專題21-上海高考議論文閱讀技巧點(diǎn)睛(解析版)(上海專用)

?專題21上海高考議論文閱讀技巧點(diǎn)睛_________________________________________________________________________________________考點(diǎn)精考點(diǎn)精講【考情鏈接】上海高考英語(yǔ)關(guān)于閱讀理解要求考生讀懂簡(jiǎn)易的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章并回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題。文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，包括記敘文、新聞報(bào)道、應(yīng)用文、說(shuō)明文、議論文等。以下梳理議論文體裁主要閱讀技巧。【要點(diǎn)梳理】[方法1]把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，是文章要表達(dá)的主要思想內(nèi)容；論據(jù)是作者所引用的用來(lái)證明和支持論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證、或是統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等，只要是對(duì)證明論點(diǎn)有利的材料都可作為論據(jù)使用；確定論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)材料后，作者還需要將這些論據(jù)合理地組織在一起，就是我們所說(shuō)的論證?！镜淅浚?023閔行區(qū)一模）Buildinggoodtransportationisagoodidea.Tohaveenvironmentalvalue,newtransportationhastosufficientlyreplaceoreliminatedrivingtocutenergyconsumptionoverall.Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.Trafficlanesshouldbeeliminatedorconvertedintobikeorbuslanes.Ideally,theseshouldbecombinedwithhigherfueltaxes,andparkingfees.Needlesstosay,Ihavetostruggletomakemyselfextensivelyunderstood.Butthey’renecessary,becauseyoucan’tmakepeopledriveless,inthelongrun,bytakingstepsthatmakedrivingmorepleasant,economical,andproductive.……Oneoftheargumentsthatcitiesinevitablymakeinpromotingtransportationplansisthatthenewsystem,byrelievingautomobilecongestion,willimprovethelivesofthosewhocontinuetodrive.Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.Theauthorwrotethismassagemainlyto______.A.supporttheclaimthateffortstoreducetrafficactuallyincreasetraffic.B.opposethebeliefthatimprovingmasstransportationsystemsisgoodfortheenvironment.C.provideabalancebetweensuburbanexpansionandtrafficcongestion.D.indicatethatmakingdrivinglessagreeableisawaytoreducenegativeeffectsoftraffic.【答案】D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。作者提出了為緩解交通對(duì)環(huán)境造成的破壞，需要減少汽車(chē)使用，把汽車(chē)出行變得不方便。這一觀點(diǎn)并不為大眾所接受。他通過(guò)指出減少通勤時(shí)間的好處和現(xiàn)行的一些緩解措施的不足分析支持自己的觀點(diǎn)?！?6題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段第三句“Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.(這意味著新的交通系統(tǒng)必須通過(guò)減少汽車(chē)使用來(lái)支持)”和最后一句“Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.(從來(lái)沒(méi)有人通過(guò)爭(zhēng)論某個(gè)交通系統(tǒng)會(huì)使旅行變得不那么方便來(lái)推廣這個(gè)交通系統(tǒng)，盡管從環(huán)境角度來(lái)看，不方便的旅行是一個(gè)值得追求的目標(biāo))”可知，在作者眼里，為了緩解環(huán)境壓力，把開(kāi)車(chē)出行變得不那么方便，不那么讓人開(kāi)心是一個(gè)好方法在，這也是他在本文中推崇的。故選D項(xiàng)。[方法2]互推法在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論。在理解議論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷?！镜淅縄t’struethatquiteafewmostrespectedscientificauthoritieshaveconfirmedthattheworldisbecominghotterandhotter.There’salsostrongevidencethathumansarecontributingtothewarming.Countlessrecentreportshaveprovedthesamething.Forinstance,a2010summaryabouttheclimatesciencebytheRoyalSocietynotedthat:Theglobalwarmingoverthelasthalf-centuryhasbeencausedmainlybyhumanactivity.