2020中考英語復(fù)習(xí)方案第二篇語法專題突破專題01名詞課件

專題(一)

名詞第二篇語法專題突破考點(diǎn)一可數(shù)名詞1.可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(1)規(guī)則變化情況構(gòu)成方法例詞一般情況加-smap→maps

bag→bagsbook→books以s,x,sh,ch等結(jié)尾的詞加-esbus→buses

watch→watcheswish→wishes

box?boxes(特例:stomach→stomachs)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞去y,再加-iesbaby→babies

city→cities（續(xù)表）情況構(gòu)成方法例詞以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞加-smonkey→monkeysholiday→holidays以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的詞表示無生命的詞,加-sphoto→photos

piano→pianos表示有生命的詞,加-esNegro→Negroeshero→heroespotato→potatoestomato→tomatoes【巧學(xué)妙記】黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿。（續(xù)表）情況構(gòu)成方法例詞以“元音字母+o”結(jié)尾的詞加-szoo→zoos

radio→radioskangaroo→kangaroosvideo→videos以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞大多數(shù)變f或fe為ve,再加-sshelf→shelves

thief→thievesknife→knives

leaf→leaves

wolf→wolves【巧學(xué)妙記】名詞變復(fù)數(shù)變f/fe為ve,再加-s的單詞:樹葉(leaf)半數(shù)(half)自己(self)黃,妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去殺狼(wolf),架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命忙。(2)不規(guī)則變化類別構(gòu)成方法例詞復(fù)合名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)girlfriend→girlfriendsboystudent→boystudentslooker-on(旁觀者)→lookers-on

man和woman作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí),兩部分都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)mandoctor→mendoctorswomanteacher→womenteachers

sport修飾名詞時(shí),無論主體詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),sport通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式asportsclubsportsshoes（續(xù)表）類別構(gòu)成方法例詞特殊名詞改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母foot→feet

tooth→teethman→menwoman→womenmouse→mice(特例:boot的復(fù)數(shù)形式為boots)詞尾加-en或-renox→oxen(公牛)child→children單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同sheep→sheep

deer→deerspacecraft→spacecraft只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers

glasses(眼鏡)clothes

pants

jeansscissors（續(xù)表）類別構(gòu)成方法例詞特殊名詞表示“某國人”的名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chinese→ChineseJapanese→Japanese變?cè)~尾的man為menEnglishman→EnglishmenFrenchman→Frenchmen詞尾加-sGerman→GermansRoman→RomansAmerican→AmericansCanadian→Canadians【巧學(xué)妙記】中日不變,英法變,其他后面加-s2.集體名詞的數(shù)(1)集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù),如people(人們),police(警察)。如果要表達(dá)單數(shù)形式則要用其他名詞。一名警察apolice(×)apoliceman/policewoman(√)一個(gè)人apeople(×)aperson(√)(2)集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù),如family,class,team等,它們作主語,強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,強(qiáng)調(diào)整體中的各個(gè)成員時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。[注意]以s結(jié)尾但仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞(不可數(shù)名詞),news(不可數(shù)名詞)和theUnitedStates等。以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名、劇名、報(bào)紙名、雜志名等也視為單數(shù)?？键c(diǎn)二不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá):不可數(shù)名詞是不能用數(shù)量計(jì)算的名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,前面不能用不定冠詞a/an或數(shù)詞表示量。(1)表示不定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用some,much,alittle,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等來表示。一些水somewater;一點(diǎn)兒牛奶alittlemilk(2)表示確定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)數(shù)詞大于1時(shí),后面的量詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。一片面包apieceofbread;兩杯水twoglassesofwater;三袋米threebagsofrice[注意]alotof,lotsof,some,plentyof等既能修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。[歸納]常見的不可數(shù)名詞見下表:類別例詞液體類water,milk,juice,orange,coffee,tea,Coke,rain,wine肉類meat,fish,chicken,beef,pork,mutton語言類Chinese,Japanese,English,French,German材料類paper,glass,grass,bamboo,silk,cotton,wood,plastic,hair其他類snow,ice,weather,music,money,homework,housework,information,rubbish2.既可數(shù)又不可數(shù)的名詞有些名詞既能用作可數(shù)名詞又能用作不可數(shù)名詞,但意義不同。詞語可數(shù)名詞意義不可數(shù)名詞意義chicken雞雞肉glass玻璃杯玻璃work作品工作room房間空間time次數(shù)時(shí)間experience經(jīng)歷經(jīng)驗(yàn)（續(xù)表）詞語可數(shù)名詞意義不可數(shù)名詞意義fruit各種水果水果food各種食物食物paper試卷;論文紙exercise練習(xí)鍛煉考點(diǎn)三名詞所有格1.名詞所有格用于表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系,有兩種形式:一種是詞尾加's;另一種是介詞of后加名詞。2.名詞所有格的構(gòu)成規(guī)則如下類別構(gòu)成方法舉例有生命的名詞

