壓軸題03-閱讀理解D(心理學(xué)類)(解析版)(江蘇專用)

壓軸題03閱讀理解D綜合近幾年高考對(duì)于閱讀理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考對(duì)于科普說明文的考查仍然是重點(diǎn)。科普說明文一直都是命題人提高閱讀能力的重要考點(diǎn)，因此在近幾年的高考命題中科普說明文一直都是以壓軸題的形式存在，其中包括研究報(bào)告、科學(xué)技術(shù)、社會(huì)心理、宇宙探索、醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)告、語言學(xué)、社會(huì)生活等多種領(lǐng)域，體現(xiàn)了閱讀題材的多樣性。EQ\o\ac(○,熱)EQ\o\ac(○,點(diǎn))EQ\o\ac(○,題)EQ\o\ac(○,型)二心理學(xué)類1.基本規(guī)律：閱讀理解D篇閱讀文章一般難度都比較大，但命題者設(shè)題的難度并不大。2．實(shí)用解題方法：①某人說的話，或者是帶引號(hào)的，一定要高度重視。很有可能就是某個(gè)問題的同義替換。②有時(shí)候每段的第一句話，僅僅是一個(gè)表述。而在第2或3句以后，會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)比或者轉(zhuǎn)折。一般來說，轉(zhuǎn)折后面的是作者的態(tài)度。要注意的是：作者對(duì)什么進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)折。③每一個(gè)問題，在原文中，都要有一個(gè)定位。然后精讀，找出那個(gè)中心句或者關(guān)鍵詞。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，閱讀理解考的就是這個(gè)“中心句”。④某人說過的話，有時(shí)并不是題眼，但可以從側(cè)面或某個(gè)角度來反映作者的觀點(diǎn)，也就是作者想表達(dá)的，正確答案都是和這樣的觀點(diǎn)相一致的。要把握關(guān)鍵詞，有感情色彩的詞。⑤注意中心句（即題眼）和前后句子之間的關(guān)系，是接著說的，還是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。要把握和前后句子之間的關(guān)系。是并列關(guān)系的，可以從這些句子里找同義詞；是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的，就通過轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系句子里的關(guān)鍵詞的相反意思來判斷。⑥注意幾個(gè)詞，yet表轉(zhuǎn)折，hardly表否定。while有時(shí)是比較，有時(shí)也表轉(zhuǎn)折。比較的時(shí)候，注意比較的對(duì)象，要弄清楚。轉(zhuǎn)折的時(shí)候，你要知道作者對(duì)什么進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)折。押題速練1.Isittruethatourbrainaloneisresponsibleforhumancognition(認(rèn)知)?Whataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?PsychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(EC)asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalsense.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusingsounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoassociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelievethisisfact,whileECtheoriesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsupercomputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneexperiment,testsubjects(實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻說法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphoricaluseiscommonacrosslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.1.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceoftheECtheoryliesin________.A.facilitatingourunderstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringaclearerpictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.bringingusclosertothetruthinhumancognition2.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4furtherprove________.A.environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperatureisrelatedtohealthC.themindandthebodyinfluenceeachotherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurroundings3.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebycitingthemetaphorsinParagraph5?A.Humanspeechisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshaveeffectsonthinking.C.Humanlanguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencomparedtonaturalmaterials.4.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthelastparagraph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguidethereaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.ToencouragethereadertoputECintopractice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.C【解析】本文是一篇說明文。介紹了心理學(xué)家的一項(xiàng)EC理論表明，我們不是只有大腦負(fù)責(zé)人類的認(rèn)知，我們的身體也負(fù)責(zé)思考或者解決問題。更準(zhǔn)確的說思想塑造身體，身體同等程度地塑造思想。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.(EC理論表明，我們的身體也負(fù)責(zé)思考或解決問題。更準(zhǔn)確地說，思維塑造身體，身體同等程度地塑造思維。)”可知，EC理論認(rèn)為我們身體就像大腦一樣塑造我們的認(rèn)知，因此推斷EC理論的意義在于讓我們更接近人類認(rèn)知的真理。故選D項(xiàng)。2.推理判斷題。文章首句“Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.(進(jìn)一步的研究支持了思想與身體的相互作用。)”接下來列舉了兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)“Inoneexperiment,testsubjects(實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.