……Ofcourse,theearth’sclimatehasalwaysbeenchangingdueto“natural”factorssuchasvolcaniceruptionorchangesinsolar,orcyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun.Accordingtothescientificresearch,however,thewarmingobservedbynowmatchesthepatternofwarmingwewouldexpectfromabuild-upofgreenhousegasintheatmosphere-notthewarmingwewouldexpectfromotherpossiblecauses.Whichofthefollowingisnotthecauseofclimatechange?A.volcaniceruptionB.floodsariddroughtsC.changesinsolarD.cyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun【答案】B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。這篇文章對(duì)人類是否造成了全球變暖這一理論進(jìn)行了論述，表明全球變暖是否是人類的影響尚且不能定論?！窘馕觥考?xì)節(jié)題。由Ofcourse,theearth’sclimatehasalwaysbeenchangingdueto“natural”factorssuchasvolcaniceruptionorchangesinsolar,orcyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun.可知洪水和干旱造成氣候變化的原因。[方法3]深推法推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)?！镜淅縎omepeopleprefertodoalmosteverythingovertheInternet.Tothem,dealingwithanactualhumanislikeanevolutionarystepbackward.Itfeelsveryslowbecausehumansdon'tworkat4Gspeeds.Whenyouhavedinnerwithfriends,youwilloftennoticesomeonepayingmoreattentiontohismobilephone.Wehaveprogrammedourselvestothinkthateverynewmessagebringslife－changingnews,sotakingcallsandcheckingourtextsaremoreimportantthantalkingtothepeoplewearewith.Whatisworse,somepeopleeventendtosendanonymous(匿名的)rudemessagesbye-mail.Somepeoplearelesswillingtodealwithhumansbecause________.A．theyarebecominglesspatientB．theyaregrowingtooindependentC．theyhavetohandlemanyimportantmessagesD．theyhavetofollowanevolutionarystepbackward【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“Itfeelsveryslowbecausehumansdon'tworkat4Gspeeds.”可知現(xiàn)在的人不愿意與他人交流，主要是因?yàn)橄踊貞?yīng)的速度不夠快，也就是沒(méi)有耐心。故A正確。_____真題操真題操練2016年上海秋季高考英語(yǔ)真題Enough“meaninglessdrivel”.That’sthemessagefromagroupofmembersoftheUKgovernmentwhohavebeenexamininghowsocialmediafirmslikeLinkedIngatherandusesocialmediadata.TheHouseofCommonsScienceandTechnologyCommittee’sreport,releasedlastweek,hasblamedfirmsformakingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcontractsandcallsforaninternationalstandardorkitemark(認(rèn)證標(biāo)記)toidentifysitesthathavecleartermsandconditions.“Thetermandconditionsstatementthatweallcarelesslyagreetoismeaninglessdriveltoanyone,”saysAndrewMiller,thechairofthecommittee.Instead,hesays,firmsshouldprovideaplain-Englishversionoftheirterms.Thesimplifiedversionwouldbecheckedbyathirdpartyandawardedakitemarkifitisanaccuratereflectionoftheoriginal.Itisnotyetclearwhowouldadministerthescheme,buttheUKgovernmentislookingatintroducingitonavoluntarybasis.“weneedtothinkthroughhowwemakethatworkinpractice,”saysMiller.Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?“Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould,”saysNigelShadboltattheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,whostudiesopendata.“Wedoknowpeopleworryalotabouttheinappropriateuseoftheirinformation.”Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeisanothermatter,hesays.Otherorganisationssuchasbanksaskcustomerstosignlongcontractstheymaynotreadorunderstand,butMillerbelievessocialmediarequiresspecialattentionbecauseitissonew.“Westilldon’tknowhowsignificantthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,”hesays.Shadbolt,