一般在詞尾加“'s”theboy'sbag男孩的書包以-s,-es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在詞尾加“'”Teachers'Day教師節(jié)

不以-s,-es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在詞尾加“'s”Women'sDay婦女節(jié)如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,且分別有“'s”,則表示“分別所有”;若只在后一個(gè)名詞后有“'s”,則表示“共有”Kate'sandMary'srooms凱特和瑪麗各自的房間(兩個(gè)房間)KateandMary'sroom凱特和瑪麗共有的房間(一個(gè)房間)（續(xù)表）類別構(gòu)成方法舉例有生命的名詞雙重所有格的兩種形式:of+名詞所有格;of+名詞性物主代詞afriendofmysister's我姐姐的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ)friendofmine我的一個(gè)朋友

“'s”可表示店鋪或某人的家,其后的名詞一般可省略atthedoctor's在診所atLiLei's在李雷家

somebody,everybody等不定代詞與else連用時(shí),“'s”加在else后面somebodyelse'sbook別人的書（續(xù)表）類別構(gòu)成方法舉例無生命的名詞表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市等無生命的事物的名詞,也可加“'s”或“'”來構(gòu)成所有格twodays'holiday兩天的假期用“名詞+of+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來構(gòu)成所有格thetitleofthesong歌曲的名字考點(diǎn)四名詞的功能1.作主語Mysisterlikesreadingandtraveling,andIlikeswimming.我姐姐喜歡閱讀和旅行。我喜歡游泳。Twohoursisenoughformetofinishthehomework.對(duì)我來說兩個(gè)小時(shí)已經(jīng)足夠完成作業(yè)了。2.作定語(1)名詞作定語,一般用單數(shù)形式,如computergame電腦游戲,countrymusic鄉(xiāng)村音樂(2)個(gè)別名詞作定語,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如clothesstore服裝店,sportsmeeting運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)(3)復(fù)合名詞作定語,其結(jié)構(gòu)為“數(shù)詞+連字符+名詞單數(shù)”,也可以用“數(shù)詞+名詞所有格”形式,如athree-dayholiday=threedays'holiday為期三天的假期考點(diǎn)五名詞構(gòu)詞法——派生法后綴表達(dá)意義例詞-er從事某事的人singer歌手,teacher老師-or從事某事的人visitor游客,actor演員,inventor發(fā)明家-ese某地人Chinese中國人,Japanese日本人-ian精通……的人musician音樂家,magician魔術(shù)師-ist專業(yè)人員artist藝術(shù)家,scientist科學(xué)家-ment性質(zhì),狀態(tài)development發(fā)展,apartment公寓（續(xù)表）后綴表達(dá)意義例詞-ness性質(zhì),狀態(tài)kindness善良,sadness悲哀-tion動(dòng)作,過程relation聯(lián)系,protection保護(hù)-ing物品,事情meeting會(huì)議,building建筑物Ⅰ.單項(xiàng)填空1.[2019·安徽]Youcanseethe

inourfaceswhenwetalkaboutthegreatachievementsinthepast70years.

A.doubt B.pride C.regret D.ability2.[2018·安徽]—Whatisthe

ofyourexcellentspokenEnglish?

—Practicemakesperfect!A.result B.influenceC.duty D.secretBD3.[2017·安徽]TheNewSilkRoadwillofferagood

formorenationstocommunicate.

A.chance B.habit C.question D.price4.[2016·安徽]Cathyhassuchagood

thatshewonmanyprizesinsingingcompetitionslastyear.

A.sleep B.idea C.voice D.timeAC5.[2015·安徽]—HowcanIgetsome

aboutthe2016OlympicGames?

—WhynotsearchtheInternet?A.information B.experienceC.practice D.success6.[2014·安徽]—MoreandmorepeoplecometovisitMountHuangshan.—That'strue.Ithasbecomethe

ofAnhui.

A.pride B.effort C.praise D.courageAA7.[2019·蕪湖一模]Amazing

China,afilmaboutChina'sachievements,isagreat

andmakesmorepeopleproudofourcountry.

A.doubt

B.success C.result D.decision8.[2019·合肥一模]Jamestookthemagazinesoffthelittletabletomake

forthetelevision.

A.fun B.time C.room D.noiseBC9.[2019·合肥一模]Ridingabikeisakindofsportthatusesmuch

,butitkeepspeoplehealthy.

A.trouble

B.stress C.energy

D.support10.[2018·馬鞍山一模]Whenanearthquakehappens,Ithinkthemostimportantsafety

istokeepcalm.

A.rule B.doubt C.condition D.projectCAⅡ.單詞拼寫根據(jù)首字母及漢語提示,完成下列單詞的拼寫,使句意明確,語言通順。1.Dickinson'spoemsareverypopularwithr

(讀者)eventoday.

2.Suddenly,hekickedthefootballoutofthef

(場(chǎng)地).

3.Somepaperbooks