精神分析的釋夢(mèng)教學(xué)幻燈片

精神分析的釋夢(mèng)武漢中德心理醫(yī)院李孟潮一個(gè)夢(mèng)的解釋（需要的材料，可能的假設(shè)）夢(mèng)者，女，青年，未婚，夢(mèng)見(jiàn)前男友拿這一支槍對(duì)著自己。（其余部分遺忘）associationsInthedream,aformerloverpointthegunatme.Ionlyrememberthisscene.Youareright.Yes,theloverisamanandwehaveneveradmittedwewereloversfromendtoend.Inthedream,hejustpointedthegunatme,holdingtheguninhishand,withoutfiring.Iwasnotfrightenedatallatthatmoment,yetIwasveryupsetwhenIwokeupearlyinthemorning.

Mysex?I'mmerelyafemaleperson.

I'musuallyinamerrymood.ButrecentlyIaminamelancholymood.TherearesomemisunderstandingsbetweenhimandI.TomysadnessIcouldn’tfindanywaytoclarifythem.TheonlythingIcandoistogiveup.AndIbelievethosemisunderstandingswillbeeliminatedoneday.ButIdon’tknowwhenthedaywillcome.Ifeelconfusedandoppressed.

Myage?I’mneithertooyoungnortooold.

Gunmeansforce.Inthedreamheheldtheguninhishand.

Thefollowingassociationisasfollows:

"heheldtheguninhishand"meansthatheheldtheforceinhishand.Maybehehadenoughforcetoprotecthimselfandeventoattackme.MaybeIwastooweaktoprotectmyself,thenIwantedtolendsomeforcefromhim.Maybeforcewasveryimportanttohimandhewasafraidoflosehisforceatthesightofme,soheheldthe"gun"inhishandverytightly.

thanks,andIhaveanotherassociation.

Thegunbeingpointedatmewithoutfiringinthedreamisjustlikeabigpenisinerectionandwithoutejaculation.ItoccurstomethatIusedtoavoidpennis,especiallybigpenisinthepast.ButinthedreamIbegantofaceitwithbraveness.

ThisisagreatprogresswhichIhaveevermadeinmylife,Ithink.

弗洛伊德提出釋夢(mèng)技術(shù)程序的選擇方案：a.分析者按時(shí)間順序分析，夢(mèng)者對(duì)夢(mèng)的內(nèi)容陳述順序進(jìn)行聯(lián)想；b．分析者的專挑選夢(mèng)中的特殊因素進(jìn)行分析；c.直接問(wèn)夢(mèng)者就其對(duì)夢(mèng)聯(lián)想到前一天哪些事件；d.如夢(mèng)者熟悉釋夢(mèng)技術(shù)，讓他自己決定從那兒開(kāi)始聯(lián)想。Freud（1）夢(mèng)是被壓抑的欲望變相的滿足。所以在釋夢(mèng)之前要牢記一點(diǎn)是，其中的欲望在什么地方？這個(gè)“欲望”在《釋夢(mèng)》中弗洛伊德一古腦地劃歸為力比多，特別是童年的力比多，后來(lái)他更改了說(shuō)法，說(shuō)夢(mèng)既來(lái)自本我，也來(lái)自自我，那么欲望就不僅僅是力比多了，還有其他的本能（欲望），死本能、自我保存本能等等。（2）夢(mèng)分為愿望夢(mèng)、焦慮夢(mèng)和懲罰夢(mèng)，其本質(zhì)都是愿望的滿足。但還有創(chuàng)傷夢(mèng)，這是欲望滿足理論的例外。（3）夢(mèng)的材料和來(lái)源有四方面：做夢(mèng)前一天的殘念（白日殘余）；睡眠中軀體方面的刺激；幼年經(jīng)驗(yàn)；人類歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)的累積（類似于榮格的集體無(wú)意識(shí)）。（4）單獨(dú)的材料形成不了夢(mèng)，需要和壓抑的欲望結(jié)合才形成夢(mèng)。（這是《釋夢(mèng)》中談到的，但后來(lái)少提。）（5）夢(mèng)的作用是維持睡眠。（6）夢(mèng)的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)分為顯夢(mèng)和隱夢(mèng)兩個(gè)層面，釋夢(mèng)是治療師利用患者對(duì)夢(mèng)中原意的自由聯(lián)想，揭示出隱夢(mèng)的意義。通過(guò)稽查作用和夢(mèng)的偽裝，隱藏的愿望才能意識(shí)進(jìn)入組成顯夢(mèng)。

