2022年河北GRE考試考前沖刺卷

2022年河北GRE考試考前沖刺卷

（本卷共分為1大題50小題.作答時(shí)間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）

單位：姓名:考號(hào):

題號(hào)單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分

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一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中，只有一個(gè)最符合題意）

1.HBHSet2{{/B}}

{{B}}GadgetswithaSportingChance{{/B}}

Consumerelectronics:Newsportsequipment,fromtennisracketsto

runningshoes,usesprocessingpowertoenhanceperformance.Isthatfair

WhyshouldaspiringathletesstandonthesideIineswhenaspotof

electronicassistancecanputtheminthemiddleofthegameThatis

thequestionmanysports-equipmentmakersareaskingastheysensean

opportunitytoboosttheirsaleswithhigh-techproducts.YoucouldcalI

ittherevengeofthenerds:anewwaveofmicrochip-equippedsporting

goodspromisestoenhancetheperformanceofnovicesandnon-sporting

typesalike-andcouldevenmakedifficultsportseasier.

Takecross-countryskiing.VictorPetrenko,anengineeratDartmouth

College*sIceResearchLabinNewHampshire,hasinventedsomesmart

ski-brakesthat,hebeIieves,wi11increasethepopularityof

cross-countryskiingbymakingthesportlesschaIIengingforbeginners.

Thebrakes,currentlybeingtestedbyaskimanufacturerintheAlps,

offerthenecessaryfrictionforabigger"kick-offforce"andmakethe

skislessIikelytosiidebackwardsintheirtrucks.Tomakethishappen,

anelectriccurrentfromthebottomoftheskispulsesthroughtheice,

meltingathinlayerofsnowthatinstantlyrefreezesandactsasasort

ofglue.

Thisisnottheonlyformofsmartskitohittheslopes.Atomic,a

leadingski-makerbasedinAustria,planstointroduceasystemIater

thisyearthatrunsadiagnosticsafetychecktoensurethattheski

bindingisproperlyclosed,withtheresuItbeingshownonatinybuiIt-in

Iiquid-crystaldisplay.MeanwhiIe,tennisequipmentmanufacturersare

hopingthatinnovationwi11bringnewziptotheirbusinessasweII.They

certainlyneedtodosomething:accordingtoSportScanInfo,a

market-researchfirmbasedinFlorida,salesoftennisracketsinAmerica

felI12.5%duringthefirsthalfof2004comparedwiththefirsthalf

of2003.

WiththebaIIclearlyintheircourt,researchersatHead,amaker

ofsportingequipment,havedevisedaproductthatshouldappeaIto

playerssufferingfromtenniseIbow.Achipinsidetheracketcontrols

piezo-electricfibres,whichconvertmechanicalenergyfromthebaIT

simpactintoelectricalpotentiaIenergy.Thisenergyisthenusedto

generateacounter-forceinthepiezo-electricfibresthatcausesa

dampeningeffect.AlIofthis,thefirmsays,translatesintolessstress

ontheeIbow.Headclaimsthatresidualvibrationsintheracketare

dampenedtwiceasfastasinconventionaIrackets,reducingtheshock

experiencedbytheplayer'sarmbymorethan50%.

Nodoubtpuristswi11objectthatthisissimplynotcricket.

Rule-makersinmanysportsarenowbeingforcedtoconsiderthe

impIicationsofequipmentthatpromisestoaugmentathletes*performance

withelectronicmuseIe.TheInternationalTennisFederation,thatbody

isresponsibleforsettingtherulesofthegame,hasspecifiedinits

mostrecentguideIinesthat"noenergysourcethatinanywaychanges

oraffectstheplayingcharacteristicsofaracketmaybebuiltintoor

attachedtoaracket".

Yetdespitesuchwording,theguideIinedoesnotactuallyeIiminate

theuseofHead,ssmartrackets,becausethereisnoexternaIenergy

source---thedampingeffectreIiessolelyonenergyfromtheball's

impact.Thoughhigh-techequipmentmaycausecontroversyonthecourt,

tennisclubshavetoadheretotheguideIinessetforthesport,explains

StuartMiller,theITF'stechnicalmanager.Andiftherulesallow

self-generatedforcestomodifyaracket1sresponse,sobeit.

