四類，即生產(chǎn)事故、質(zhì)量問(wèn)題、技術(shù)事故和環(huán)境事故。Fromthecharacteristicsofconstructionactivitiesandthecausesandnatureofaccidents,constructionsafetyaccidentscanbedividedintofourcategories,namely,productionaccidents,qualityproblems,technicalaccidentsandenvironmentalaccidents.4.按事故的原因及性質(zhì)分類Classificationaccordingtothecauseandnatureoftheaccident主要是指在建筑產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)、維修、拆除過(guò)程中，操作人員違反有關(guān)施工操規(guī)程等而直接導(dǎo)致的安全事故。這類事故一般都是在施工作業(yè)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的，事故發(fā)生次數(shù)比較頻繁，是建筑安全事故的主要類型之一。目前我國(guó)對(duì)建筑安全生產(chǎn)的管理主要是針對(duì)生產(chǎn)事故。Itmainlyreferstothesafetyaccidentsdirectlycausedbytheoperators'violationofrelevantconstructionoperationregulationsduringtheproduction,maintenanceanddemolitionofconstructionproducts.Suchaccidentsgenerallyoccurintheprocessofconstructionoperations,andthenumberofaccidentsisrelativelyfrequent,whichisoneofthemaintypesofconstructionsafetyaccidents.Atpresent,themanagementofconstructionsafetyproductioninChinaismainlyaimedatproductionaccidents.（1）生產(chǎn)事故Productionaccident質(zhì)量問(wèn)題主要是指由于設(shè)計(jì)不符合規(guī)范或施工達(dá)不到要求等原因而導(dǎo)致建筑結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)體或使用功能存在瑕疵，進(jìn)而引起安全事故的發(fā)生。在設(shè)計(jì)不符合規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面，主要是一些沒(méi)有相應(yīng)資質(zhì)的單位或個(gè)人私自出圖和設(shè)計(jì)本身存在安全隱患。在施工達(dá)不到設(shè)計(jì)要求方面，一是施工過(guò)程違反有關(guān)操作規(guī)程留下的隱患；二是有關(guān)施工主體偷工減料的行為導(dǎo)致的安全隱患。質(zhì)量問(wèn)題可能發(fā)生在施工作業(yè)過(guò)程中，也可能發(fā)生在建筑實(shí)體的使用過(guò)程中。特別是在建筑實(shí)體的使用過(guò)程中，質(zhì)量問(wèn)題帶來(lái)的危害是極其嚴(yán)重的，如果在外加災(zāi)害（如地震、火災(zāi)）發(fā)生的情況下，其危害后果是不堪設(shè)想的。質(zhì)量問(wèn)題也是建筑安全事故的主要類型之一。Qualityproblemsmainlyrefertothedefectsinthebuildingstructureentityorusefunctioncausedbyreasonssuchasthedesigndoesnotconformtothespecificationortheconstructiondoesnotmeettherequirements,andthenleadtosafetyaccidents.Intermsofthedesignnotcomplyingwiththespecificationsandstandards,itismainlybecausesomeunitsorindividualswithoutcorrespondingqualificationshavemadedrawingswithoutpermissionandthedesignitselfhaspotentialsafetyhazards.Intermsoftheconstructionfailingtomeetthedesignrequirements,thefirstisthehiddendangerleftbytheviolationofrelevantoperatingproceduresduringtheconstructionprocess;Thesecondisthepotentialsafetyhazardcausedbytheconstructionsubject'sJerrybuildingbehavior.Qualityproblemsmayoccurintheconstructionprocess,orintheuseofbuildingentities.Especiallyintheuseprocessofthebuildingentity,theharmcausedbythequalityproblemisextremelyserious.Iftheexternaldisasters(suchasearthquakeandfire)occur,theharmfulconsequencesareunimaginable.Qualityproblemisalsooneofthemaintypesofconstructionsafetyaccidents.（2）質(zhì)量問(wèn)題Qualityproblem（3）技術(shù)事故主要是指由于工程技術(shù)原因而導(dǎo)致的安全事故，技術(shù)事故的結(jié)果通常是毀滅性的。技術(shù)是安全的保證，技術(shù)可能會(huì)在突然之間出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，起初微不足道的瑕疵可能導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難性的后果，很多時(shí)候正是由于一些不經(jīng)意的技術(shù)失誤才導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的事故。在工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，人類歷史上曾發(fā)生過(guò)多次技術(shù)災(zāi)難，包括人類和平利用核能過(guò)程中的切爾諾貝利核事故、“挑戰(zhàn)者”號(hào)航天飛機(jī)爆炸事故等。在工程建設(shè)領(lǐng)域，這方面慘痛失敗的教訓(xùn)同樣也是深刻的，如1981年7月17日美國(guó)密蘇里州發(fā)生的海厄特?cái)z政通道垮塌事故。技術(shù)事故的發(fā)生，可能發(fā)生在施工生產(chǎn)階段，也可能發(fā)生在使用階段。Technicalaccidentsmainlyrefertosafetyaccidentscausedbyengineeringtechnology,andtheresultsoftechnicalaccidentsareusuallydevastating.Technologyistheguaranteeofsafety.Technologymaysuddenlyhaveproblems.Atfirst,insignificantdefectsmayleadtodisastrousconsequences.Manytimes,itisjustsomeinadvertenttechnicalmistakesthatleadtoseriousaccidents.Inthefieldofengineeringtechnology,therehavebeenmanytechnologicaldisastersinhumanhistory,includingtheChernobylnuclearaccidentandthespaceshuttle“Challenger”explosionintheprocessofhumanpeacefuluseofnuclearenergy.Inthefieldofengineeringconstruction,thelessonsofthistragicfailurearealsoprofound,suchasthecollapseofthehayattRegentpassageinMissourionJuly17,1981.Technicalaccidentsmayoccurintheconstructionandproductionstageorintheusestage.環(huán)境事故主要是指