教學(xué)課件-英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作(第二版)

EnglishAcademicWriting

AboutthecontentThisbookconsistsofsixchapters.Eachchaptercomprisesthreepartswhichunfoldthecontentfromthreedifferentperspectives.

Thefirstpartfocusesthemajorstepsofpaperwriting.Thesecondpartmainlytalksabouttherelevantissuesinpaperwriting.

Thethirdpartisconcernedwiththedescriptionmethods.TableofContentChapterOne:IntroductionChapterTwo:ResearchTopicChapterThree:DataCollectionandEvaluationChapterFour:WritingStyleChapterFive:PaperWritingChaptersix:AbstractEnglishAcademicWritingChapter1:IntroductionEnglishAcademicWritingLeadin:

(1)Whydoyouengageinscientificresearch?(2)Whatarethetypes,thestructureandthecharacteristicsofacademicpaper?(3)Whatproceduresdowefollowinacademicwriting?(4)Whatdoesadefinitionmean?Whatdoesitusuallyconsistof?Pleaselisttwoorthreesimpleexamples.

ChapterOne:Introduction

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting

PartTwo:ProceduresofAcademicWriting

PartThree:DefinitionWritingChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting1.ReasonstoEngageinScientificResearchPersonalinteresttoexploretheworldSolvingpracticalproblemsCareerdevelopmentTechnologicaldevelopmentAcademicexchangesAcademicevaluationBeingforcedtoChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting2.BasicTypesofAcademicPapers

Inaccordancewithacombinationofthecontent,target,methodsandotherfactors.

①Argumentativepapers

②Descriptivepapers

③

AcademicMeeting/ResearchReviews

④BookReviewsChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting①ArgumentativePapersDefinition:

Argumentativepapersillustratetheauthor’sviewsoropinionsonanissuebydiscussionsordescriptions,etc.Theyemphasizereasoningandstrictlogic;thisnecessitatestheuseofconcepts,analysis,synthesis,judgment,logictoanalyzetheproblem,toreasonandargueinordertoclarifythepointofvieworreachaconclusion.

Categories:

(1)argumentativepaper

(2)refutationpaperGotomainChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting

②DescriptivePapersDefinition:Descriptivepapersarealsoknownasexpositorypapers,whicharemainlyusedtodescribeanaturalphenomenonorasocialphenomenon.E.g.:thecausesandeffectsofcertainideascanbetheobjectofanalysis,descriptionandexplanation.

Majortypes:(1)experimentalreports(2)investigationreportsGotomainChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting

③AcademicMeeting/ResearchReviews

Reviewpapersincludeacademicconference,seminarandresearchreviews.Thereviewpapersexploredinthisbookrefertotheresearchreviewsofpublishedliterature.Definition:

Reviewpapersmainlysummarizetheresultsofresearchonacertaintopic,inwhichtheauthorscanaddtheirownpresentationsandcommentsandexpresstheirpersonalviews.Thefundamentalpurposeistointroducethelatestdevelopmentsindisciplinesandprovidethelatestacademicinformationandsystemicacademicmaterials,thushavingtheirownacademicvalue.Types:1.Intermsofspan:(1)synchronicreview

(2)diachronicreview

2.Inaccordancewithscope:(1)thematicreviews

(2)discipline

reviews.

GotomainChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting

④BookReviews

Definition:Bookreviewsintroducethemaincontentandevaluatethebooksstrengthsandweakness.

Types:

(1)introductorybookreviews(2)narrative-and-comment-balancedbookreview(3)comment-focusedbookreviewsGotomainChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting3.Structureofanacademicpaper(1).(InaccordancewiththeModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)format)

TypesofpaperLibraryresearchExperimentalresearchCasestudypaperComponentsTitlepage,Outline,Abstract,Mainbody,Notes(optional),Appendix,Andreferences.Title,Abstract,Introduction,Methodsandmaterials,Analysisofresults,Discussion,Conclusionsandreferences.Title,Abstract,Introduction,Reports,Discussions,Conclusionsandreferences.ChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting(2)(IntermsofpaperpublishedinChinaorabroad)PapersPaperpublishedinChinaPaperpublishedabroadComponentsChineseandEnglishtitles,ChineseandEnglishabstract,ChineseandEnglishkeywords,Thebody,References,Appendix,Informationabouttheauthor.Title,Abstract,Introduction,Thebody,ConclusionsandRecommendations,Acknowledgement,References,Appendix.ChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting4.CharacteristicsofAcademicWriting(1).Featuresonthelexicallevel