Differentsportshaveencountereddifferenttechnologies,thoughthe

futurewi11undoubtedlybringmoreoverlap.Ingolf,gadgetsthatpinpoint

thelocationofthegreenusingtheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS),The

rule-makingbodyoftheRoyalandAncientGolfClubofSt.Andrews,which

overseesthegameinalIcountriesexceptAmericaanditsdependencies,

currentlyprohibitstheuseofdistance-measuringdevices.Asaresult,

golferscannotrelyonGPSaidsinatournament.WhiletechnoIogicaI

innovationingolfequipmentshouIdcontinue,theplayer*sski11shouId

remainthepredominantfactor,saysDavidRickman,whoisinchargeof

theclub1srulesandequipmentstandards.

Thetrendtowardshigh-techassistanceisnotIimitedtosportswith

areputationforexpensivegear,however.Evenruning,that

A.Becauseitcanreducetheshockexperiencedbytheplayer,sarmby

morethan50%.

B.Becauseitcanachieveagradualdampingeffect.

C.Becauseitpromisestoimproveathletes,performanceswithelectronic

muscle.

D.Becauseresidualvibrationsintheracketarestrongerthanin

conventionalrackets.

2.{{BHSet5{{/B}}

{{B}JPresidentHoover*sPoliticsDuringtheGreat

Depression{{/B}}

Atfirsteverythingseemedfineanddandy.Americawasenjoyingone

ofthebiggesteconomicsurgesinthenation,shistory.However,even

thoughAmericabenefitedfromtheeconomicboomofthesocalled"Roaring

Twenties",theimbalancebetweentherichandthepoorcombinedwiththe

productionofmoreandmoregoodsandrisingpersonaldebtcausedone

ofthebiggestrecessionsinhistory.OnBlackTuesday.October29,1929,

thestockmarketcrashed,triggeringtheGreatDepression,whichwasthe

worsteconomiccollapseinthehistoryofthemodem,industrialworId.

ItspreadfromtheUnitedStatesandrippledouttotherestoftheworld,

withbanksfailingandbusinessesgoingbustforoveraspanofadecade,

IeavingmorethanaquarteroftheworkingforceinAmericawithoutjobs.

PresidentHerbertHoover,underestimatingtheseriousnessofthe

crisis,calledit"apassingincidentinournationaIIives,"andassured

Americansthatitwouldbeoverwithintwomonths.Hooverdidnotthink

thatthefederalgovernmentshouldofferreIieftothepoverty-stricken

popuIationbecausehefirmlybeIievedinindividuaIism.Focusingon

economicprogramstohelpfinancebusinessesandbanks,Hoovermetwith

resistancefrombusinessexecutiveswhopreferredtolayoffworkers.

BIamedbymanyfortheGreatDepression,Hooverwaswidelyridiculed.

Hoover*seconomywasputtothetestwiththeonsetoftheGreat

Depressionin1929.Itwashisvocalstanceonnon-interventionthatled

toDemocraticcriticismthatHooverwasa"sittingduck"president;on

theotherhand,hismorepro-freemarketopponentsalsodeniedhewas

alaissez-fairepresidentandcondemnedhimforbeinganinterventionist.

Hoovertriedtorestoreconfidencewithaseriesofspeechesbuthisweak

speakingstylehamperedtheseefforts.Thebiggestproblemwasthathis

predictionsofanupturnjustaroundthecomernevermaterialized.His

promiseswerenotdeIiveredandheIostalotofthepublie'sconfidence.

Together,thegovernmentandbusinessesactuaIIyspentmoreinthe

firsthalfof1930thanthepreviousyear;yetfrightenedconsumerscut

backtheirexpendituresbytenpercent.Aseveredroughtravagedthe

agricuIturaIheartlandbeginninginthesummerof1930,whileforeign

banksdeclaredbankruptcy,drainingU.S.wealthanddestroyingworld

trade.Thecombinationofthesefactorscausedadownwardspiral:as

earningfell,domesticbankscollapsed,andmortgageswerecalledin.

Hoover,shoId-the-IinepoIicyinwageslastedlittlemorethanayear.

