東盟疫苗能力調查（AVCS）-評估報告 The ASEAN Vaccine Capacity Survey (AVCS) Assessment Report 202501

TheASEANVaccine

CapacitySurvey(AVCS)

AssessmentReport

TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)wasestablishedon8August1967.

TheMemberStatesareBruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,ThailandandVietNam.

TheASEANSecretariatisbasedinJakarta,Indonesia.

Forinquiries,contact:

TheASEANSecretariat

CommunityRelationsDivision(CRD)70AJalanSisingamangaraja

Jakarta12110,Indonesia

Phone:(6221)724-3372,726-2991Fax:(6221)739-8234,724-3504E-mail:public@

Catalogue-in-PublicationData

ASEANVaccineCapacitySurvey(AVCS):AssessmentReport

Jakarta:ASEANSecretariat,January2025

614.4059

1.ASEAN-Health-Policy

2.Vaccine-ProductionCapacities

ASEAN:ACommunityofOpportunitiesforAll

Thetextofthispublicationmaybefreelyquotedorreprinted,providedproperacknowledgementisgivenandacopycontainingthereprintedmaterialissenttotheCommunityRelationsDivision(CRD)oftheASEANSecretariat,Jakarta.

GeneralinformationonASEANappearsonlineattheASEANWebsite:

.

CopyrightAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)2025.Allrightsreserved.

Nopartofthisreportmaybereproducedinanyform,byphotocopyingorbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageorretrievalsystems,withoutpermissioninwritingfromboththecopyrightownerandthepublisherofthisreport.

TheASEANVaccineCapacitySurvey(AVCS)

AssessmentReport

TheASEANSecretariatJakarta

TableofContents

Foreword i

Acknowledgements ii

ExecutiveSummary iii

AssessmentReport 1

1.Introduction 1

2.Methodology 2

3.FindingsoftheOverallAssessmentofVaccineCapacityinASEANCountries 3

A.VaccineAccessandDecisionMaking 3

B.FundingMechanism 4

C.NationalImmunisationProgramme(NIP)andAEFIMonitoringSystem 5

D.StockpilingandSupplyChain 9

E.HumanResourceDevelopment 9

F.NationalRegulatoryAuthority(NRA)andNationalControlLaboratory(NCL) 10

G.LocalVaccineR&D 12

H.VaccineProductionandIn-HouseCapacity 13

I.Challenges 14

4.Conclusion 16

5.Recommendations 17

Annex 19

ListofTables

Table1.CommunicableDiseasesidentifiedthroughtheNationalSurveillanceandControlSystem

acrosstheASEANMemberStates 7

Table2.NationalRegulatoryAuthority(NRA)andNationalControlLaboratory(NCL)Capacity 11

Table3.LocalVaccineResearchandDevelopment(R&D)Capacity 13

i

Foreword

TheASEANLeaders’DeclarationonASEANVaccineSecurityandSelf-Reliance(AVSSR),adoptedatthe35thASEANSummitin2019,underscoredASEAN’scommitmenttoenhancingvaccinesecurityandself-reliance.GuidedbytheAVSSRStrategicandActionPlan2021-2025,thisinitiativeaimstoachievetimelyandequitableaccesstoaffordable,quality-assuredvaccinesacrosstheregion.

Thailand,throughtheNationalVaccineInstitute(NVI),establishedaregionalplatformtofacilitateknowledgeexchangeamongASEANMemberStates,startingwiththe

ASEANVaccineBaselineSurvey(AVBS)in2017-2018.Publishedin2019,theAVBSprovidedcriticalinsightsintotheregion’svaccinelandscape,identifyinggapsinresearch,production,regulation,andimmunisation.

Buildingonthisfoundation,theASEANVaccineCapacitySurvey(AVCS)wasconductedin2023,drawingfromlessonslearnedduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.TheAVCSoffersacomprehensiveviewofvaccinecapacityinASEAN,coveringproduction,distribution,research,regulatoryframeworks,andcrisispreparedness.ThedatagatheredisinvaluableforshapingpoliciesthatstrengthenASEAN’shealthresilienceandself-sufficiency.