（7）稽查作用使隱夢(mèng)所包含的無(wú)意識(shí)沖動(dòng)進(jìn)一步偽裝和轉(zhuǎn)化成顯夢(mèng)的內(nèi)容。這種轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程（即"夢(mèng)的工作"）包括以下幾個(gè)機(jī)制：凝縮作用(Condensation)；移置作用(Displacement);用視覺(jué)形象表現(xiàn)抽象思維;潤(rùn)飾作用(Secondaryelaboration)。（8）夢(mèng)中的情感反映總是"真實(shí)"的，如果夢(mèng)的情感反應(yīng)與顯夢(mèng)內(nèi)容不協(xié)調(diào)，說(shuō)明其形成時(shí)發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)化和象征，而與隱夢(mèng)一致。（（10）夢(mèng)的多重決定作用，一個(gè)夢(mèng)可以有多方面的解釋。（見(jiàn)釋夢(mèng)）(11)夢(mèng)是自我和本我交戰(zhàn)的地方，所以可以在夢(mèng)中看到?jīng)_突的愿望。（《綱要》）9）象征作用：對(duì)象征作用的強(qiáng)調(diào)是弗洛伊德在《釋夢(mèng)》發(fā)表后對(duì)夢(mèng)理論進(jìn)行的很大一個(gè)補(bǔ)充。對(duì)象征的熟悉可以讓人很快的釋夢(mèng)，減少聯(lián)想的材料，弗洛伊德指出"象征作用或許是夢(mèng)理論中最引人注目的部分，……象征作用使我們?cè)谀承┣樾沃袩o(wú)需詢問(wèn)夢(mèng)者來(lái)對(duì)夢(mèng)進(jìn)行解釋。……如果我們熟悉了一般夢(mèng)的象征和夢(mèng)者的人格，他生活的環(huán)境以及夢(mèng)發(fā)生前的印象等，我們時(shí)?？梢灾苯觼?lái)釋夢(mèng)—就好像一見(jiàn)面就可以認(rèn)出一樣。"但象征法并不排斥聯(lián)想法，在處理象征元素時(shí)，既要利用夢(mèng)者的聯(lián)想，又要利用“釋夢(mèng)者的有關(guān)象征知識(shí)以彌補(bǔ)聯(lián)想之不足?！保?2）除四種夢(mèng)的工作外，還有兩個(gè)因素影響夢(mèng)境的形成：一是顯夢(mèng)中的某一部分往往代表了潛意識(shí)中完全相反的愿望；一是夢(mèng)的各部分之間無(wú)邏輯關(guān)系，特別是因果關(guān)系，這一點(diǎn)啟發(fā)了皮亞杰。NewfindingsandwaysFreud'sviewthatdreamsaretheguardianofsleepmustnowberegardedasdisproved;onthecontrary,sleepistheguardianofdreams(Wolman1979,p.VII).

Thisisoneofthefundamentalconclusionswhichmustbedrawnfromthemanypsychobiologicalinvestigationsofdreamandsleep.對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的看法：itremainsclearthatphysiologicalconditionsandpsychologicalmeaningsbelongtocompletelydifferentdimensions.

Dreaminghasavalueofitsowninthetherapeuticprocess,eveniftheunderlyingdreamtheorieshavetobemodified.(Strauch1981,p.43)5.2DreamThinking

Dreamlanguage,whichpredatesourdevelopmentofthoughtlanguage,isapicturelanguagerichinsymbolicrelationships.夢(mèng)是一種退行現(xiàn)象Todaywewouldsayratherthattheworkonthedreamiscarriedoutwithregressivemethods.Freud'sgeneralpointofview：thatdreamsareinessencenothingelsethanaspecialformofourthinking(1900a,p.506)