who

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the

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we

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says.Theshockandangerwhenasocialmediafirmdoessomethingwithdatathatpeopledon’texpect,evenifusershaveapparentlypermission,showthatthecurrentsituationisn’tworking.Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkontermsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillhavetoactuallyreadthem.73.Whatdoesthephrase“meaninglessdrivel”inparagraphs1and3referto?A.Legalcontractsthatsocialmediafirmsmakepeoplesignupto.B.WarningsfromtheUKgovernmentagainstunsafewebsites.C.Guidelinesonhowtousesocialmediawebsitesproperly.D.Insignificantdatacollectedbysocialmediafirms.74.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatNigelShadboltdoubtswhether_______.A.socialmediafirmswouldconductasurveyonthekitemarkschemeB.peoplewouldpayasmuchattentiontoakitemarkastheythinkC.akitemarkschemewouldbeworkableonanationwidescaleD.thekitemarkwouldhelpcompaniesdeveloptheirbusinessmodels75.AndrewMillerthinkssocialmedianeedsmoreattentionthanbanksmainlybecause_______.A.theirusersconsistlargelyofkidsunder20yearsoldB.thelanguageintheircontractsisusuallyhardertounderstandC.theinformationtheycollectedcouldbecomemorevaluableinfutureD.itremainsunknownhowusers’datawillbetakenadvantageof76.Thewriteradvisesusersofsocialmediato_______.A.thinkcarefullybeforepostinganythingontosuchwebsitesB.readthetermsandconditionsevenifthereisakitemarkC.takenofurtheractioniftheycanfindakitemarkD.avoidprovidingtoomuchpersonalinformation77.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Saynotosocialmedia?B.Newsecurityrulesinoperation?C.Acceptwithoutreading?D.Administrationmatters!【答案】73.

A

74.

B

75.

D

76.

B

77.

C【解析】本文是一篇議論文。主要講述當(dāng)我們?cè)谏缃幻襟w上注冊(cè)登記的時(shí)候，總會(huì)簽署一些無(wú)意義的法律合同，文章就此現(xiàn)象展開(kāi)了討論，并列舉了多人的不同觀點(diǎn)。73.A詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“hasblamedfirmsformakingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcontracts”可知很多社交媒體公司和用戶簽訂了沒(méi)有意義的法律合同。而這些合同是沒(méi)有意義的廢話，也起不到任何作用，很多用戶根本沒(méi)有仔細(xì)閱讀合同的具體內(nèi)容。故A正確。74.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段前二句“Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?“Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould,”saysNigelShadboltattheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,whostudiesopendata.”可知NigelShadbolt認(rèn)為如果我們?nèi)プ鱿嚓P(guān)調(diào)查，人們會(huì)認(rèn)為他們會(huì)很注意這些認(rèn)證標(biāo)記的。故B項(xiàng)正確。75.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段最后一句“Westilldon’tknowhowsignificantthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,”hesays.可知我們現(xiàn)在還不知道所簽署的這些長(zhǎng)期的無(wú)意義的合同未來(lái)會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)什么樣的影響。