ThisAVCSassessmentreportmarksasignificantstepinadvancingtheAVSSR’sgoals,guidingASEAN’sjourneytowardamorerobustandself-relianthealthsystem.OnbehalfoftheleadcountryofAVSSR,IexpressmysinceregratitudetoallcontributorsfortheircommitmenttothissharedvisionandbelievethatthisreportwillprovidebenefittoallstakeholdersincludingourASEANhealthdevelopmentpartnersandsupporters.

“Together,wearebuildingasafer,healthierfuturefortheASEANcommunity.”

Dr.NakornPremsri

DirectoroftheNationalVaccineInstitute(NVI)Thailand

ii

Acknowledgements

WewouldliketoextendourheartfeltgratitudetoalltheASEANMemberStatesfortheirinvaluablecooperationandunwaveringcommitmenttooursharedgoalofcombatingtheongoingglobalhealthcrisis.YourcollaborationandthetimelyprovisionofrequesteddatahavebeeninstrumentalinthesuccessoftheASEANVaccineInformationDashboard.

TheinformationgenerouslysharedbyMemberStateshasbeeninstrumentalinenrichingourcomprehensionofvaccinationeffortswithintheASEANregion.ThedatacollectedthroughtheAVCShavealsoplayedacentralroleininfluencingourresponsesandresourceallocationstrategies,thusmakingasignificantcontributiontotheoveralleffectivenessoftheregion'svaccinationcampaign.

Aswemoveforwardinourcollectivefightagainstthepandemic,wewouldliketoinformtheMemberStatesthattheAVCSwillmarkitsculmination.Thissurvey,whichalltheMemberStateshavediligentlyparticipatedin,servesasacriticalmilestoneinourjourneytowardsasaferandhealthierASEANcommunity.

Lookingahead,weareexcitedtoannouncetheforthcomingASEANVaccineDashboard,whichwillserveasaconsolidatedrepositoryforvaccinationdatafromallMemberStates.Thistransitionsignifiesaharmonisedandstreamlinedapproachtowardsdatamanagementanddissemination.TheASEANVaccineDashboardwillallowformoreefficientmonitoringandanalysis,which,inturn,willaidusinmakinginformeddecisionstoprotectourcommunities.

WeacknowledgethecrucialroleofongoingsupportandcollaborationamongASEANMemberStatesaswemoveforwardwiththeimplementationoftheASEANVaccineDashboard.Yoursteadfastdedicationtofurnishingpreciseandtimelydataremainsindispensableinourjointeffortstoaddresstheunparalleledglobalhealthcrisis.

Onceagain,weexpressourdeepestappreciationtoallASEANMemberStatesforyourdedicationandcollaboration.Together,wearemakingsignificantstridesinourbattleagainstCOVID-19,andwithyourongoingsupport,weareconfidentinourabilitytoemergefromthiscrisisstrongerandmoreresilientthaneverbefore.

iii

ASEANVaccineCapacitySurvey(AVCS)

ExecutiveSummary

TheASEANVaccineCapacitySurvey(AVCS)isacomprehensiveassessmentaimingatevaluatingandenhancingvaccinecapabilitieswithinASEANmembercountries.ThisinitiativealignscloselywiththeASEANVaccineSecurityandSelfReliance(AVSSR)plan,focusingonself-sufficiencyandregionalcollaborationinvaccine-relatedendeavours.BuildingupontheinitialASEANVaccineBaselineSurvey(AVBS)conductedfrom2017to2018,whichprovidedvaluableinsightsandinfluencednationalstrategies,theAVCSdelvesdeeperintovaccineproduction,distribution,research,regulations,andcrisismanagement.