(在一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，測(cè)試對(duì)象被要求在遞給熱飲或冷飲后判斷人。當(dāng)他們的指尖感知到溫暖而不是涼爽時(shí)，他們都做出了溫暖的評(píng)價(jià)。)”表明，身體會(huì)影響到思想，以及“Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一項(xiàng)研究中，受試者的指尖溫度是在被“納入”或“拒絕”小組任務(wù)后測(cè)量的。那些被納入在內(nèi)的人感到身體溫暖。)”表明身體會(huì)受到思想的影響，因此推斷實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證明了身體與思想間的相互作用。故選C項(xiàng)。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段中的主題句“Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻說法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.(為了進(jìn)一步證明，我們可以看看我們不假思索就使用的比喻說法）。)”以及下文的陳述“Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.(一個(gè)善良和富有同情心的人經(jīng)常被稱為心軟的人，而在困難的情況下非常堅(jiān)強(qiáng)和冷靜的人通常被描述為堅(jiān)如磐石。)”說明人們使用身體觸感比喻人可推斷，作者通過陳述比喻手法是為了進(jìn)一步證明我們?nèi)祟惖母杏X對(duì)思維有影響。故選B項(xiàng)。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?(既然您已經(jīng)掌握了身心互動(dòng)的知識(shí)，為什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列舉的兩種現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的情況“Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.(如果你今天過得很糟糕，一杯溫暖的茶會(huì)給你帶來一瞬間的快樂。如果你知道自己身體很冷，在做出任何人際關(guān)系決定之前先熱身。)”可知，理論知識(shí)已經(jīng)知道，且在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中有一定的運(yùn)用價(jià)值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓勵(lì)讀者把EC理論運(yùn)用于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中。故選C項(xiàng)。押題速練2Aswinterapproaches,warm-bloodedanimalschoosetohandlethecoldinasocialway:crowdingtogetherinbunches.FrommicetoHimalayanrabbits,individualsinagroupwillgathertogethertosharetheheatfromtheirbodiesandavoidtheriskofdyingfromcold.Whilehumansmaynotphysicallycrowdtogether,ourancestorswouldhavebeenrelyingonthesupportofothersforfood,fuelandshelter,andthiswouldhavebeenespeciallyimportantwhenitwascold.Thus,theymightbeverysensitivetootherswhenthetemperaturedropped.Theywerelikelytoseekoutothersourcesofwarmth,iftheyfeltthattheycouldnolongerrelyonthegroupforsupport.PsychologistGeoffreywasthefirsttoinvestigatethat.HeturnedtoavideogamecalledCyberball,whichattemptstorecreatethekindofsocialrejectionthatmanyofusmighthaveexperiencedintheplayground.Eachparticipantisseeminglyplacedinagroupofthreeandaskedtoplayvirtualcatchwithtwootherpeople,hiddenoutofsight.Infact,twooftheplayersarecontrolledbyacomputer.Inthebeginning,thesecomputerizedplayersaredesignedtothrowtheballtotheparticipant,butafterawhiletheybegintoavoidtheparticipantasprogrammed,sothattheparticipantnolongerfeelsinvolvedinthegame.Havingbeenexcludedbytheotherplayers,theparticipantreportsfeelingrejected.Andtheparticipantshavethetendencytolookforsourcesofwarmthascomfort.Likeallpsychologicaldiscoveries,itmaybeofsignificancetohuman’smentalhealth.It’ssaidthatpatientswithdepressionoftenreportfeelingcold.Adeeperunderstandingofthepsychologicalmechanismmightsuggestnewtreatmentsforthisdisorder.Moreimmediately,withfuelbillsincreasing,theemotionaleffectsofthecoldthiswinterneedtobeconsidered.Clearly,practicalsolutionstothefuelcrisismustcomefirst,butwemightalsolookforwaystoconnectmorewiththosearounduslikeanimalscrowdingtogetherbothphysicallyandsocially.1．Whydoestheauthormention“mice”and“rabbits”inParagraph1?A．Tomakeaprediction.B．Todrawacomparison.C．Toexplainaregulation.D．Toillustrateaphenomenon.2．Whatcanweinferaboutourancestors?A．Theydependedoneachotherforsurvival.B．Theytendedtoliveclosetooneanother.C．Theywererelativelymoresensitivetocold.D．Theyhadabundantsourcesofwarmthinwinter.3．Whataretheparticipantslikelytodowhentheyfeelrejected?A．Theymaybuyanice-cream.B．Theymaydrinkacupofhotcoffee.C．Theymayeatsomepotatochips.D．Theymayconsumecoolorangejuice.4．Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthediscovery?A．Ithelpssolvethefuelcrisis.B．Itprovidesreasonsfordepression.C．Itcontributestotheemotionalhealth.D．Itsuggestslessconnectionbetweenpeople.【答案】1．D