也不知道未來(lái)人們會(huì)怎么利用這樣的信息。故D項(xiàng)正確。76.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkontermsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillhavetoactuallyreadthem.可知文章建議我們即使有認(rèn)證標(biāo)志，我們呀應(yīng)該認(rèn)真閱讀那些無(wú)意義的合同中的條款和內(nèi)容，我們要知道我們所簽署的協(xié)議的具體內(nèi)容。故B正確。77.C標(biāo)題概括題。現(xiàn)在的網(wǎng)站中或者社交媒體軟件中，我們?cè)谧?cè)用戶名或安裝的時(shí)候，總會(huì)有一些合同或條約讓我們簽署。很多人從來(lái)都沒(méi)有詳細(xì)閱讀這些合同條款就簽名了。文章就此話題展開(kāi)討論，作者提出我們應(yīng)該仔細(xì)閱讀條款內(nèi)容，然后在簽名。故C項(xiàng)“Acceptwithoutreading?未閱讀就接受”符合文章中心思想。其余三項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容不貼切?？键c(diǎn)：考查社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類閱讀2015年上海秋季高考英語(yǔ)真題OneoftheexecutivesgatheredattheAspenInstituteforaday-longleadershipworkshopusingtheworksofShakespearewasdiscussingtheroleofBrutusinthedeathofJuliusCaesar.“Brutuswasnotanhonorableman,”hesaid.“Hewasatraitor（叛徒）.Andhemurderedsomeoneincoldblood.”TheagreementwasthatBrutushadactedwithcrueltywhenotheroptionswereavailabletohim.Hemadeabaddecision,theysaid—atleastasitwaspresentedbyShakespeare—totaketheleadinmurderingJuliusCaesar.AndthoughoneoftheexecutivesacknowledgedthatBrutushadthegoodoftherepublicinmind,Caesarwasneverthelesshissuperior.“Youhavetounderstand,”theexecutivessaid,“ourpolicyistoobeythechainofcommand.” Duringthelastfewyears,businessexecutivesandbookwriterslookingforanewwaytoadvisecorporateAmericahavebeenexploitingShakespeare’swisdomforprofitableends.NonemoresothanhusbandandwifeteamKennethandCarolAdelman,well-knownadviserstotheWhiteHouse,whostartedupatrainingcompanycalled“MoversandShakespeares”.TheyareamateurShakespearescholarsandShakespearelovers,andtheyhavecombinedtheirpassionandtheirhighlevelcontactsintoamanagementtrainingbusiness.Theyconductbetween30and40workshopsannually,focusingonhalfadozendifferentplays,mostlyforcorporations,butalsoforgovernmentagencies. Theworkshopsalltakethesameform,focusingonasingleplayasakindofcasestudy,andusingindividualscenesasspecificlessons.InJuliusCaesar,forexample,Cassius’sslyprovocation（狡詐的挑唆）ofBrutustotakeuparmsagainstCaesarwasabasisforadiscussionofmethodsofteambuildingandgrassrootsorganising. AlthoughneitheroftheAdelmansisacademicallytrainedinliterature,theprogrammescontainplentyofShakespearetraditionandbackground.TheirworkshoponHenryV,forexample,includesahelpfulexplanationofHenry’swinningstrategyattheBattleofAgincourt.Buttheydocometothetextwithafewbiases(偏向):theirreadingofHenryVminimizeshismisuseofpower.Instead,theyemphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterfulleader.AndattheworkshoponCaesar,Mr.AdelmanshadlittlegoodtosayaboutBrutus,saying“thenoblestRomanofthemall”couldn’tmakehismindupaboutthings. Manyoftheparticipantspointedtoveryspecificelementsintheplaythattheyfelttoberelated.Caesar’spride,whichledtohismurder,andBrutus’smistakesinleadingthe