TheAVCSgathersprimarydatathroughanExceltemplate,secondarydatasupplementedbywebresourcesandfurthervalidatedthroughteleconferences.ThesurveyplaysapivotalroleininformingASEAN'svaccinestrategies,withaspecificfocusonself-relianceandregionalcooperation.Itskeyobjectivesinclude:

GatheringprecisevaccinedatatosupporttheAVSSRStrategicandActionPlanfor2021-2025,

IdentifyingcollaborativevaccineeffortsandchallengesamongMemberStatesand

Sharinganalyseddatathroughanonlineplatformtobolsterregionalvaccineself-reliance,production,andcooperation,aligningwithAVSSRStrategy3'sinformation-sharingnetwork.

TheAVCSreportincludesdatafromsevenMemberStates:BruneiDarussalam,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,thePhilippines,Singapore,andThailand.Thesecountriesprovidevitaldataacrossvariousaspectsofvaccineaccess,funding,nationalimmunisationprogrammes,adverseeventmonitoring,stockpiling,supplychains,humanresources,regulatoryauthorities,localvaccineresearchanddevelopment,andvaccineproduction.

Thesurveyhighlightsthetop-10communicablediseasesprevalentamongtheseMemberStates,withDenguerankingasthemostcommon,followedcloselybyPneumoniaandTuberculosis.Thisdataunderscorestheimportanceofvaccination,healthcareaccess,andpublichealthinterventionsinaddressingthesediseases.

Vaccineintroductionandaccessibilitydecision-makingprocessesvaryamongnations,involvingdiverseentitiessuchaspoliticalbodies,healthministries,andadvisorygroups.Accesschannelssimilarlyentailcollaborationbetweenpublicorganisations,governmentbodies,andcommittees,withfundingstemmingfromvarioussources.

iv

AcrossASEANcountries,thereisastrongcommitmenttoimprovinghealthcaresystems,respondingtoepidemics,andadvancingresearchinpublichealth.Keyareasoffinancialcommitmentincludesubsidisingrecommendedvaccinations,supportingCOVID-19research,investinginepidemicpreparedness,efficientprocurement,promotingresearchanddevelopment,enhancingpublichealthinfrastructure,facilitatingprivatesectorinvolvement,andensuringhealthsecurity.

ASEANcountrieshaveestablishedrobustAdverseEventsFollowingImmunisation(AEFI)surveillancesystems,collaboratingwithinternationalcounterpartsforinformationexchangeandsafetydiscussions.ThesesystemsunderscoreacommitmenttovaccinesafetyandpromptAEFIidentificationandmanagement.

CentralisedsupplychainsystemsareemployedinASEANcountriesforefficienthealthcareproductprocurementanddistribution,includingvaccines.Productsmovefromcentralstoragetolocalhealthcarefacilitiesthroughahierarchicaldistributionprocess,reflectingdiversestrategiesandpriorities.

WhilethereisnospecificHumanResourceDevelopment(HRD)planforvaccine-relatedoccupations,primarycareworkerscanaccesstraininguponrequest,includingimmunisationandcoldchainmanagement.CertainnationsalignHRDplanswithNationalVaccineDevelopmentRoadmaps,emphasisingeducationandtraininginhealthcareandvaccineprofessions.

TwoASEANMemberStatesareactivelyengagedinvaccineproduction,underscoringtheircapacityandresourcesinthiscriticalfield.EverycountrymaintainstheirNationalRegulatoryAuthorities(NRAs)toensuremedicalproductsafety,quality,andefficacy,contributingsignificantlytoglobalhealthefforts.ThreecountrieswithintheregionactivelyinvestinlocalVaccineResearchandDevelopment(R&D),enablingtailoredvaccinedevelopment,swiftresponsestoemergingdiseases,andcontributionstoglobalvaccineknowledge.

VaccineproductionapproacheswithinASEANcountriesvary,withsomenationsrelyingonpublicsectorinitiatives,whileothersemphasiseprivatesectorinvolvementandpublic-privatepartnerships(PPPs)tostrengthenvaccinemanufacturingcapacity.

