主旨大意+學(xué)案- 高三上學(xué)期英語二輪復(fù)習專項

二輪專項復(fù)習—閱讀理解之主旨大意班級________姓名_________題型分類：段落大意題文章大意題標題歸納題一、段落大意題【典型例題1】(2021·全國乙卷，節(jié)選)Thesedaysyou’dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn’townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.()Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytellusaboutmobilephones?A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.【典型例題2】(2020·課標全國Ⅲ，節(jié)選)Thecreativeteambehind“Apes”usedmotion－capture(動作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor’sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(圖像).Inthiscase,oneofarealistic－lookingape.().Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Thecostofmaking“Apes”． B.Thecreationofdigitalizedapes.C.Thepublicityabout“Apes”． D.Theperformanceofrealapes.【典型例題3】(2019年江蘇卷B第二段)Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone(圓錐體)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro,whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(巖漿)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis,however,asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn’tinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn’tfindthecalderaanywhere.().Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.【典型例題4】（2019年全國卷ID第二段）Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學(xué)),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.().Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.【典型例題5】(2019年浙江卷C第二段)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.().Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.【典型例題6】（2019年北京D）Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.().Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.【典型例題7】（2018年江蘇B最后一段）Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding.highprices—don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot"beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad'tables,"giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.().Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurants'reputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.【典型例題8】(2017年全國卷IIC)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.().Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.【技巧點撥】①段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語（如however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等）時其后的句子很可能是主題句。②段落的主題句往往出現(xiàn)在每一段的第一句話或者最后一句話。有時候主題句不明顯，需要自己歸總結(jié)。③表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話中常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等。二、文章大意題【典型例題】（2020年高考全真模擬卷）AwomanfromtheUnitedArabEmirateshasregainedconsciousnessafterspending27yearsinavegetativestate（植物人狀態(tài)）.MuniraAbdullawasaged32whenshesufferedabraininjuryafterthecarshewasridinginwashitbyabusin1991.HersonOmarrevealedherfantasticrecoveryinaninterviewwithTheNational.Hedescribedhowtheaccidentoccurredwhenhewasfouryearsoldandneededtobebroughthomefromkindergarten.MsAbdulla'sbrother-in-lawdrovehertoschooltocollectOmarandthefamilyweredrivinghome,withmotherandchildinthebackseat,whentheywerehitbythebus.Asthebushit，MsAbdullathrewherselfaroundhersontoprotecthimfromtheimpact.Whileshesufferedasevereheadinjury,heescapedwithjustabruise.Omardescribedhowhismotherwasleftuntreatedforhoursbecausethefamilywereunabletocallforhelpandtherewaslittletraffic，beforeshewastransferredtoaclinicinLondon.There,doctorsdiagnosedavegetativestate,meaningshewascompletelyunresponsivebutabletofeelpain.ShewastransferredbacktotheUAEandputonabreathingmachineandafeedingtubetokeepheralive,spendingthenextfewdecadeshookeduptomachines.ButinApril2017,SheikhMohamedbinZayed,theCrownPrinceofAbuDhabi,heardofhercaseandgaveherfamilyafundfortreatment.MsAbdullawasflowntoGermanywheresheunderwentsurgeriestorepairhermuscleswhilebeinggivenmedicationtoimprovehersleeppatterns.Aroundayearlatershebeganmakingstrangesounds,andwithinthreedaysshecalledouttoOmarusinghisname."Itwasher!Shewascallingmyname,Iwasflyingwithjoy；foryearsIhavedreamedofthismoment,andmynamewasthefirstwordshesaid，"hesaid.().What'sthetextmainlyabout?A.Everymother'schildisanangel.B.Childrenarewhatthemothersare.C.Amotherwakesupfromunconsciousness.D.Anaccidentmakesamotherinavegetativestatespeak.【歸納總結(jié)】1.【呈現(xiàn)方式】①.開門見山式：中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首（新聞文體/科技文體/社會調(diào)查文體/議論文都采用這種形式）②.藏頭露尾式：主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾③.拋磚引玉式：文章開頭提出問題④首尾呼應(yīng)式：文章開頭提出主題，結(jié)尾時再次點出主題⑤.藏龍臥虎式：中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句【技巧點撥】①.含有抽象名詞和概括性詞語的選項往往是正確答案；②.較全面、有針對性地表達文章中心思想的選項一般是答案項。三、標題歸納題【典型例題】（2021·英語全國甲卷）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender(性別)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”()．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．GeniusesThinkAlike B．GeniusTakesManyFormsC．GeniusandIntelligence D．GeniusandLuck四、語篇訓(xùn)練(2022·山東臨沂一模)Whenevaluatingpeopleonvariouspsychologicaltests，psychologistsoftendistinguishbetweenmarkersofabsoluteperformanceandrelativeperformance.Absoluteperformancereflectstherawmeasurementofsomething，likethetimeittakestorunamile.Relativeperformanceishowapersonratesinrelationtotheirpeers，asinwhatplacearunnergetsinarace.Thestandardsweusetoevaluateourselvesarealmostalwaysrelative，aswecompareourselvestoourpeersandthestandardsthataremostfamiliartous.Forinstance，inmyprivatepractice，IhaveonepatientIwillcall“Omar”whoisdependentonsocialservicesandmakeslessthan$30,000peryearathisjob.Whilethislevelofpovertywouldleadmostpeopletowakeupdepressedeachday，OmarisoneofthemostoptimisticandappreciativeindividualsIknow.Why？Becausemostofhisclosestpeers—hissiblingsandfriendsfromchildhood—havelivesfarworsethanhis.IncontrasttoOmar，Ihaveanotherpatient，anadolescentI’llcall“Lena”，whosefamilyhaspropertyover$5million.Lena，however，livesinanupper-classneighborhoodwhereherfamilyisatthelowerendoftheincomelevel.ThoughLena’sfamilyallowshertoenjoypossessionsandexperiencesthatlessthan1percentofherpeersacrosstheworldcanshare，sheconsistentlyfeels“l(fā)essthan”．Why？BecauseLenadoesn’tcompareherselftotherestoftheworld.Thisistooabstractanexerciseforher，asitwouldbeformostofus.Accordingly，whetherapsychologistispsychodynamicorcognitive-behavioral，therapy(療法)withindividualsstrugglingwithsituationalorpsychologicaldepressionaimstosolveth