traitorsafterthemurder,theysaid,raisevitalquestionsforanyoneservinginabusiness:whenandhowdoyouresisttheboss?73.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatdidalltheexecutivesthinkofBrutus? A.Cruel.

B.Superior.

C.Honorable.

D.Rude74.Accordingtothepassage,theAdelmanssetup“MoversandShakespeares”to________. A.helpexecutivestounderstandShakespeare’splaysbetter B.giveadviceonleadershipbyanalyzingShakespeare’splays C.providecasestudiesofShakespeare’splaysinliteratureworkshops

D.guidegovernmentagenciestofollowthecharactersinShakespeare’splays.75.WhydotheAdelmansconductaworkshoponHenryV? A.Tohighlighttheimportanceofcatchingopportunities. B.Toencouragemasterfulleaderstoplanstrategiestowin. C.Toillustratetheharmofprejudicesinmanagement.

D.Towarnexecutivesagainstpowermisuse.76.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____. A.theAdelmans’programmeprovesbiasedastherolesofcharactersaremaximized. B.executivesfeelboredwithtoomanyspecificelementsofShakespeare’splays. C.theAdelmanswillmakemoreprofitsiftheyareprofessionalscholars. D.Shakespearehasplayedanimportantroleinthemanagementfield.77.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____. A.Shakespeare’splays:Executivesreconsidercorporateculture B.Shakespeare’splays:Anessentialkeytobusinesssuccess C.Shakespeare’splays:alessonforbusinessmotivation D.Shakespeare’splays:Dramatictrainingbringsdramaticresults【解析】這是一篇論說(shuō)文，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)有一定的難度。所用的詞不少是專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，也或者是專有名詞，這給閱讀帶來(lái)一定的障礙。73.【答案】 A【解析】文章介紹了莎士比亞戲劇在商業(yè)管理方面的運(yùn)用。細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第一段描述所用的一些詞語(yǔ)“notanhonorableman不是一個(gè)受敬仰的人”,“traitor叛徒”，“incoldblood冷血”等可以得出答案為cruel殘忍的。Superior意為較高的（級(jí)別、地位）;較好的（在質(zhì)量等方面）;較多的（數(shù)量）;上等的;rude意為粗魯?shù)摹?4. 【答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題根據(jù)第二段的一些用詞“well-knownadviserstotheWhiteHouse著名的白宮顧問(wèn)”,”managementtrainingbusiness管理訓(xùn)練商業(yè)”，可以知道答案是與leadership管理有關(guān)。其中l(wèi)eadership（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）和management是同義詞。75.【答案】 A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)“Instead,theyemphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterfulleader.相反，他們強(qiáng)調(diào)年輕人的故事。這些年輕人能夠抓住機(jī)會(huì)以及成為有能力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”可以知道答案是強(qiáng)調(diào)抓住機(jī)會(huì)的重要性。其中highlight強(qiáng)調(diào)和emphasize是同義詞，seizesopportunity和catchopportunities是同義詞。76. 【答案】D77. 【答案】D【解析】標(biāo)題題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思分別是A.Shakespeare’splays:Executivesreconsidercorporateculture（莎士比亞戲?。汗芾韺又匦抡J(rèn)識(shí)企業(yè)文化）；B.Shakespeare’splays:Anessentialkeytobusinesssuccess（莎士比亞戲?。撼晒ι虡I(yè)的關(guān)鍵）；C.Shakespeare’splays:alessonforbusinessmotivation（莎士比亞戲?。荷虡I(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)的一節(jié)課）；D.Shakespeare’splays:Dramatictrainingbringsdramaticresults（莎士比亞戲?。簯騽〉挠?xùn)練帶來(lái)喜劇的結(jié)果）。標(biāo)題題選擇的正確答案是簡(jiǎn)練高度概括，而且以文章主題相關(guān)，綜合這幾個(gè)因素只有D選項(xiàng)才符合，其他選項(xiàng)，要么和主題無(wú)關(guān)，要么就是擴(kuò)大了范圍。____好題必好題必測(cè)【上海市復(fù)興高級(jí)中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中英語(yǔ)試卷】Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharmhumanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedtotalkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsomeofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogleAssistantthatshewouldn’ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutoursecrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreatedeviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetter—butmaynothelpusbeself-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.Thesevehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thuspreventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumansthepowertomakemoraljudgments(forexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),theywillalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey’vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey’vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspillovers—orexternalities,asthey’reoftencalled—intoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAI’spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.43.