UnempIoymentsoaredfromfivemi11ionin1930toovereIevenmillionin

1931,causingthissharprecessiontobecometheGreatDepression.

In1930,HooverreluctantlysignedtheSmoot-HawleyTariffAct,which

raisedtariffsonover20,000dutiableitems.TheTariff,combinedwith

the1932RevenueAct,whichhikedtaxesandfeesacrosstheboard,is

oftenblamedfordeepeningtheeconomicdepression,andisconsidered

bysometobeHoover*sbiggestpoliticalmistakes.Moreover,theFederal

ReserveSystem*stighteningofthemoneysupplyisalsoregardedbymost

modemeconomistsasamistakentactic,underthecircumstances.

Inordertocovertheexpensesofthesegovernmentprograms,Hoover

agreedtooneofthelargesttaxincreasesinAmericanhistory.The

RevenueActof1932raisedtaxesonthehighestincomesfrom25%to63%,

whiletheestatetaxwasdoubIedyandcorporatetaxeswereraisedby

aImost15%.Also,a"checktax"wasincIudedthatpIaceda2-centtax

onaIIbankchecks.Duringthe1932eIections,Hoover*sopponentsbIasted

theRepubIicanincumbentforspendingandtaxingtoomuch,increasing

nationaIdebt,raisingtariffs,andbIockingtrade,aswellasplacing

millionsonthedoleofthegovernment.Rooseve11attackedHooverfor

"recklessandextravagant"spending,andofleading"thegreatest

spendingadministrationinpeacetimeinalIofhistory."UnempIoyment

roseto24.9%bytheendofHoover*spresidencyin1933,ayearthat

isconsideredtobethedepthoftheGreatDepression.

Thephrasetheseeffortsinthepassagerefersto

A.Hoover*seffortstoenforcenonintervention.

B.TheopponentsJeffortstocondemnHooverforbeinganinterventionist.

C.Hoover*seffortstostrengthenhisspeakingstyle.

D.HooverJseffortstowinbackconfidence.

3.{{BjjSet3{{/B}}

{{B}}TheEvoIutionofthePhotofit{{/B}}

SecuritytechnoIogy:Anewtypeofcomputerisedphotofitsystemtakes

anovelevolutionaryapproachtogeneratingimagesofsuspects.Ifyou

haveevertriedtodescribesomeone1sfaceindetaiI,youwiIIunderstand

whythe"photofit"compositeimagesusedbythepolicelooksododgy.

Inrecentyears,computerised"E-Fit"systemshaveheIpedimprovethe

accuracyoftheseimagesbyallowingwitnessestochoosefromawider

rangeoffaciaIfeatures.ButresearchersattheUniversityofStirling

inScotIandfoundthat,despitetheseimprovements,peopIestillhave

ahardtimeconstructingrecognisablefaces-especiallyifthereisa

delayofmore

TheproblemisthatpeopIetendtorecoguisefacesaswholeentities,

ratherthanasseparatefeatures.Sopickingfromarangeofeyes,noses

andmouthsisnotnecessarilythemostsuitableapproach,saysCharIie

Frowd,apsychologistattheUniversityofStifIing.Nextyear,however,

Britishpoliceareexpectedtobegintrialsofanewcomputerisedsystem,

calledEvoFIT,deveIopedbyDr.FrowdandhiscoIIeaguePeterHancock.

Itusesanevolutionaryapproach,knownasageneticalgorithm,to

"evolve"facesratherthanpiecethemtogether.

“Theprocessisentirelynon-verbalandtakesafractionofthenormal

time,nclaimsDr.Frowd.Awitnessisshownanarrayof60differentfaces

withrandomfeatures.Havingstudiedthemclosely,thewitnessisasked

tochoosethesiximagesthatmostcloselyresemblethepersontheyare

tryingtodescribe.Thesesixarethenusedtogenerateanothersetof

60,byswitchingfeatureesbetweensomeoftheimagesandbymakingrandom

changestoothers.Thewitnessisthenaskedtorepeatthetask,whereupon

anewbatchoffacesisgenerated,andsoon.Inevolutionaryterms,this

processisknownas"geneticcrossoverandmutation",andisapowerful

waytosearchalargenumberofpossibiIitiesforaparticularsolution.

