《中國(guó)文化概況》第二章-中國(guó)的對(duì)外交流

第二章

中國(guó)的對(duì)外交流ExternalCommunicationofChina01.絲綢之路

SilkRoad02.目錄CONTENTS海上絲綢之路TheMaritimeSilkRoad03.一帶一路與外交政策OneBeltandOneRoad

“絲綢之路”一詞的首創(chuàng)者是德國(guó)旅行家和地理學(xué)家費(fèi)迪南·馮·李?；舴夷芯?。實(shí)際上，馮·李希霍芬在1877年的一次講座上，以及他的多卷本歷史地理學(xué)著作《中國(guó)》（1877）中，同時(shí)使用了這個(gè)詞的單數(shù)（Seidenstrasse）和復(fù)數(shù)（Seidenstrassen）形式。他用這個(gè)詞指代中國(guó)的絲綢離開漢朝（公元前206—公元220年）抵達(dá)中亞的多條路線。

ItwasaGermantravelerandgeographer,FerdinandvonRichthofen,whocoinedtheterm“theSilkRoad”.Actually,vonRichthofenusedtheterminbothsingular(Seidenstrasse)andplural(Seidenstrassen)inalecturein1877andinhismultivolumehistoricalgeographyworkChina(1877).ForhimthetermreferredtotheroutesalongwhichChinesesilkmovedfromtheHanEmpire(206B.C.-220B.C.)toCentralAsia.（一）絲綢之路名稱的由來(lái)TheTermoftheSilkRoad自從張騫通西域以來(lái)，中國(guó)和中亞及歐洲的商業(yè)往來(lái)迅速增加。通過(guò)這條貫穿亞歐的大道——絲綢之路，中國(guó)的絲、綢、綾、緞、絹等絲織品源源不斷地輸向中亞和歐洲。SinceZhangQiantraveledtotheWesternRegions,thebusinesscommunicationbetweenChina,CentralAsiaandEuropehasincreasedrapidly.ThroughtheSilkRoadwhichisthemainroadthroughoutAsiaandEurope,China'ssilk,silkfabric,thinsilk,satin,toughsilkandothersilkproductsareexportedtoCentralAsiaandEurope.（二）絲綢之路簡(jiǎn)介AbouttheSilkRoad

絲綢之路，概括的講，是自古以來(lái)，從東亞開始，經(jīng)中亞、西亞進(jìn)而聯(lián)結(jié)歐洲及北非的這條東西方交通路線的總稱。絲綢之路在世界史上有重大的意義。它是歐亞大陸的交通動(dòng)脈，是中國(guó)、印度、希臘三種主要文化交匯橋梁。Generallyspeaking,theSilkRoadisthegeneralnameoftheEast-WesttransportationroutethatstartsfromEastAsiaandconnectsEuropeandNorthAfricathroughCentralAsiaandWestAsiasinceancienttimes.TheSilkRoadisofgreatsignificanceinworldhistory.ItisthetransportarteryofEurasiaandtheintersectionbridgeofChina,IndiaandGreece.張騫ZhangQian

張騫（公元前164年―公元前114年），中國(guó)漢代杰出的外交家、旅行家、探險(xiǎn)家，絲綢之路的開拓者。西漢建元二年（公元前139年），奉漢武帝之命，張騫率領(lǐng)一百多人出使西域，打通了漢朝通往西域的南北道路，即赫赫有名的絲綢之路。ZhangQian(164-114BC),anoutstandingdiplomat,travelerandexplorerintheHanDynasty,wasapioneeroftheSilkRoad.InthesecondyearofJianyuan(139BC)intheWesternHanDynasty,undertheorderofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,ZhangQianledmorethan100peopletothewesternregionsandopenedtheSouth-NorthroadleadingtothewesternregionsintheHanDynasty,thefamousSilkRoad.

張騫被譽(yù)為“第一個(gè)睜開眼睛看世界的中國(guó)人”、“東方的哥倫布”。他將中原文明傳播至西域，又從西域諸國(guó)引進(jìn)了汗血馬、葡萄、苜蓿、石榴、胡麻等物種到中原，促進(jìn)了東西方文明的交流。ZhangQianisknownas“thefirstChinesetoopenhiseyestotheworld”and“ColumbusoftheEast”.HespreadthecivilizationoftheCentralPlainstothewesternregions,andintroducedsuchspeciesasFerghanahorse,grape,alfalfa,pomegranateandflaxfromthewesternregionstotheCentralPlains,whichpromotedtheexchangeofeasternandwesterncivilizations.