①Terminology②Nominalization③Abbreviation④Useofsingleverbs?(2).Featuresonthesyntacticallevel

①Longcomplexsentence②Simple-presenttense③Passivevoice④Non-finiteverbs“atom,fungus”“radar”and“AIDS”.“investigate”for“l(fā)ookinto”,“eliminate”for“getridof”f”.ChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting5.DifferencesBetweenEnglishandChineseAcademicPaperEnglishacademicpaperChineseacademicpaperStrictadherencetoaparticularstyleguideLooseadherencetostyleMoreempiricalSubjectiveMoreformalLessformalTop-downreasoningSpiralreasoningChapterOne

PartOne:IntroductiontoAcademicWriting6.DistinctionBetweenEnglishPapersontheArtsandScience

GotomainEnglishpaperonartEnglishpaperonscienceDifferencesLoworiginalityHighoriginalitySecondarysourcesPrimarysourcesArgumentationDescriptionSubjectivityObjectivitySimilarities①Large-scaleuseofthepassivevoice②Extensiveuseoflong,complexsentencesChapterOne

PartTwo:ProceduresforAcademicWritingProcedures:Step1:Choiceof

TopicStep2:CollectionandEvaluationofDataStep3:DevelopmentofOutlineStep4:WritingStep5:Revision,EditingandReferencesStep6:PreparationofAbstractStep7:PreparationofFinalDetailsGotomainChapterOne

Partthree:DefinitionWriting1.Introduction:Adefinitionisthemeaningofawordorphrase.

E.g.:“Art”isavisualobjectorexperienceconsciouslycreatedasanexpressionofskillorimagination.ChapterOne

Partthree:DefinitionWriting

2.StructureofaDefinition

Adefinitionconsistsofthreeelements:(1)thetermitself,(2)thecategorythetermbelongsto,(3)thefeaturesoftheterm.

Traditionally,adefinitionconsistsofthegenus(thefamily)ofthingtowhichthedefinedthingbelongs,andthedifferentia(thedistinguishingfeaturewhichmarksitofffromothermembersofthesamefamily).(Wikipedia,2009).E.g.:“Triangle”isdefinedas“aplanefigure(genus)boundedbythreestraightsides(differentia).”

ChapterOne

Partthree:DefinitionWriting3.CriteriaofaGoodDefinition1.Followrulesthathavetraditionallybeengivenfordefinition.2.Statetheessentialattributesofthatwhichisdefined.3.Giveexamplesofusage.4.Avoidcircularity.5.Mustbeneithertoobroadortoonarrownorleaveoutanyappropriateinformation,norincludethatwhichdoesnottrulyapply.6.Mustnotbeobscure.7.Shouldnotbestatedinthenegativewhenitcanbestatedpositively.E.g.:“Wisdom”shouldnotbedefinedas“absenceoffolly”.

ChapterOne

Partthree:DefinitionWritingActivity1:Doyouthinkthefollowingdefinitionsaregoodones?(1)Agameisasport.(2)Wisdomistheabsenceoffolly.(3)Blindnessistheabsenceofsightinacreaturethatisnormallysighted.(4)Murderisanintended,unlawfulandcriminalactofonehumankillinganotherhumanwithoutprovocationorjustification.ChapterOne

Partthree:DefinitionWritingKey:(1)Agameis

anactivityorasportwithrulesinwhichpeopleorteamscompeteagainsteachother.(2)Wisdomis

theabilitytomakesensibledecisionsandgivegoodadvicebecauseoftheexperienceandknowledgethatyouhave.(3)Good.(4)Good.ChapterOne

Partthree:DefinitionWriting4.TheDefinitionEssayEverett(2004)putsforwardthefollowingguidelinesforwritingadefinitionessay:(1).Makeyouressaypersonal,amusing,vigorous,stimulating,andmemorable.(2).Chooseagenerictopicratherthanaspecifictopic.ChapterOne