ByallowingtheusertosteertheseIectionprocess,theprogramisable

togenerateagoodIikenessfortheoriginalfaceafterjustafewcycles.

Inoneofitsearlyversions,EvoFITwasusedbypoliceinNorthampton

shirewhoweretryingtocatchaviolentattacker.Theattackerwasnever

caught,buttheseniorinvestigatingofficer,SuperintendentPaulSpick,

saysthewitnessinvolvedfoundthenewsoftwaremuchquickerandeasier

tousethantraditionalE-Fitsystems.Itwasalsomoreaccurate:the

finalimagecausedthewitnessvisibledistresswhendisplayed.Afurther

importantadvantageofEvoFITovertraditionalcompositesisthatan

imagecanbegeneratedevenifthewitnesscanonlyprovideasketchy

verbaIdescription.

Theresearchershavesincemadeanumberoffurtherimprovementsto

theirsystemandarenowintheprocessofcommercializingitin

partnershipwithABMtaBritishfirmwhichsuppIiespoliceforceswith

photofit,oneoftheleadingcomputerizedcompositesystems.Theimages

aremorereaIistic,andthesystemcangeneratethree-quarterangIeviews

oftheface,whichareeasiertodistinguishthandirectfrontalviews,

saysDr.Frowd.

HisteamhasaIsofoundthatbycombiningtheimagesgeneratedby

differentwitnesses,orevenfromasinglewitness,itispossibleto

getanevenbetterIikeness.ThiscouldbeparticularlyusefuIwhen

multiplewitnessescomeforwardandthepoliceareunsurewhichofthe

imagestheyproduceisthemostaccurate.Inthelatestversion,witnesses

aregivenaseIectionoffaceshapestochoosefrombeforefaciaIfeatures

areadded.ThismakesitIessIikeIythatthecorrectfacialfeatures

wiIIberejectedsimplybecausetheyareonthewrong-shapedface.

ThesemodificationsappeartomakealIthedifference.Inrecent

experiments,Dr.FrowdandDr.HancockcomparedEvoFITwiththe

computerizedsystemscurrentlyinusebyaskingvolunteerstoconstruct

animageofafacetwodaysafterseeingit,andthenshowingtheresuIting

imagetopeopIewhowerefamiIiarwiththepersondepicted.With

traditionalcomposites,thepersonwascorrectlyidentifiedabout4%of

thetime;thefigureroseto25%withEvoFITimages.

NextyearABMwi11performinhouseevaluationsofthesystemandwi11

thenteamupwithpoliceforcesforfurthertrials.AIthoughthingslook

promisingsofar,twothingsinparticularneedfurthertesting,says

LesIieBowie,ABM*sdirectorofresearch.DotheEvoFITimagesdistract

witnessesorcontaminatetheirmemoriesoftheface

A.Wecanonlyfindoneparticularsolutioninparticularterm,whichwe

callHgeneticrevolutionarychange',.

B.Itisdifficultforustofindparticularfeaturesandtellthefaces

becauseof"geneticcrossoverandmutation”.

C.Wehavenoideatoswitchfeaturesbetweensomeoftheimagesandby

makingrandomchangestoothersinevolutionaryterms.

D.WecanSearchalargenumberofthefeaturesandresolvedifficuties

inevolutionaryterms,whichwecallwgeneticrevolutionarychange'1.

4.{{B}}Set4CourseInformation{{/B}}

{{B}}Narrator{(/B))

Listentoalecturetalkaboutbassinbusinessclass.

{$mediaur1)

whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheprofessorsupport

A.Thepriceofapairof1986AirJordansinJapanisunbelievablyhigh

becausetheyareveryusefulandneededbymass-consumers.

B.Peopledepositedoldbaseballcardsontheatticsandstorageclosets

inordertopreservetheirvalues.

C.Notallantiquehunterscandistinguishwhetheritispricelessor

worthless.

D.Theprofessorencouragespeopletostorethingstheyloveinorderto

increaseinvalue.