2．A

3．B

4．C【解析】本文是一篇說明文。心理學(xué)家杰弗里通過一款名為Cyberball的電子游戲?qū)⑴c者就溫度下降人類是否會(huì)尋找其他溫暖的來源進(jìn)行調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)被其他玩家排除在外后，參與者傾向于尋找溫暖的來源作為安慰。像所有心理學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)一樣，它可能對(duì)人類的心理健康有重要意義。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Aswinterapproaches,warm-bloodedanimalschoosetohandlethecoldinasocialway:crowdingtogetherinbunches.FrommicetoHimalayanrabbits,individualsinagroupwillgathertogethertosharetheheatfromtheirbodiesandavoidtheriskofdyingfromcold.（隨著冬天的臨近，溫血?jiǎng)游飼?huì)選擇群居的方式來應(yīng)對(duì)寒冷:聚集在一起。從老鼠到喜馬拉雅兔子，群體中的個(gè)體會(huì)聚集在一起，分享身體的熱量，避免因寒冷而死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。）”可知，第一段提到老鼠和兔子目的為了說明一種現(xiàn)象：溫血?jiǎng)游飼?huì)選擇群居的方式來應(yīng)對(duì)寒冷。故選D。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Whilehumansmaynotphysicallycrowdtogether,ourancestorswouldhavebeenrelyingonthesupportofothersforfood,fuelandshelter,andthiswouldhavebeenespeciallyimportantwhenitwascold.（雖然人類在身體上可能不會(huì)擠在一起，但我們的祖先在食物、燃料和住所方面一直依賴他人的支持，這在寒冷的時(shí)候尤其重要。）”可知，我們的祖先們依靠彼此生存。故選A。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Havingbeenexcludedbytheotherplayers,theparticipantreportsfeelingrejected.Andtheparticipantshavethetendencytolookforsourcesofwarmthascomfort.（被其他玩家排除在外后，參與者報(bào)告了被拒絕的感覺。參與者傾向于尋找溫暖的來源作為安慰。）”可知，當(dāng)參與者感到被拒絕時(shí)，他們可能會(huì)喝一杯熱咖啡。故選B。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Likeallpsychologicaldiscoveries,itmaybeofsignificancetohuman’smentalhealth.（像所有心理學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)一樣，它可能對(duì)人類的心理健康有重要意義。）”可知，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于情感健康。故選C。押題速練3Haveyoueverbeeninmid-conversationwithsomeone,whenyoulookoverandfindthemstandinginthesamepositionasyouorholdingthesamefacialexpression?Itmayseemliketheyhaveconsciously(有意識(shí)地)copiedyou,butitismuchmorelikelythatitisthechameleon(變色龍)effectatplay.Thechameleoneffectistheunconsciousimitation(模仿)ofanotherperson’sgesturesorbehaviour.Justasachameleonattemptstomatchanyenvironment’scolours,peopleacquirethebehaviourofotherstobringthemclosertogetherandhelpmaketheirinteractionssmooth.ThechameleoneffectwasconfirmedinanexperimentbypsychologistsJohnBarghandTanyaChartrandin1999.Thefirstpartoftheirexperimentincluded78people,whoeachspokewithanexperimenter.Duringthetest,BarghandChartrandstudiedwhetherparticipantswouldcopytheactionsofsomeonetheyhadn’tmetbefore,likemovingthefootandtouchingtheface.Thesecondpartmeasuredtheimpactthatcopyingsomeonehasonthepersonbeingimitated.Inthefirststage,participantsincreasedtheirfacetouchingby20%andtheirfootmovementby50%whileinconversationaboutaphotographwiththeexperimenter.Theindividualsweren’tawareofwhattheywerebeingstudiedfor,andthephotographwasusedtocatchtheirattentiontoensureunconsciousacts.Thesecondstageinvolvedhalfoftheparticipantsbeingcopied,andthenratingthelikeabilityoftheexperimenter.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhowereimitatedscoredtheexperimenterhigher.Ithasshownthatwhensomeonecopiesourbehaviour,wedevelopmorepositivefeelingsaboutthem.Theseinteractionscouldbeapersonunconsciouslywillingtobeliked,andformingamomentofconnection.Themainreasonsbehindhumans’imitationarepositive.However,whenpeoplecarrythischameleoneffecttotheextreme,theycanlosetheirsenseofself.Thosewhochangetheirentirepersonalitiesindifferentgroupsoftengoundetected.Butmorecommonsignsofthechameleoneffectareeasiertonotice.Nexttimeyouareinasocialgathering,takealookaroundandyoumightjustseesomechameleonsforyourself.1．Whydopeopleacquireothers’behavior?A．Tomatchtheenvironment’scolour.B．Toattractothers’attention.C．Toestablishaconnectionwithothers.D．Toadapttothesurroundings.2．Howdidtheexperimenterguaranteeparticipants’unconsciousbehaviors?A．Bydirectingtheirattentiontoaphoto.B．Bykeepinganeyeontheiractions.C．Bytellingthemthepurposeofthestudy.D．Byevaluatingtheimpactsofimitation.3．Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexperiment?A．Peopletendtolikethosewhoimitatetheirbehavior.B．Toomuchofthechameleoneffectcanbebeneficial.C．Peopleimitatingothersarenoteasytobedetected.D．Thecopiedmovementshelppeopletofeelrelaxed.4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthechameleoneffectaccordingtothepassage?A．Studentsadoptteachers’accentsforfunafterclass.B．Peoplechangetheirhabitstopleaseothersonpurpose.C．Acomediancopiesacelebrityvividlyonstage.D．Ahusbandandhiswifesharesimilarbehavioursovertime.【答案】1．C