However,thereareseveralchallengesthatneedtobeaddressedtofurtherenhancevaccineR&DandproductioncapabilitieswithinASEANcountries.Thesechallengesincludelimitationsinresearchcapacity,insufficienteducationinvaccineR&D,workforceshortages,andtheneedformoreproductionfacilities.

v

Inconclusion,theAVCSplaysapivotalroleinassessingandimprovingvaccinecapabilitieswithinASEANmembercountries,aligningwiththeAVSSRplan'sobjectives.Despitechallenges,theregiondemonstratesastrongcommitmenttovaccinesafety,accessibility,andself-reliance.Recommendationsincludecomprehensivetraining,technologytransfer,adequatefunding,regulatoryenhancements,stockpilemaintenance,regionalpartnerships,andcollaborationwithinternationalorganisationsandvaccinemanufacturers.TheAVCSrepresentsasignificantmilestoneinthejourneytowardasaferASEANcommunity,withongoingsupportandcollaborationamongMemberStatesplayingacrucialroleinaddressingglobalhealthchallengesandadvancingvaccineresearchandproductioncapabilities.Together,ASEANnationsaremakingsignificantstridesinbuildingaresilientandself-relianthealthcaresystemfortheirpopulations.

1

ASEANVaccineCapacitySurvey(AVCS)

AssessmentReport

1.Introduction

TheASEANVaccineCapacitySurvey(AVCS)representsacrucialcapacityevaluationinitiativeaimingatassessingthecapabilitiesandreadinessofthemembercountriesoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)intherealmofvaccineproduction,distribution,andmanagement.TheAVCSservesasafoundationalefforttosupporttheimplementationoftheASEANVaccineSecurityandSelf-Reliance(AVSSR)plan,acomprehensivestrategydesignedtoenhancetheregion'sresilienceintermsofvaccinesupply,distribution,andresponsetohealthcrises.

Thefirstsurvey,knownastheASEANVaccineBaselineSurvey(AVBS),wasconductedduringtheperiodof2017–18.Theinsightsgleanedfromthissurveywereofficiallyreleasedin2019,providinganinitialsnapshotofthevaccine-relatedcapabilitiesandpreparednessacrossASEANmembercountries.ThissurveylikelyplayedapivotalroleinshapingthesubsequentstrategiesandactionstakenbyindividualnationsandtheASEANregionasawholetobolstertheirvaccine-relatedcapacities.

BuildinguponthefoundationestablishedbytheAVBS,thesecondAVCSsurveyhasbeenundertakeninthecurrentyear.Thiseffortaimstodelvedeeperintotheexistingstateofreadinessandcapabilities,aspartofthepreparationforthefull-scaleimplementationoftheAVSSRplan.Thiscomprehensivestrategylikelyincludeselementsrelatedtovaccineproduction,distributionnetworks,regulatoryframeworks,researchanddevelopmentcollaboration,andcrisismanagementprotocols.

PrimarydatafortheAVCShasbeencollectedthroughanExceltemplate,whichpresumablyfacilitatesthesystematicgatheringofstandardisedinformationacrossthemembercountries.Additionally,secondarydatahasbeensourcedfromrelevantweb-basedresources,indicatingaholisticapproachtodatacollectionthatincorporatesbothofficialrecordsandpubliclyavailableinformation.

Moreover,togainamorenuancedandcontextualunderstanding,theAVCSinitiativehasengagedinindividualteleconferencesessionswithnationalspecialists.Thesesessionslikelyinvolvedin-depthdiscussionswithsubjectmatterexpertsineachmembercountry,fostering

2

adialoguethatnotonlyvalidatesthedatacollectedbutalsoprovidesinsightsintothenuancesandintricaciesofeachcountry'svaccine-relatedcapacities.