5.{{B}}Set4{{/B}}

{{B}}ImportanceofVitamins{{/B}}

Vitamins,whichcomeinmanydifferenttypesalIofwhicharequite

diverseinchemicalconfigurationandfunction,canbeanyofseveral

organicsubstancesthatareseparatedintowater-solubleandfat-soIubIe

groups.Originallydefinedasorganiccompoundsobtainableinanormal

dietandcapableofmaintainingIifeandpromotinggrowth,vitaminsare

differrentfromcarbohydrates,fats,andproteinsinfunction,aswe11

asinthequantitiesinwhichorganismsrequirethem.Socriticalare

vitaminstoabody'sessentialstrengthandhealththatiftheyareabsent

fromthedietornotproperlyabsorbedbyanorganism,aspecific

deficiencydiseasemaydevelop.

Thetermvitaminoriginatedfrom"vitamine,nawordfirstusedinthe

early19thcenturytodesignateagroupofcompoundsconsideredvital

forIife(thoughtheterm"accessoryfoodfactor"sometimesisused

interchangeablytorefertothesesubstances).Likeothernutrients,

vitaminconsumptionisimperativetokeepourbodiesfunctioningproperIy,

andifthereisaIackofvitaminconsumption,thebodywiIIfaiItoreact

inawaythat*sconsideredhealthy.LackofvitaminAwi11resultin

variousdisordersthatmostcommonIyinvoIvetheeyeandthetissues

aroundit.OneoftheearIiestsymptomsofvitaminAdeficiencyis

nyctaIopia,themedicaItermfornightblindness,whichcausesavisual

failuretoadaptquicklyfromIighttodarknessandaninabiIitytosee

inthedark.ThisaspectofvisionisnormaIlydependentonrhodopsin,

aproteinfoundintheeyethatmaintainsitselfonlyinthepresence

ofvitaminA;inthelackofvitaminA,rhodopsinwi11maIfunction.

TheseearIiersymptomsarequiteharmlessbutthesideeffectscan

becomeincreasinglyseriousifnottreatedearlyon.Ifthedeficiency

issevereandpersists,especiallyinmaInourishedinfantsandchiIdren,

aconditionknownasxerophthalmia-whentheeyesaresensitivetoIight,

thesecretionoflubricatingtearsisstopped,andtheeyeIidsbecome

swollenanddeveloppus-maydevelop.Furthermore,themucoussurfaces

oftheeyemaybecomeeroded,allowinginfectiontosetinfthusleading

toulcerationandotherdestructivechangesofthecorneaandother

structuresoftheeye,resultingeventuallyinblindness.

EarlysignsofvitaminAdeficiencymayalsobereflectedinchanges

inthemembranesofthemouth,throat,andrespiratoryandgenito-urinary

passageswheretheIiningmembranesbecomemaInourishedanddryandlose

theirciIia,thetinyhairIikeprojectionsthatnormallyhelpin

clearingawayforeignparticles.ThenaturaIimmunesystemisweakened

andifinsufficientintakeofvitaminAisprolonged,theskinmaybecome

dryandrough.VitaminAdeficiencymayalsoresultindefectivebone

andteethformationandinpoorgeneralgrowth.

However,anexcessiveintakeofvitaminAcanaIsocauseseveredamages

tothebodycausingasymptomcalled"hypervitaminosisA",whichhappens

whenapersontakesinmorethan150miIIigramsofvitaminAoveralong

periodoftime;thevitaminsarestoredintheIiverandcanreach

dangerouslevelbecausetheAvitaminsarenotempIoyedtomakethebodies

stronger,butrather,storedastoxicmaterial.Excessiveamountsof

vitaminAcancausenausea,drynessofskin,blurredvision,drowsiness,

andbonepain.

VitaminAcanbefoundinalIanimalIivers,inmiIkproducts,and

inmanyyeIlowandgreenleafyvegetabIeswhichcontaincarotenes,

chemicallyrelatedsubstancesthatareconvertedtovitaminAinthebody.

Therearevariousothervitaminsthatthehumanbodyneedsinorderto

survive;theexcessiveintakeofvitaminA,orthelackofintakeofother

vitamins,causesdetrimenttothehumanbody-atalItimes,moderation

iskey.

Accordingtotheparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofcilia

A.Ciliaaretinyextensionsofmembranesthatnormallyprovidehelpin

clearingthemembranes.