Partthree:DefinitionWriting5.TechniquesforDefinitionEssays

SupplementaryTechniquesusedtoclarifythetopicinquestions(Everett,2004):AnalysisClassificationComparisonDetailsExamplesandincidentsNegationOriginsandCausesResults,EffectsandUses

ChapterOne:IntroductionHomework:Discussingroupsofthreeorfourandprovideyourowndefinitionsforthefollowingterms.Thenconsultadictionarytofindtheirdefinitions.Literature,Coin,Culture,DolphinChapterOne:IntroductionThankyouChapterOne:IntroductionKeytohomework:(1)Literature:piecesofwritingthatvaluedasworksofart,especiallynovel,playsandpoems(incontrasttotechnicalbooksandnewspaper,magazines,etc.)(2)Coin:asmallflatpieceofmetalusedasmoney.(3)Culture:thecustomsandbeliefs,art,wayoflifeandsocialorganizationofaparticularcountryorgroup.(4)Dolphin:aseaanimal(amammal)thatlookslikealargefishwithapointedmouth.EnglishAcademicWritingChapter2:ResearchTopicChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitleLeadin:

(1)Doyouthinktheresearchtopicisimportant?Whyorwhynot?(2)Whenwechooseatopic,whatshouldweconsider?(3)Ingroupsofthreeorfour,discussthecommonmethodstochooseresearchtopics.Howdoyouusuallychooseyourresearchtopics?(4)Doyouusetablesandfiguresinacademicpapers?Whyorwhynot?(5)Whatarethecommonpatternsforwritingessays?

ChapterTwo:ResearchTopic

PartOne:ChoosingaTopic

PartTwo:TablesandFigures

PartThree:CauseandEffectChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle1.Introduction

Theimportanceofchoosingatitleisself-evident,itisthestartingpointofscientificresearch.

Indicatingtheperspective,thedirectionandscaleofthepaper.Determiningtheacademicvalueofscientific.Bearingonthesuccessorfailureofthesiswriting.ChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle2.PrinciplesofTitleSelectionValuePrincipleScientificPrincipleInnovativePrincipleFeasibilityPrincipleChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle3.MethodsforChoosingaTitleIngeneral,therearesixmainmethodsforchoosingaresearchtitle.(1)Consultyourprofessororanexpert(2)Participateinacademicconferencesandacademiclectures(3)Selectfrompuzzlingproblems(4)Readbooksandnewspapers(5)Choosefromyourowninterests(6)DoliteraturereviewsChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle4.WaystoNarrowDownTitlesStep1:choosingageneraltopicStep2:narrowingitdowntoasmallerandmorefeasibletopic.E.g.:①Literature：LiteraryCriticismLiteraryCriticismatCambridgeDevelopmentofLiteraryCriticismatCambridge②Translation：FactorsinTranslationCulturalFactorsinTranslationCulturalFactorsinTranslationandTheirTransferChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitleActivity1:Inpairsorgroups,pleasenarrowdownthefollowingtopicstomorepracticalresearchtopics:

①Languageteaching②Humanities③Learningstrategies④Writing⑤SyllabusChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle

key:①Languageteaching:Competency-basedapproachinlanguageteachingCompetency-basedapproachincollege-Englishteaching②Humanities:StudiesintheHumanitiesStudiesintheHumanitiesinChinaProblemsYoungChineseFaceWhenChoosingHumanitiesStudiesinaBusiness-OrientedSociety③Learningstrategies:EnglishlearningstrategiesAffectivestrategyinEnglishlearning④WritingAcademicWritingTheProcessofAcademicWritingDocumentationintheProcessofAcademicWriting⑤Syllabus:SyllabuscomparisonSyllabuscomparisonincollegeSyllabuscomparisonincollegeofChinaChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle5.PurposesofaTitleAttractingthereaders’attentionAidingininformationretrievalFacilitatingreviewandlayoutChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle6.StandardsforGoodTitlesGenerallyspeaking,thetitleshouldbeshort,accurate,complete,self-contained,andconvenientforretrieval;includekeywords;avoidinaccurate,vagueandtoo-longexpressions.(1)AccuracyE.g.