2.Methodology

TheAVCSemployedamulti-facetedapproachtodatacollection,combiningself-administeredonlinequestionnaires,countryexpertinterviewswithAVSSRFocalPoints,conferencecalldiscussionsontheAVSSRinformation-sharingplatform,anddesk-basedresearchusingrelevantstudiesandonlinesources.Thesurveytemplatetargetedkeyareas,includingvaccineaccessanddecision-makingmechanisms,nationalvaccineinfrastructure(R&D,clinicaltrialsites,manufacturers,pilotplants,andanimaltestingfacilities),NationalImmunisationPrograms(NIP)andtargetpopulations,vaccinestockpilingandsupplychainmanagement,humanresourcedevelopmentprograms,NationalRegulatoryAuthorities(NRA)andNationalControlLaboratories(NCL),fundingmechanisms,immunisationmonitoringsystems,andvaccinemanufacturingcapacity,readiness,andproductionpipelines.

Byconductingthesesurveysandengaginginthoroughdatacollection,analysis,andexpertconsultations,theASEANregionispoisedtomakeinformeddecisionsregardingtheirvaccine-relatedstrategies.TheAVCS,alongwiththebroaderAVSSRplan,reflectsthecommitmentofASEANMemberStatestoachieveself-reliance,enhanceregionalcollaboration,andcollectivelyrespondtohealthemergencies,ultimatelycontributingtothehealthandwell-beingoftheirpopulations.

ThemainobjectivesofconductingtheAVCSareasfollows:

1.Toobtainessential,latestandaccuratevaccinerelateddatatoguidefurtherimplementationofAVSSRStrategicandActionPlan2021-2025toachievetheASEANcommunity’svisionoftimelyandequitableaccesstoaffordableandquality-assuredvaccines;

2.Toidentifyvaccinecollaborativerelationsformanaging,deployingandadministeringnationalvaccinationcampaigns,aswellascommonchallengesandneedsamongtheMemberStatesand

3.ToanalyseandpresentthegathereddatathroughaRegionalVaccineInformationSharingPlatform,inalignmentwithAVSSRStrategy3,whichemphasisesthedevelopmentofregionalinformation-sharingnetworks.

UtilisingthedatagarneredthroughtheAVCS,ASEANcanbolsterregionalvaccineself-reliancebyleveragingcurrentstrengthsandaddressinggaps.Thefindingsalsopavethewayforestablishingorenhancingsustainablevaccineproduction,improvingpreparednessfor

3

epidemicsandpandemics,andfosteringinternationalcollaboration,coordination,andsharedownershipofvaccine-relatedgoals.

Tomaintaintheaccuracyandrelevanceofinformation,theAVCSengagesinaniterativeprocessofdatasolicitationandvalidationthroughactiveparticipationofnationalspecialistsandstakeholders.Thisensuresthatstrategiesremainadaptiveandresponsivetotheregion’sdynamichealthcareneeds.

WhiletheAVCSprovidesrobustinsights,itisimportanttonotethatthereportincludesdatafromonlysevenASEANMemberStates,includingBruneiDarussalam,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,thePhilippines,Singapore,andThailand.Despitethislimitation,theAVCSembodiesaholisticapproachtounderstandingandstrengtheningthevaccinelandscapewithinASEAN,settingthefoundationfortheeffectiveimplementationoftheAVSSRplan.Byconsolidatingcriticalinformationintoacentralisedplatform,ASEANaimstobuildaresilient,cooperativehealthcareecosystemcapableofaddressingregionalandglobalvaccinationchallenges.

3.FindingsoftheOverallAssessmentofVaccineCapacityinASEANCountries

TheexistingAVCScomprisessevenparticipatingMemberStates.ThesecountriesincludeBruneiDarussalam,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,thePhilippines,Singapore,andThailand.TheycontributeessentialinformationanddataconcerningvariousaspectssuchasVaccineAccessandDecision,FundingMechanism,NationalImmunisationProgramme(NIP),AEFIMonitoringSystem,StockpilingandSupplyChain,HumanResourceDevelopment,NationalRegulatoryAuthority(NRA),NationalControlLaboratory(NCL),LocalVaccineR&D,aswellasVaccineProduction,In-HouseCapacity,andChallenges.