B.Theterm"cilia"referstothehairliningofmembranesthatprevent

foreignmatterfromenteringourbody.

C.Thetinyprojectionsirtheliningmembranesareknownasciliaand

theyblockincomingforeignmatters.

D.Ciliaarepartoftheliningmembranesofthemouthandthroat,and

theyhelppreventingexternalparticlesfromenteringourbody.

6.

{{B}}ReadingSectionDirections{{/B}}

InthissectionyouwiIIreadfivepassagesandanswerreading

comprehensionquestionsabouteachpassage.Mostquestionsareworthone

point,butthelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.

Thedirectionsindicatehowmanypointsyoumayreceive.

YouwiIIhave60minutestoreadaIIofthepassagesandanswerthe

questions.SomepassagesincIudeawordorphrasethatisunderIinedin

blue.Clickonthewordorphrasetoseeadefinitionoranexplanation.

Whenyouwanttomoveontothenextquestion,clickonNext.Youcan

skipquestionsandgobacktothemIaterasIongasthereistimeremaining.

Ifyouwanttoreturntopreviousquestions,clickonBack.Youcanclick

onReviewatanytimeandthereviewscreenwiIIshowyouwhichquestion

youhaveansweredandwhichyouhavenot.Fromthisreviewscreen,you

maygodirectIytoanyquestionyouhavealreadyseeninthereading

section.

Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickontheContinueicon.

{{BDSet1{{/BJ}

{{B}}ScienceFictionNotAnyMore{{/B}}

Sciencefictionhasoftenbeenthesourceofinspirationfornew

technologies.Theexoskeletonsandhead-mounteddispIaysfeaturedinthe

fiIm"Aliens",forexampIe,spawnedanumberofmiIitaryfundedprojects

totrytocreatesimilartechnologies.Automaticsiidingdoorsmight

neverhavebecomepopularhadtheynotappearedonthetelevisionseries

"StarTrek".AndthepopularityoffIip-topor“clamshell"mobiIephones

maystemfromthedesiretolookIikeCaptainKirkflippingopenhis

communicatoronthesameprogram.

Nowitseemsthat"StarTrek"hasdoneitagain.Thismonth,American

soldiersinIraqwi11begintrialsofadeviceinspiredbythe"commbadge"

featuredin"StarTrek:TheNextGeneration".Likecrewmembersofthe

starshipEnterprise,soldierswi11beabletotalktoothermembersof

theirunitjustbytappingandthenspeakingintoasmalIbadgewornon

thechest.WhatsetsthecommbadgeapartfromamerewaIkie-taIkie,and

appealsto"StarTrek"fans,isthesystem,sapparentinte11igence.It

worksoutwhoyouarecallingfromspokencommands,andconnectsyou

instantly.

Thesystem,developedbyVoceraCommunicationsofCupertino,

California,usesacombinationofWi-Fiwirelessnetworkingand

Voice-overInternetProtocol(VoIP)technologiestoIinkupthebadges

viaacentraIserver,akintoaswitchboard.ThebadgesareaIreadybeing

usedin80largeinstitutions,mostofthemhospitaIs,torepIaceoverhead

pagingsystems,saysBrentLang,Vocera1svice-president.

Likeitsscience-fictioncounterpart,thebadgeisdesignedsothat

alIfunctionscanbecardedoutbypressingasinglebutton.Onpressing

it,thecalIergivesacommandandspecifiesthenameofapersonorgroup

ofpeople,suchas“callDr.Smith"or"Iocatethenearest

anesthesioIogist".Voice-recognitionsoftwareinterpretsthecommands

andlocatestheappropriatepersonorgroup,basedonwhicheverWi-Fi

base-stationtheyarecIosestto.ThepersonreceivingthecaIIthenhears

anaudiblealertstatingthenameofthecalIerand,ifheorshewishes

totakethecall,respondsbytappingthebadgeandstartingtospeak.

ThathighIightsakeydifferencebetweenthe"StarTrek"commbadge

andthereal-Iifeversion:Vocera*simplementationa11owspeopleto

rejectincomingcalIs,ratherthanhavingthevoiceofthecalIerpatched

throughautomatically.ButeventhemostpuristfanscanforgiveVocera

fordeviatingfro