2．A

3．A

4．D【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于變色龍效應(yīng)的研究，告訴我們?nèi)藗兺ㄟ^習(xí)得他人的行為來拉近彼此之間的距離，順暢互動(dòng)。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thechameleoneffectistheunconsciousimitation(模仿)ofanotherperson’sgesturesorbehaviour.Justasachameleonattemptstomatchanyenvironment’scolours,peopleacquirethebehaviourofotherstobringthemclosertogetherandhelpmaketheirinteractionssmooth.(變色龍效應(yīng)是指無意識(shí)地模仿他人的手勢(shì)或行為。就像變色龍?jiān)噲D與任何環(huán)境的顏色相匹配一樣，人們通過習(xí)得他人的行為來拉近彼此之間的距離，幫助他們順暢地互動(dòng)。)”可知人們?yōu)榱伺c他人建立聯(lián)系，會(huì)習(xí)得他人的行為。故選C。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Inthefirststage,participantsincreasedtheirfacetouchingby20%andtheirfootmovementby50%whileinconversationaboutaphotographwiththeexperimenter.Theindividualsweren’tawareofwhattheywerebeingstudiedfor,andthephotographwasusedtocatchtheirattentiontoensureunconsciousacts.

(在第一階段，參與者在與實(shí)驗(yàn)者談?wù)撘粡堈掌瑫r(shí)，觸摸臉部的次數(shù)增加了20%，腳的動(dòng)作增加了50%。這些人并不知道他們被研究的目的是什么，照片被用來吸引他們的注意力，以確保他們無意識(shí)的行為。)”可知實(shí)驗(yàn)者用一張照片吸引參與者的注意力來保證他們的無意識(shí)行為，故選A。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Ithasshownthatwhensomeonecopiesourbehaviour,wedevelopmorepositivefeelingsaboutthem.Theseinteractionscouldbeapersonunconsciouslywillingtobeliked,andformingamomentofconnection.(研究表明，當(dāng)有人模仿我們的行為時(shí)，我們會(huì)對(duì)他們產(chǎn)生更積極的感覺。這些互動(dòng)可能是一個(gè)人無意識(shí)地愿意被喜歡，并形成了一個(gè)連接的時(shí)刻。)”可推斷出實(shí)驗(yàn)表明人們傾向于喜歡模仿自己行為的人。故選A。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thechameleoneffectistheunconsciousimitation(模仿)ofanotherperson’sgesturesorbehaviour.Justasachameleonattemptstomatchanyenvironment’scolours,peopleacquirethebehaviourofotherstobringthemclosertogetherandhelpmaketheirinteractionssmooth.(變色龍效應(yīng)是指無意識(shí)地模仿他人的手勢(shì)或行為。就像變色龍?jiān)噲D與任何環(huán)境的顏色相匹配一樣，人們通過習(xí)得他人的行為來拉近彼此之間的距離，幫助他們順暢地互動(dòng)。)”可知隨著時(shí)間的推移，丈夫和妻子有相似的行為是變色龍行為，是因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)常在一起相處無意識(shí)的互相模仿，故選D。押題速練4Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirable,andwhicharen’t,butthetotalemotionalexperienceincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.Theproblemis:theaffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysothatfeardissipates.Instead,stay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousness,thesweating,andeverythingelsethatcomesalongwithit.Itisoneofthehardestthingstodoinlife,butit’salsooneofthemostrewarding.Ifyourun,youaretellingbasicpartsofyourbrain,“Iguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.”Youaretrainingyourselftofear,regardlessofthatsituation.Ifyoucling,youaresaying,“Escapefromthisemotionisathreat”,andsinceitisnotahappyexperience,happinessslipsthroughyourhandslikesand.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.Tocontrolyourlife,youneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhavealliesforhealthylivingthatwerethereallalong.1．Whydoestheauthormention“chocolatecake”and“spider”inparagraph1?A．Toexplainthecomplexresponseofemotions.B．Toshowthesubjectiveexperienceofemotions.C．Toindicatethegoodnessandbadnessoftheworld.D．Toemphasizethesignificanceofemotionsinlife.2．Whatistheconsequenceifyoujustfocusonyourpresentfeelings?A．Thepresentfeelingsarelessobvious.B．Thesubjectiveemotionsarelesspowerful.C．Theoverallpictureofemotionsiseasiertoignore.D．Theobservationanddescriptionofemotionsareeasier.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipates”inParagraph4probablyreferto?A．Deepens. B．Spreads. C．Disappears. D．Sticks.4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thesecretofemotions. B．Thesubjectiveexperience.C．Theimportanceofalliesinlife. D．Magicalfunctionsofemotions.【答案】1．B