A.VaccineAccessandDecisionMaking

Thedecision-makingmechanismspertainingtotheintroductionandaccessibilityofvaccinesexhibitanuancedandmulti-facetedstructureacrossdifferentnations.Thesemechanismsencompassaspectrumofentities,suchaspoliticalbodies,healthministries,andtechnicaladvisorygroups.Theexactconfigurationofthesebodiescandivergebasedonthespecificcategoryofvaccineunderconsideration.

Inparallel,thechannelsfacilitatingaccesstovaccinesfollowasimilarpatternofdiversity.Publicorganisations,governmentalbodies,andcommitteesoftencollaboratetooverseethedistributionandavailabilityofvaccines.Financialsustenancefortheseinitiativesderivesfromamultitudeofsources,includingMinistriesofHealth,MinistriesofFinance,andexternal

4

entitieslikeGAVIandUNICEF.Moreover,theextentoffinancialbackingcandifferaccordingtotheuniquecircumstancesofeachcountry.

Overall,thesecomprehensivedecision-makingandaccessmechanismsaremeticulouslydesignedtoensurethatvaccinesareintroduced,managed,andavailedinawell-organisedmanner,cateringtothedistinctrequirementsofeachregion.

B.FundingMechanism

AcrosstheASEANcountries,governmentsandrelevantagenciesaredemonstratingastrongcommitmenttobolsteringtheirhealthcaresystems,respondingtoepidemics,andadvancingcriticalresearchtoaddresspublichealthchallenges.Theseinvestmentsarecrucialinensuringthewell-beingoftheirpopulations.Keyareasoffinancialcommitmentinclude:

VaccinationSubsidies:Severalcountriesintheregionallocatesubstantialannualbudgetstoprovidesubsidiesfornationallyrecommendedvaccinations,whichencompassawiderangeofvaccines,includingthoseforinfectiousdiseasessuchasCOVID-19.ThesebudgetsoftenamounttotensofmillionsofUSD,makinghealthcaremoreaccessibleandaffordableforcitizens.

COVID-19Research:Inresponsetotheglobalpandemic,countrieshaveestablisheddedicatedfunds,liketheCOVID-19ResearchFund,tosupportresearchefforts.Thesefundscovervariousaspectsofthevirus,includingitstransmission,pathogenesis,serologicaltesting,andmathematicalmodeling.Suchinvestmentsareessentialforunderstandingandcombattingtheviruseffectively.

EpidemicPreparedness:Manynationshaveimplementedlong-termprogrammesthatallocatesubstantialbudgetstofundresearchanddevelopmentrelatedtovaccinesandtherapeutics.Thesemulti-yearcommitmentsareaimedatensuringpreparednessforfutureepidemicsandpandemics.

NationalProcurement:Governmentshaveinvestedinrobustprocurementsystemstomanagetheacquisitionanddistributionofvaccinesandotherhealthcaresuppliesefficiently.Inadditiontonationalefforts,somecountriesreceivefundingfrominternationalorganisationslikeGAVIandUNICEF,furtherstrengtheningtheirvaccineprocurementandsupplychainmanagementcapabilities.

ResearchandDevelopment:TheMemberStatesallocatebudgetsforresearchanddevelopmentacrossvarioushealthcaredomains.Theseinvestmentsspanthedevelopmentofvaccines,pharmaceuticals,andmedicaldevices,fosteringinnovationandself-sufficiencyinhealthcaretechnology.

5

PublicHealthInfrastructure:Asignificantportionoffundingisdedicatedtoenhancingpublichealthinfrastructure.Thisincludesinvestmentsinsurveillancesystems,datamanagement,thedevelopmentofdigitalhealthregistries,andtheimprovementofhealthcarefacilities.Theseinvestmentscontributetomoreeffectivediseasemonitoringandresponse.