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAI.44.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecline”referstothedeclinein________.A.drivers’interactionwiththecarsB.drivers’exhaustionanddistractionC.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledrivingD.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving45.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.46.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.【答案】43.B44.C45.C46.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。作者通過(guò)日常生活中Alexa和Siri的例子，提出自己的論點(diǎn)——人工智能會(huì)組織人們之間更深層次的交流。接著開(kāi)始提出自己對(duì)于無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)的看法和擔(dān)憂，并提出需要進(jìn)一步提升無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)的軟件和硬件，讓它們更好、更安全地服務(wù)于人們?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.(隨著人工智能深入我們的生活，我們必須面對(duì)這樣一種可能性，即它將阻止我們的情感和深層次的人際聯(lián)系。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為人工智能會(huì)阻止我們和身邊的人進(jìn)行更深層次的聯(lián)系。也就是說(shuō)，人工智能會(huì)導(dǎo)致人與人之間的聯(lián)系變得越來(lái)越膚淺、淺顯。故選B項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.(我擔(dān)心，無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)奪走了我們鍛煉這種能力的機(jī)會(huì)，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致這種它的衰落。)”可知，“itsdecline”指的是前文“thisability”的衰弱和下降。再根據(jù)前文“Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.(但它們還會(huì)對(duì)人類產(chǎn)生什么影響呢?開(kāi)車(chē)是一種非常現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)互動(dòng)，需要高度的合作。)”可知，“thisability”指的是“highlevelsofcooperation”，即開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)的合作能力。故選C項(xiàng)。【45題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey’vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.(例如，在一輛以穩(wěn)定不變速度行駛的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)旁邊駕駛了一段時(shí)間的司機(jī)可能會(huì)不太注意駕駛，因此，一旦他們行駛到只有人類司機(jī)占據(jù)的高速公路路段，發(fā)生事故的可能性就會(huì)增加。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，與完全遵守交通法規(guī)行駛的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)并排行駛實(shí)際上會(huì)提高人的表現(xiàn)。)”可知，無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)能降低其他車(chē)輛中的司機(jī)出現(xiàn)交通事故的概率，也就是說(shuō)它們能使人類駕駛員在其他車(chē)輛中更安全。故選C項(xiàng)。【46題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAI’spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.(我們必須付出使自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)成為可能的硬件和軟件所付出的同樣努力，來(lái)管理人工智能對(duì)車(chē)外人員的潛在影響。畢竟，我們?cè)谀愕能?chē)后面安裝剎車(chē)燈不僅僅是，甚至主要是為了你的利益，而是為了你后面的人。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為對(duì)于自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)，我們應(yīng)該努力提高它的硬件和軟件，讓它更加安全。故選D項(xiàng)。上海市第三女子中學(xué)2021學(xué)年第二學(xué)期高三年級(jí)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科線上教學(xué)評(píng)估Thetendencytolookforsomeoutsidegrouptoblameforourmisfortunesiscertainlycommonanditisoftenstrengthenedbysocialprejudice.Thereseemstobelittledoubtthatoneoftheprincipalcausesofprejudiceisfear—inparticularthefearthattheinterestsofourowngrouparegoingtobeendangeredbytheactionsofanother.Thisislesslikelytobethecaseinastable,relativelyunchangingsocietyinwhichthemembersofdifferentsocialandoccupationalgroupsknowwhattoexpectofeachotherandknowwhattoexpectforthemselves.Intimesofrapidracialandeconomicchange,however,newoccupationsandnewsocialrolesappear,andpeoplestartlookingjealouslyateachothertoseewhethertheirowngroupisbeingleftbehind.Whenacommunitybeginstofeelunsureofitsfuture,itbecomesespeciallylikelytoturninuponitself,toimaginethatsurroundinggroupsarethreateningandunfriendly.Atatimelikethis,distorted(扭曲的)ideasabouttheothercommunityarereadilybelievedandarepassedonasstatementsoffact.Oneofthetragicthingsaboutintercommunal(社區(qū)間的)conflictisthatbothpartiesquicklyfindthemselves“moralrationalization(合理化解釋).”Eachsideinsistsandbelievesthatitsownactionsareinspiredbynobleideals,evenwhentheyarereallyactingoutofpureself-interest