我國(guó)海上絲綢之路的形成及發(fā)展至今已經(jīng)有幾千年的歷史了，從先秦時(shí)代的少數(shù)海上活動(dòng)，到秦漢以后的規(guī)?；Ｉ腺Q(mào)易，從生存化的海上遷徙，到經(jīng)濟(jì)化的貿(mào)易往來(lái)，我國(guó)的海上絲綢之路經(jīng)歷了一段不尋常的歷程。

TheformationanddevelopmentofChina'smaritimesilkroadhasahistoryofseveralthousandyears.FromafewmaritimeactivitiesinthePre-qinPeriodtolarge-scalemaritimetradeafterQinandHanDynasties,frommaritimemigrationforsurvivaltoeconomictrade,China'smaritimesilkroadhasexperiencedanunusualcourse.（一）海上絲綢之路的形成TheFormationoftheMaritimeSilkRoad在秦漢時(shí)期，對(duì)于剛剛統(tǒng)一成為中央集權(quán)的封建國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，社會(huì)安定與發(fā)展成為當(dāng)時(shí)統(tǒng)治者最重視的問(wèn)題。在此時(shí)期，社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力有了很大的進(jìn)步，其中造船技術(shù)和航海技術(shù)相對(duì)于之前而言得到了飛躍式的發(fā)展。在此基礎(chǔ)上形成了從中國(guó)南海到印度洋的中國(guó)史上也是世界上第一條遠(yuǎn)洋航線，被稱為海上絲綢之路。DuringtheQinandHanDynasties,socialstabilityanddevelopmentbecamethemostimportantissuesforthefeudalstatewhichhadjustbeenunifiedintoacentralizedstate.Duringthisperiod,socialproductiveforcesmadegreatprogress,amongwhichshipbuildingtechnologyandnavigationtechnologyweredevelopedbyleapsandboundscomparedwithbefore.ItwasduringthisperiodthatallthenavigationroutesalongtheChinesecoastwereunimpeded.Onthisbasis,Chinaformedthefirstoceanrouteintheworld,whichwasfromthesouthChinaseatotheIndianOceaninthehistoryandknownastheMaritimeSilkRoad.（二）海上絲綢之路的繁榮

TheProsperityoftheMaritimeSilkRoad

公元6世紀(jì)，隋朝統(tǒng)一了全國(guó)，隋煬帝繼位之后，發(fā)展了海外貿(mào)易，并與通經(jīng)國(guó)家和地區(qū)友好往來(lái)。Inthe6thCenturyAD,theSuiDynastyunifiedthewholecountry.AfterEmperorSuiYanginheritedthethrone,hedevelopedoverseastradeandmadefriendlyexchangeswithcountriesandregionswhichhadeconomicrelationswitheachother.（二）海上絲綢之路的繁榮

TheProsperityoftheMaritimeSilkRoad

唐朝延續(xù)了南北朝前期發(fā)展的興旺之勢(shì)，生產(chǎn)發(fā)展、海外貿(mào)易空前發(fā)達(dá)。在政府的保護(hù)之下，商船在南海和印度洋來(lái)往，絡(luò)繹不絕。廣州、泉州、寧波、揚(yáng)州更是成為當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)際四大貿(mào)易港。相比之前中原王朝海上絲綢之路航線的規(guī)模，唐代的海上絲綢之路航線更加繁盛興旺。

TheTangDynasty,withgreatdevelopmentofproductionandoverseatrade,continuedtheprosperityoftheearlydevelopmentoftheSouthandNorthDynasties.Underthegovernmentprotectioninthisdynasty,merchantshipscameandwentinanendlessstreamintheSouthChinaSeaandtheIndianOcean.Guangzhou,Quanzhou,NingboandYangzhoubecamethefourinternationalmajortradeportsinthattime.ComparedwiththescaleoftheMaritimeSilkRoadofCentralPlainDynastiesbefore,theMaritimeSilkRoadintheTangDynastywasmoreprosperous.（三）海上絲綢之路的繁盛TheFlourishingoftheMaritimeSilkRoad在公元10世紀(jì)中葉，宋朝結(jié)束了五代十國(guó)的分裂格局。宋朝占據(jù)了江南地區(qū)，并借助地理位置的優(yōu)勢(shì)，繼續(xù)發(fā)展海外貿(mào)易。陶瓷和香藥貿(mào)易量的加大,海上絲綢之路又有“陶瓷之路”、“香藥之路”之稱。

Inthemiddleofthe10thcentury,theSongDynastyendedthedivisionoftheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsandcompletedtheunificationofthelongperiodofchaos.TheSongDynastyoccupiedthesouthpartofChinaandcontinuedtodevelopoverseastradewiththeadvantageofitsgeographicalposition.Thetradevolumeofceramicsandperfumeryincreaseduntilitbecamedominantstatus.theMaritimeSilkRoadisalsoknownasthe“CeramicRoad”and“IncenseRoad”.（三）海上絲綢之路的繁盛TheFlourishingoftheMaritimeSilkRoad