Originaltitle:DevelopmentandExplorationonUtilizationofNewResourcesfortheCountryside

Revisedtitle:UtilizationofMarshGasfortheCountrysideChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle(2)BrevityE.g.Originaltitle:

OntheAdditiontotheMethodofMicroscopicResearchbyaNewWayofProducingColor-ContrastBetweenanObjectandItsBackgroundorBetweenDefinitePartsoftheObjectItselfRevisedtitle:

ANewWayofProducingColor-ContrastinMicroscopicExaminationChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle(3)ClarityThetitleshouldclearlyreflectthesubjectofthepaper.Title:IncorporationofaNon-HumanGlycanMediatesHumanSusceptibilitytoaBacterialToxinConclude:ThistitlefromNaturemagazineclearlyreflectstheobjective,contentandmethodofthepaper.ChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitleActivity2:

Evaluatethefollowingtitlesanddecidewhethertheyarefeasibleresearchtopicsaccordingtotheprinciplesforagoodtitle.

(1)AStudyonChomsky’sUniversalGrammarandLanguageAcquisition(2)AnalysisofInterlanguageinChineseCollegeStudents’EnglishWriting(3)ExploringInterlanguageofChineseEFLLearners:BasedonaCaseStudyofErrorAnalysis

(4)AStudyofLanguageTransferinInterlanguageChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitleKey:(1)toobroad(2)feasible(3)feasible(4)toobroadChapterTwo

PartOne:ChoosingaTitle7.WritingFormatsforTitles

Titlesareusuallywritteninthefollowingthreeformats:①Allthelettersofthetitlearecapitalized;②Thefirstletterofeachcontentwordsofthetitleiscapitalized;③Thefirstletterofthetitleiscapitalized.

（Thetitleassignedafterthepaperiswrittenshouldtrulyreflectthebasiccontentandfocusofthepaper.Thenumberofwordsinthetitleisalsoanimportantissue.Publishersusuallylimitthetitletonomorethanfifteenwords.Sometimes,whenlongtitlescannotadequatelyexpressthecontentofthepaper,then,asubtitleapproachcanbeadoptedtosupplementandclarify.）

gotomainChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFigures1.Introduction

Inliberalartsorscientificpapers,tablesandillustrationsarefrequentlyusedtohelpreadersunderstandthecontent.Tablesandfiguresareusedasamoreefficientwaytoconveyinformationthanverbaldescription.ChapterTwo

PartTwo：TablesandFigures2.TablesSomewidelyobservedguidelinesfortheuseoftablesare:①Thetableshouldbeself-contained.②Atableisusuallyplacedinapositionnearitsrelevantdescription.

③Provideeachtablewithanumber(Table1,Table2,etc.)andatitle.④Thetitleshouldbeclear,concise,completeandaccurate.Trytousedescriptivewords,notabbreviatedforms.Thereshouldbenopunctuationattheendofthetitle.⑤Thetitleofatableordiagrammostcommonlyfollowsthesamethreemethodsasgivenaboveforthepapertitle.

ChapterTwo

PartTwo：TablesandFigures⑥Theformatofthecolumntitle.Thefirstletterofthefirstwordandpropernounsarecapitalized,otherwordsareinlowercase.Thereisnopunctuationincolumntitles.Ifyouuseabbreviations,usecommonacronyms.⑦Notesoftable.Toexplainthecolumntitle,abbreviations,symbolsanddata,addnotesorfootnotesatthebottomofthetable.⑧Donotrepeatinformationinatablethatyouaredepictinginagraphorhistogram;includeatableonlyifitpresentsnewinformation.⑨Itiseasiertocomparenumbersbyreadingdownacolumnratherthanacrossarow.ChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFigures3.Figures