2．C

3．C

4．A【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了情感的秘密有哪些，包括情緒情感的核心，以及如何更好控制它們，成為情緒的盟友。1．推理判斷題。由第一段中的“Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!(情緒的核心是對(duì)情感價(jià)值的主觀體驗(yàn)，情感科學(xué)家稱之為““affect”(情感)”。一般來說，情感是我們最關(guān)注的。你面前有巧克力蛋糕嗎？太好了！你看見桌子上有蜘蛛嗎！太糟糕了！)”可知，情緒的核心是對(duì)情感價(jià)值的主觀體驗(yàn)，后面舉例巧克力蛋糕和蜘蛛是為了論述這句話，表現(xiàn)情感的主觀體驗(yàn)。故選B項(xiàng)。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的“Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.(我們的主觀情感價(jià)值幾乎是我們所能看到的。當(dāng)情緒只與當(dāng)前主觀體驗(yàn)中的愉快或不愉快有關(guān)時(shí)，情緒中更重要的特征就消失了)”可知，如果你只關(guān)注你現(xiàn)在的感受，后果是情緒的整體情況更容易被忽視。故選C項(xiàng)。3．詞句猜測(cè)題。由第四段中的“Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysothatfeardissipates.(如果你能放慢速度并擴(kuò)張；如果你停止奔跑或沉浸其中，并采取一種好奇心，情緒就會(huì)變得更加微妙和不同。當(dāng)恐懼出現(xiàn)時(shí)，不要走開，以便恐懼dissipates)”可知，如果你停止沉浸其中并且培養(yǎng)好奇心，情感就會(huì)變得微妙和不同，說明恐懼也會(huì)變化，變得不恐懼，可得出畫線詞所在句講當(dāng)恐懼來臨時(shí)，不要逃避恐懼，那么恐懼就會(huì)消失，dissipates意為“消失（Disappears）”。故選C項(xiàng)。4．主旨大意題。由第二段中的“Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.(通過欣賞情感的秘密生活，你也可以學(xué)到很多東西)”和最后一段中的“Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.(只需要充分的情感。你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)進(jìn)入它們的秘密生活，除非你停止奔跑或沉浸其中)”可知，文章主要介紹了情感的秘密有哪些，包括情緒情感的核心，以及如何更好控制它們，成為情緒的盟友，A項(xiàng)“情感的秘密”符合文意。故選A項(xiàng)。押題速練5Somepeoplecanwalkintoaroomandinstantlyputeveryoneatease.Othersseemtomaketeethclenchandeyesrollnomatterwhattheydo.Asmallbodyofpsychologyresearchsupportstheideathatthewayapersontendstomakeothersfeelisaconsistentandmeasurablepartofhispersonality.Researcherscallit“effectivepresence.”Thisconceptwasfirstdescribednearly10yearsagoinastudyledbyNoahEisenkraft,abusinessprofessoratWashingtonUniversity.Heputbusiness-schoolstudentsintogroups,hadthemregisterforallthesameclassesforasemester,anddoeverygroupprojecttogether.Thenthemembersofeachgroupratedhowmucheveryothermembermadethemfeeleightdifferentemotions:stressed,bored,angry,sad,calm,relaxed,happy,andenthusiastic.Theresearchersfoundthatasignificantportionofgroupmembers‘emotionscouldbeaccountedforbytheeffectivepresenceoftheirpeers.Itseemsthat“ourownwayofbeinghasanemotionalsignature.”saysElfenbein.It’sbeenknownforsometimethatemotionsareinfectious.Buteffectivepresenceisaneffectonehasregardlessofone’sownfeelings—thosewithpositiveeffectivepresencemakeotherpeoplefeelgoodeveniftheypersonallyareanxiousorsad,andtheoppositeistrueforthosewithnegativeeffectivepresenceUnsurprisingly,peoplewhoconsistentlymakeothersfeelgoodaremorncentraltotheirsocialnetworks—inElfenbein’sstudy,moreoftheirclassmateconsideredthemtobefriends.SectorMadrid,anorganizational-behaviorprofessor,hasfoundthatleaderswithpositiveaffectivepresencehaveteamsthatarebetteratsharinginformation,whichleadstocreativity.Inferiorsaremorelikelytovoicetheirideas,too.However,Elfenbeinnotesthatpositiveeffectivepresenceisn’tnaturallygood.Psychopaths(精神變態(tài)者)areinfamouslycharmingandnaywellusetheirpositiveeffectivepresenceforcalculatingends.Neitherisnegativeeffectivepresencenecessarilyalwaysabadthinginaleader—thinkofafootballcoachyellingattheteamathalftime,motivatingthemtomakeacomeback.Shesuspectsthateffectivepresenceiscloselyrelatedtoemotionalintelligencewhichonecanusetocurecancerortobeacriminalmastermind.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“maketeethclench”inParagraph1mean?A．Makepeopleupsetorangry. B．Makepeoplegladorrefreshed.C．Makepeoplecomfortableorrelaxed. D．Makepeopleamazedorthrilled.2．WhydoestheauthormentionElfenbein’sstudyinParagraph5?A．Tosuggestleadersarebetteratsharinginformation.B．ToproveleadersalsohavenegativeeffectivepresenceC．Toindicatepositiveeffectivepresencehasagreaterinfluence,D．Toshowpositiveeffectivepresencecanpromotesocialinteraction.3．Whatdoyouknowabouteffectivepresenceaccordingtothetext?A．Itisforcalculatingends. B．Itisadouble-edgedsword.C．Itisaffectedbyone’sownemotion, D．Itisthepositiveemotionalinfluenceonothers.4．Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．AffectivePresence:HowYouMakePeopleFeelB．EmotionalSignature:WhyEmotionsareInfectiousC．AffectivePresence:NegativePartofYourPersonalitiesD．EmotionalIntelligence:BigPartofeffectivePresence【答案】1．A