GovernmentProcurement:Incertaincountries,privatesectorinvolvementinhealthcareprojectsisfacilitatedthroughgovernmentbiddingprocesses.Thisapproachensuresthathealthcare-relatedprojectsareefficientlymanagedandimplemented,furthersupportinghealthcaresystemdevelopment.

HealthSecurity:Regulationsandlawshavebeenestablishedtoensuretransparencyandcomplianceinhealthcarefunding.Thesemeasures,suchastheNationalVaccineSecurityActandGovernmentProcurementPolicyBoard,areessentialformaintainingtheintegrityofhealthcareinvestmentsandsafeguardingpublichealth.

Insummary,thefinancialcommitmentsandinvestmentsmadeacrossASEANunderscoretheirdedicationtoimprovinghealthcareaccessibility,addressingepidemics,andadvancinghealthcareresearch.Theseeffortscollectivelycontributetotheregion'sresilienceinthefaceofhealthchallengesanddemonstrateacommitmenttothewell-beingoftheirpopulations.

C.NationalImmunisationProgramme(NIP)andAEFIMonitoringSystem

InthepresenteddataTable1),communicablediseasesidentifiedacrosstheASEANMemberStatesareorganisedinalphabeticalorderratherthanbeingranked,andthefrequencyofoccurrenceacrossMemberStatesistabulated.Thisapproachallowsustogleanvaluableinsightsintotheprevalenceofthesediseases.

ThedatahighlightsDengueastheforemostreportedcommunicablediseaseamongMemberStates.Thistropicalviralinfection,transmittedbyAedesmosquitoes,posesasignificantpublichealthconcern,particularlyinnationswithwarmclimates.Thesubstantialnumberofreportedcasesunderscorestheurgencyforrobustvectorcontrolandpublicawarenesscampaignsinaffectedregions.

FollowingcloselybehindDengue,Tuberculosis(TB)andMeaslesemergeasthesecondmostprevalentcommunicablediseases.TB,apersistentglobalhealthchallengecausedbyabacterialinfection,primarilyaffectsthelungswithpotentialimpactsonotherorgans.ThedataunderscoresthecontinuednecessityforcomprehensiveTBcontrolprogramsandenhancedhealthcareaccess.Measles,ahighlycontagiousviralillness,remainsasignificantglobalconcern,especiallyinregionswithsuboptimalvaccinationcoverage.Thefindingsemphasise

6

thecriticalroleofvaccinationcampaignsandimprovedhealthcareaccessibilityincurbingthetransmissionofmeasles.

Pneumonia,Hand,FootandMouthDisease,Leptospirosis,Pertussis,andHepatitisBcollectivelyrankasthethirdmostcommoncommunicablediseasesintheASEANregion.AddressingPneumonia,causedbyvariouspathogensaffectingindividualswithweakenedimmunesystems,necessitatesafocusonvaccinationinitiatives,improvedhealthcareaccess,andpreventivemeasures,particularlyforvulnerablepopulationslikechildrenandtheelderly.Hand,Foot,andMouthDisease,withaprimaryimpactonchildren,underscorestheimportanceofpublichealthmeasuresandeducationtopreventitsspread.Leptospirosis,transmittedthroughcontaminatedwater,highlightstheneedforeffortstoreduceexposureandenhancehealthcareaccess.Pertussis,ahighlycontagiousbacterialrespiratoryinfection,demandssustainedhighvaccinationratesandearlydiagnosisforeffectivemanagement.HepatitisB'sprominenceemphasisesthenecessityforcollaborativeeffortsamongASEANMemberStates,withaspecificfocusonvaccinationprogramsandcoordinatedpublichealthstrategiesforpreventionandcontrol.

Thedataprovidesvaluableinsightsintothesecommunicablediseases,emphasisingtheimportanceofpreventivemeasures,improvedhealthcareaccess,andtarge