元朝政府對(duì)于海外貿(mào)易依舊十分開放，并且有很多的鼓勵(lì)政策。除了商貿(mào)往來(lái)，西方基督教士也紛紛在這一時(shí)期從海上絲綢之路來(lái)到中國(guó)。

ThegovernmentofYuanDynastywasstillopentoforeigntradeandhadmanyincentives,andsetupthespecializeddivisionnamedShibosiinGuangzhouinordertopromotethedevelopmentofnationalmarine.Inadditiontobusinessandtrade,thewesternChristiansalsocametoChinafromtheMaritimeSilkRoadinthisperiod.（四）海上絲綢之路的頂峰TheSummitoftheMaritimeSilkRoad在中國(guó)歷史上明朝曾多次由政府組織的龐大船隊(duì)往返于海上絲綢之路，對(duì)海上絲綢之路帶上的國(guó)家進(jìn)行友好訪問(wèn)與通商貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。明朝的造船業(yè)與前代相比發(fā)達(dá)很多，在各地出現(xiàn)了很多著名的造船廠當(dāng)時(shí)鄭和船隊(duì)以海上為貿(mào)易基地，派出船隊(duì)分赴各地進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。InthehistoryofChina,thereweremanylargefleets,whichwereorganizedbythegovernmentoftheMingDynasty,traveledtoandfromtheMaritimeSilkRoad,andhadfriendlyvisitsandtradeactivitiestocountriesalongtheMaritimeSilkRoad.TheshipbuildingindustryintheMingDynastywasmuchmoredevelopedthanthatofthepreviousgeneration.Manyfamousshipyardsappearedinvariousplaces.Atthattime,Zhenghe'sfleettooktheseaasitstradingbaseandsentthefleetstovariousplacesfortrade.（五）海上絲綢之路的衰落TheDeclineoftheMaritimeSilkRoad到了明宣德年間，由于倭寇侵?jǐn)_，明朝曾中斷海外貿(mào)易，重申海禁。嘉靖年間，倭寇對(duì)中國(guó)沿海的侵?jǐn)_加劇，海禁更嚴(yán)。嘉慶之后，隨著國(guó)力日衰，海上絲綢之路昔日盛況不再，在清朝后期快速走向衰落。DuringthereignofEmperorXuandeoftheMingDynasty(1426—1435),theoverseastradewasinterruptedduetoinvasionbyJapanesepirates.Andthemaritimebanwasreaffirmed.AfterthereignofJiaqing,withthedeclineofnationalpower,theMaritimeSilkRoadwasnotasprosperousasbeforeanditdeclinedrapidlyinthelateQingDynasty.

首先，海上絲綢之路對(duì)東西文化交流起到了重要的促進(jìn)作用。（六）海上絲綢之路的意義TheSignificanceofMaritimeSilkRoad

Firstofall,theMaritimeSilkRoadhasgreatlyincreasedtheculturalcommunicationbetweenwesternandeasternworld.

其次，海上絲綢之路為東西方貿(mào)易往來(lái)帶來(lái)了深遠(yuǎn)影響。Secondly,MaritimeSilkRoadexertsafar-reachinginfluenceinEast-Westtradehistory.最后，海上絲綢之路為構(gòu)建東西方友好往來(lái)提供了便利條件。

Atlast,theMaritimeSilkRoadmakesthefriendlypoliticalcommunicationsbetweenwesternandeasternworldbecomepossible.“一帶一路”倡議是通過(guò)陸上絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶和海上絲綢之路兩個(gè)部分來(lái)推動(dòng)跨國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。TheBeltandRoadInitiativeisintendedforpromotingmultinationaleconomicdevelopmentthroughtwocomponentplans,theland-basedSilkRoadEconomicBeltandMaritimeSilkRoad.2013年9月和10月，中國(guó)國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平在出訪中亞和東南亞國(guó)家期間，先后提出共建“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”和“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”（以下簡(jiǎn)稱“一帶一路”）的重大倡議，得到國(guó)際社會(huì)高度關(guān)注。WhenChinesePresidentXiJinpingvisitedCentralAsiaandSoutheastAsiainSeptemberandOctoberof2013,heraisedtheinitiativeofjointlybuildingtheSilkRoadEconomicBeltandthe21st-CenturyMaritimeSilkRoad(hereinafterreferredtoastheBeltandRoad),whichhaveattractedcloseattentionfromallovertheworld.恪守聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章的宗旨和原則。遵守和平共處五項(xiàng)原則，即尊重各國(guó)主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內(nèi)政、和平共處、平等互利。

TheBeltandRoadInitiativeisinlinewiththepurposesandprinciplesoftheUNCharter.Ituph