2．D

3．B

4．A【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了什么是“情感存在”并介紹了“情感存在”在社交中的作用。1．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“eyesrollnomatterwhattheydo”（無論他們做什么，你都會(huì)翻白眼）可知，劃線詞所在句中“Others”這類人的出現(xiàn)會(huì)令人不愉快，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，“讓人心煩或生氣”為負(fù)面情緒，由此可知，句中指其他人似乎無論做什么都會(huì)讓人生氣，并對(duì)他們翻白眼，“Makepeopleupsetorangry.”意為“讓人心煩或生氣”，能夠表達(dá)劃線線短語在句中的意思。故選A項(xiàng)。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段關(guān)鍵句“Unsurprisingly,peoplewhoconsistentlymakeothersfeelgoodaremorncentraltotheirsocialnetworks—inElfenbein’sstudy,moreoftheirclassmateconsideredthemtobefriends.”（不出所料，在埃爾芬貝的研究中，那些總是讓別人感覺良好的人在他們的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)中更為重要，他們的同學(xué)中更多的人認(rèn)為他們是朋友。）可知，本段內(nèi)容中提到埃爾芬貝的研究，告訴我們展現(xiàn)積極的情感存在可以讓別人感覺良好，這在社交中起著積極作用，更多的人會(huì)認(rèn)為這類人是朋友，由此可知，作者在第五段中提到埃爾芬貝的研究是為了展現(xiàn)積極的情感存在可以促進(jìn)社交。故選D項(xiàng)。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段關(guān)鍵句“Shesuspectsthateffectivepresenceiscloselyrelatedtoemotionalintelligencewhichonecanusetocurecancerortobeacriminalmastermind.”（她懷疑情感存在與情緒智力密切相關(guān)，情緒智力可以用來治療癌癥或成為犯罪主謀。）可知，埃爾芬貝認(rèn)為“情感存在”是一把雙刃劍，因?yàn)樗c情緒智力密切相關(guān)，而情緒智力如果用好了可以治療癌癥，用不好可能會(huì)讓你成為犯罪主謀，由此可知，“情感存在”是一把雙刃劍。故選B項(xiàng)。4．主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段關(guān)鍵句“Asmallbodyofpsychologyresearchsupportstheideathatthewayapersontendstomakeothersfeelisaconsistentandmeasurablepartofhispersonality.Researcherscallit‘effectivepresence.’”（一小部分心理學(xué)研究支持這樣一種觀點(diǎn)，即一個(gè)人傾向于讓別人感覺到的方式是他性格中一個(gè)一致且可測(cè)量的部分。研究人員稱之為“情感存在”。）可知，本文主要介紹了什么是“情感存在”，這是指一個(gè)人給其他人的感覺，并介紹了“情感存在”在社交中的作用，“AffectivePresence:HowYouMakePeopleFeel”意為“情感存在：你給人的感覺”，選項(xiàng)能夠概括文章主要內(nèi)容。故選A項(xiàng)。押題速練6Recently,thelaboratoryofSamiEl-Boustani,anassistantprofessorattheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationinperception(感知)anddecision-making.“Wewantedtoobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneurons(大腦皮層神經(jīng)元)ischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandtowhatextentthelattercanhaveaneffectonlearningandperformanceinadecision-makingtask,”explainsSamiEl-Boustani.Theresearchteamdevelopedabehavioralpatterninvolvingmiceinacontrolledwaterconsumptioncondition.Researchersfirsttrainedthesemicetorespondtothestimulationoftwowhiskers(鼠須)(AandB)andtoproduceanaction—lickingaspout(舔壺嘴)—onlyforwhiskerAinordertoobtainadropofwater.Followingthistraining,thesemicereactedmainlytothestimulationofwhiskerA．Finally,theresearchersconductedtheseexperimentsatdecreasinglevelsofthirstinordertovarythemotivationofthemicetoparticipateinthetask.Inastateofgreatthirst,micelickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhenwhiskerAwasstimulated.Finally,whentheywerenotverythirsty,theirperformanceinthetaskdroppedagain.Byobservingtheactivityofneuronalpopulationsresponsibleforperceptualdecision-makinginthesemice,researchersdiscoveredthathigh-motivationleadstothestrongstimulationofcorticalneurons,whichcausesalossofaccuracyintheperceptionofthestimulation.Incontrast,inthelow-motivationstate,theaccuracyofthesensoryinformationwasrecovered,butthestrengthofthesignalwastoolowforittobesentcorrectly.Theseresultsrevealthatthelevelofmotivationdoesnotonlyimpactdecision-makingbutalsotheperceptionofsensoryinformation,whichleadstothedecision.Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchlater,dependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtotheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchontheroleofmotivationinlearningopensthewaytonewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.1．Whichaspectofmotivationdoesthelaboratory’sresearchfocuson?A．What