.Toathirdparty,neutraltotheconflict,itmayseemobviousthatbotharebehavingunreasonably;butwhenone’semotionsareinvolved,andespeciallytheemotionoffear,itisextremelydifficulttoremainsensible.Onceprejudicedevelops,itishardtostop,becausethereareoftensocialforcesatworkwhichactivelyencourageunfoundedattitudesofunfriendlinessandfeartowardsothergroups.Onesuchforceiseducation:Weallknowthatchildrencanbetaughthistoryinsuchawayastokeepaliveoldhatredandoldprejudicesbetweenracialandpoliticalgroups.Anothersocialinfluencethathastobetakenseriouslyisthepressureofpublicopinion.Peopleoftenthinkandactdifferentlyingroupsfromthewaytheywoulddoasindividuals.Ittakesaconsiderableeffortofwill,andoftencallsforgreatcourage,tostandoutagainstone’sfellowsandinsistthattheyarewrong.Whyisitthatwehearsomuchmoreaboutthefailuresofrelationshipsbetweencommunitiesthanwedoaboutthesuccesses?Iamafraiditispartlyduetotheincreaseincommunicationwhichradio,televisionandthepopularpresshavebroughtabout.Inthosecountrieswherethemediaofmasscommunicationarecommercialenterprises,theytendtomeasuresuccessbythesizeoftheiraudience;andpeoplearemorelikelytobuyanewspaper,forinstance,iftheirattentioniscaughtbysomethingdramatic,orsomethingthatcanarousetheiranxietyorinterestasmuchasfailuresofintercommunalrelationshipsdo.Andpopularpublicspeakers,especiallyiftheyarepoliticiansaddressingarelativelyinnocentaudience,knowthatthebestwaytoarousesuchanaudienceistofrightenthem.Wherethereisarealorimaginarythreattoeconomicsecurity,thisisespeciallylikelytoarousegroupprejudice.Itisimportanttoremembereconomicfactorsifwewishtolessenprejudicebetweengroups,becauseunlesstheyaredealtwithdirectly,itwillbelittleusesimplyadvisingpeoplenottobeprejudicedagainstothergroupswhomtheyseeastheircompetitors,ifnottheirenemies.43.Peopleinasocietyofrapidracialandeconomicchange______.A.blameothersfortheirrecentmisfortunesB.fearthelossofinterestsendangeredbyprejudiceC.areatalossastowhattoexpectofothersandthemselvesD.arejealousofthenewoccupationsandsocialroles44.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutacommunityfeelingunsureofitsfuture?A.Distortedideasabouttheothercommunityareconsideredasfacts.B.It’sextremelydifficultforathirdpartytoremainsensibleandfearless.C.Oldhatredandprejudicesarepassedonthroughhistoryeducation.D.Thepressureofpublicopinionmakespeoplethinkandactingroups.45.Thefailuresofrelationshipsbetweencommunitiesare______.A.commercialproductsofthemediaofmasscommunicationB.considereddramaticandarousingC.lessenedduetorealorimaginarythreattoeconomicsecurityD.dealtwithdirectlybyadvisingpeoplenottobeprejudiced46.Thepassageismainlyabout______.A.howtoeliminatesocialprejudice B.whatasensiblesocietyislikeC.whatcausessocialprejudice D.howtobuildasensiblesociety【43~46題答案】【答案】43.C44.B45.A46.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了導(dǎo)致社會(huì)偏見(jiàn)的緣由和目前的現(xiàn)狀?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“Thisislesslikelytobethecaseinastable,relativelyunchangingsocietyinwhichthemembersofdifferentsocialandoccupationalgroupsknowwhattoexpectofeachotherandknowwhattoexpectforthemselves.(在一個(gè)穩(wěn)定、相對(duì)不變的社會(huì)中，這種情況不太可能發(fā)生，在這種社會(huì)中，不同社會(huì)和職業(yè)群體的成員知道彼此的期望，也知道對(duì)自己的期望)”可知，在一個(gè)穩(wěn)定相對(duì)不變的社會(huì)中人們知道對(duì)彼此的期望，也知道對(duì)自己的期望。由此推知，在一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的社會(huì)中人們會(huì)對(duì)別人和自己的期望感到茫然。故選C?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Toathirdparty,neutraltotheconflict,itmayseemobviousthatbotharebehavingunreasonably;butwhenone’semotionsareinvolved,andespeciallytheemotionoffear,itisextremelydifficulttoremainsensible.(對(duì)于對(duì)沖突保持中立的第三方來(lái)說(shuō)，雙方的行為顯然都不合理；但是，當(dāng)一個(gè)人的情緒，尤其是恐懼情緒牽涉其中時(shí)，保持理智是極其困難的)”可知，對(duì)于一個(gè)對(duì)未來(lái)感到不確定的社區(qū)，“對(duì)沖突保持中立”的第三方知道雙方都不合理，難以保持理智和無(wú)畏。而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)“It’sextremelydifficultforathirdpartytoremainsensibleandfearless.(對(duì)于第三方來(lái)說(shuō)，保持理智和無(wú)畏是極其困難的)”與文章內(nèi)容不符。故選B?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“Whyisitthatwehearsomuchmoreaboutthefailuresofrelationshipsbetw