Figuresrefertoexplanatorymaterials:maps,photos,images,graphs,histogramsandillustrations.(1)GraphsandHistograms(2)DrawingsandPhotographs(3)GuidelinesforFigures(4)TypesofFiguresChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFigures(3)GuidelinesforFigures①Self-contained.②Numbereachfigure(Fig.1,Fig.2,etc.)andgiveacaptionthatexplainswhatthefigureshows.③Illustrationsornote.④Usedifferentnamesinaseriestodistinguishdifferenttypesoffigures.⑤Figuressubmittedforpublicationmustbe“photoready,”⑥Proportionsmustbethesameasthoseonthepageofthepaper.ChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFigures(4)Typesoffigures①Linecharts②Barcharts③Piecharts④ScatterchartsChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFiguresChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFiguresChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFiguresChapterTwo

PartTwo:TablesandFigures

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PartThree:CauseandEffect1.Introduction

Ineverydayconversation,whenexpressingopinionsonatopic,reasonstosupportitaregiven.Ifbeginningwithacause,itseffectswillbeexplained.Ifbeginningwithsomeeffects,theresponsiblecauseswillbeexplained.Thesameistrueinwritingwherecauseandeffectusuallygotogether.ChapterTwo

PartThree:CauseandEffect2.PatternsofParagraph(1)Cause-EffectparagraphDevelopmentpattern:Effect1CauseEffect2Effect3(2)Effect-CauseparagraphDevelopmentpattern:Cause1EffectCause2Cause3ChapterTwo

PartThree:CauseandEffectActivity3：AnalyzethestructureofExampleDifferentcountriesarestrivingtodeveloptheirnationaltourismbecausetourismreallyhasalotofadvantages.Firstly,beautifulscenery,attractivetouristspotsandsplendidculturealluretouristswithdifferentpartsoftheworld,whichprovidesmanyopportunitiestopromoteexchangesamongpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds.Forexample,sincethereformandopening-up,China,acountrywhichhasrichtouristresources,receivesmillionsofforeigntouristseveryyear.ThefrequentcontactsbetweenforeigntouristsandChinesepeoplepromotetheexchangesofcultureandscience,creatinginternationalfriendshipandpromotingdeeperunderstandingandstrengtheningties.Meanwhilethishasacceleratedthedevelopmentofthesecountries.Secondly,travelenrichesone‘sknowledge,widensone’svisionandenhancesmutualunderstanding.Inthepast,Chinesepeopleknewlittleoftheoutsideworld.Sincethereformandopening-up,withpeople‘slivingstandardgreatlyimproved,moreandmorepeoplehavethechancestogoabroadforsightseeing.Throughtraveling,weChinesehaveexpandedourscopeofknowledge,andwehavecometoknowtheworldbetterandhavebeenlearninghowtodevelopourowncountrybetter.Thirdly,tourismboosts

localeconomyandpromotescommercialexchanges.Singaporeissuchagoodexample.Itisasmallcountrywithscarcenaturalresources.Butowingtotheprosperoustourism,thecountry’seconomydevelopsverywellanditisnamedoneofthefoureconomic“tigers”innortheasternAsia.(EN8848原版英語(yǔ)，2011）ChapterTwo

PartThree:CauseandEffectKeytoActivity3:Effect:Differentcountriesarestrivingtodeveloptheirnationaltourismbecausetourismreallyhasalotofadvantages.Cause1:ThefrequentcontactsbetweenforeigntouristsandChinesepeoplepromotetheexchangesofcultureandscience,creatinginternationalfriendshipandpromotingdeeperunderstandingandstrengtheningties.Cause2:Travelenrichesone‘sknowledge,widensone’svisionandenhancesmutualunderstanding.Cause3:Tourismboostslocaleconomyandpromotescommercialexchanges.Linkwords:firstly,secondly,thirdlyChapterTwo

PartThree:CauseandEffect3.UsefulWords,PhrasesandSentencePatterns(1)Order:Firstofall,second,Inaddition,Finally;(2)Concluding:Therefore,Asaresult,Consequently,(3)CauseandEffectConjunctions:Since,as,for,forthisreason,because(4)BasicSentencePatternChapterTwo

PartThree:CauseandEffectHomework:Writeaboutthefollowingtopic:

Inmanycountries,schoolshavesevereproblemswithstudentsbehaviors.Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesofthis?Givereasonsforanswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownexperiences.Writeatleast250words.ChapterTwo:ResearchTopicThankyouEnglishAcademicWritingChapter3:DataCollectionandEvaluationEnglishAcademicWritingLeadin:(1)Howdoyouusuallycollectthedata?Whencollectingdata,whatprinciplesdoyouusuallyabideby?(2)Whatdoyouthinkaboutplagiarism?Howtoavoidplagiarism?(3)Isanoutlinenecessarytowriteanacademicpaper?Whyorwhynot?(4)Whatarethecommonoutlines?Whichtypedoyouusuallyuse?(5)Whatarethetipsforcomparisonandcontrast?ChapterThree:DataCollectionandEvaluation

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation

PartTwo:

DevelopinganOutline

PartThree:ComparisonandContrastChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation1.Introduction

Datacollectionmustusuallyfollowcertainprinciplesandhasitsownspecificmethods.Thischapterfocusesoncollectionandretrievalofmaterialsforliteraturereview.ChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation2.PrinciplesofDataCollectionandSelectionDatacollectionandselectionusuallyfollowfourprinciples:CenteredaroundthethemeTrueandverifiableTypicalNovel(c.f.儲(chǔ)佩成,2002:107~110)ChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation3.ThreeImportantStepsforDataCollectionandEvaluation

Understandtypesofresources.Criticallyreadandevaluatethoseresources.

Takenoteseffectively.ChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation4.TypesofResourcesTherearemainlytwotypesofresources:primaryandsecondaryTypesPrimarysourceSecondsourceDefinition

Aprimarysourceisanoriginaldocumentoraccountthatisnotaboutanotherdocumentoraccountbutstandsonitsown.Secondarysourcesarethosethatinterpretprimarysourcesorareotherwiseastepremoved.Examplese.g.:novel,poem,play,diary,Thedatafromaresearchstudye.g.:(1)Ajournalarticleorbookaboutapoem,novel,orplay(2)AcommentaryaboutwhataninterviewChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation5.DataCollection(1)Collectingprimarysources

A.TextsB.InterviewsChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation(2)Collectingsecondarysources

SearchingtheWebforgovernmentdocuments.Governmentrecordsmaybehelpfulbutinmostcasessecondary-sourceresearchbeginsatthelibrary.Steps：①Searchencyclopedias.②Searchbiographicalreferences,yearbooks,atlases,gazettesandprofessionaldictionariesrelevanttothetopic.③Searchlibrarycatalogstofindappropriatebooks.④Retrievejournalarticlescitationfromjournalsornewspapersindex.ChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation6.DataEvaluationDefinition:DataEvaluationreferstotheprocessofcriticallyreadingandevaluatingthesources.Fourimportantdimensionsincriticalthinkingandreading:(1)Structure(2)Purpose(3)Audience(4)AuthorChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluation7.EvaluatingWebPages

CommoncriteriausedtoaccesstheinformationfoundontheInternet:(1)Authorship

(2)Thepublishingbody(3)Pointofvieworbias

(4)Referraltoand/ordisplayofknowledgeoftheliterature(5)Accuracyorverifiabilityofdetails(6)CurrencyChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluationCriteriaforevaluatingaccuracy:Foraresearchdocument,thedataandtheresearchmethod(s)areincluded.Themethodologyisappropriatetothetopicandallowsthestudytobeduplicatedforpurposesofverification.Thedocumentreliesonothersourcesorincludeslinkstothedocumentsthemselves.Thedocumentnamesindividualsand/orsourcesthatprovidednon-publisheddatausedinthepreparationofthestudy.Thebackgroundinformationthatwasusedcanbeverifiedforaccuracy.ChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluationCriteriaforcurrency:Thedocumentincludesthedate(s)atwhichtheinformationwasgathered.Thedocumentreferstoclearlydatedinformation.Wherenecessary,thedocumentincludesinformationontheregularityofupdates.Thedocumentincludesapublicationdateora“l(fā)astupdated”date.Thedocumentincludesadateofcopyright.

Ifnodateisgiveninanelectronicdocument,youcanviewthedirectoryinwhichitresidesandreadthedateoflatestmodification.ChapterThree

PartOne:DataCollectionandEvaluationActivity1:Whenwritingapaperwiththefollowingresearchtopic:Socialandeffe