Thedreamerrepresentstheworld,includinghisself,differentlythaninhiswakingthinkingandinhiseverydaylanguage.Thustheproblemisnotjusttodescribetheformalcharacteristicsofdreamlanguage;thedifficultyliesintheirtranslation.Dreamlanguageexpressesitselfpredominantlyinvisualimages,andthetaskoftherapeutictranslationconsistsoftransformingimagesintowordsandthoughts.dreamsinREMsleeptendtobeirrationalandthoseinnonREMsleeprational,whichsuggeststhattheprimary-processmechanismsofdreamworkarelinkedtospecificphysiologicalconditions.Systematicstudies：Somefindingsindicatethatthereisacorrespondencebetweendaydreamingandnightdreaming,anditcanbeshownthatdistortionandexpressionofaffectincreaseprogressivelyfromdaydreamsthroughfantasiestonightdreams.(Cohen1976,p.334)：theconfigurationofthedreamcontentsreflectstheprincipalpersonalitytraitsofthedreamer.Giora(1981,p.305)：underlinesthedangeroftakingonlytheclinicalmaterialintoconsiderationandneglectingtheexistenceofothertypesofdreams,e.g.,logicalandproblem-solvingdreams,whendiscussingthetheoryofdreams.夢(mèng)思總結(jié)：currentlymanyauthorsrejecttheorieswhichaccorddreamthinkingaspecialstatus,preferringinsteadtointegratedreamthinkingintothegeneralprinciplesofpsychicfunction.

DayResidueandInfantileWish

Dreamasaninfantilewish?currentviews:therearegapsinthetheoryofwishfulfillmentwithregardtodemonstratingtheunconscious,infantilewishelement,andthatthisleadstootherproblems,e.g.,howtoreconcilestereotypicalanxietydreamswiththetheory.KoukkouandLehmann's(1980,1983)neurophysiologicalthesis:thatthevariationinEEGpatternsintheREMphasesstronglysuggeststhatthedoorwaytoearlymemoriesmightbeopenseveraltimeseachnight,inwhichcaseexchangeprocessesbetweenpresentandpastmaywelltakeplace.

Freud'sideathattheinfantilewishisthemotorofdreamformationhasnotbeenconfirmed,andinlightofthefindingsofmodernresearchmustberejectedassuperfluous.

Heformulatedthishypothesisbeforeitbecameknownthatdreamingisabiologicallybasedactivitythatiscontrolledbyaninternalclockandneedsnofoundationinthepsychiceconomy.

Aswesawaboveinthediscussionofdreamthinking(Sect.5.2),overtheyearsthehypothesisthatthefunctionofdreamingismainlytohelpdealwithrealityhaslostgroundtotheviewthatitisimportantforthedreamer'sintrapsychicequilibriumandforthemaintenanceofhispsychicfunctions.

Self-RepresentationandProblemSolving

FreudinTheInterpretationofDreams:"Itismyexperience,andonetowhichIhavefoundnoexception,thateverydreamdealswiththedreamerhimself"(1900a,p.322).

freud“Thefactthatthedreamer'sownegoappearsseveraltimes,orinseveralforms,inadreamisatbottomnomoreremarkablethanthattheegoshouldbecontainedinaconsciousthoughtseveraltimesorindifferentplacesorconnectionse.g.inthesentence"whenIthinkwhatahealthychildIwas".(1900a,pp.322-323)Freudistalkingaboutself-representationthroughidentificationKohut'sperceptionoftheself-statedream.

"self-statedream."Withthesedreams,freeassociationleadsnottodeeperunderstanding,butatbesttoimageswhichremainonthesamelevelasthemanifestcontentofthedream.Flyingdreamasself-stateKohutviewsdreamsofflyingashighlythreateningrepresentationsofthegrandioseself.French'French's(1952)suggestionthatdreamsshouldbeviewedasattemptsatproblemsolvingFrenchandFromm

1欲望：有成人和兒童的。2聯(lián)想的格式塔擴(kuò)大欲望的內(nèi)涵可解釋兩類夢(mèng)懲罰夢(mèng)：超我的愿望重復(fù)發(fā)生的夢(mèng)：控制的愿望當(dāng)代釋夢(mèng)說(shuō)：自我表象說(shuō)WehavetracedFreud'sassumption(1923c,p.120)thatthedreamer'segocanappearmorethanonceinthesamedream--inpersonandconcealedbehindotherfiguresInsteadofgivingverbalexpressiontothoughtssuchas"Iamsimilarto..."or"IwishIwaslike...,"thedreamerportrays