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與食用受污染“三鹿牌”嬰幼兒配方奶粉相關的嬰幼兒泌尿系結(jié)石診療方案湖南省兒童醫(yī)院鄭為不明原因的哭鬧,排尿時尤甚??砂閲I吐;肉眼或鏡下血尿;急性梗阻性腎衰竭表現(xiàn)為少尿或無尿;尿中可排出結(jié)石,如結(jié)石阻塞尿道在男嬰可表現(xiàn)為尿痛,排尿困難;可有高血壓,水腫,腎區(qū)叩擊痛;一.臨床表現(xiàn)二.診斷要點三鹿牌嬰幼兒配方奶粉喂養(yǎng)史。上述臨床表現(xiàn)中的1項或多項。實驗室檢查:尿常規(guī)(肉眼或鏡下血尿),血生化,肝功能,尿鈣/尿肌酐(一般正常),尿紅細胞形態(tài)(非腎小球源性),甲狀旁腺激素測定(一般正常)。首選泌尿系B超,為三歲以下小兒泌尿系結(jié)石的首選檢查方法;必要時行腹部CT平掃和靜脈尿路造影(無尿或腎衰時禁忌);有條件可行腎核素掃描評價分腎功能。三、影像學檢查一)B超特點一般性特點:雙腎腫大;實質(zhì)回聲增強,實質(zhì)多為正常厚度;腎盂腎盞輕度擴張,腎盞圓鈍;如梗阻位于輸尿管腔內(nèi),則梗阻點以上輸尿管擴張;部分病例腎周脂肪墊及輸尿管周圍軟組織水腫;隨病程發(fā)展,腎盂壁及輸尿管壁可出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)性水腫增厚改變;少數(shù)病人可探及少量腹水。
患兒李XX的B超結(jié)石特點:結(jié)石絕大部分累及雙側(cè)集合系統(tǒng)及雙側(cè)輸尿管;輸尿管結(jié)石多位于腎盂輸尿管交界處、輸尿管跨越髂動脈段及輸尿管膀胱連接部;結(jié)石呈碎渣樣聚積,累及范圍較大,后方為淡聲影,絕大多數(shù)與草酸鈣結(jié)石不同,可探及結(jié)石后緣;結(jié)石所致尿路梗阻較完全。
一)B超特點患兒楊XX的B超一)B超特點患兒治療前患兒治療后二)CT特點雙腎有輕至中度積水,雙側(cè)輸尿管可以有擴張或者無擴張;雙腎多發(fā)結(jié)石,雙側(cè)輸尿管多部位,多發(fā)結(jié)石,或者結(jié)石梗阻在腎盂和輸尿管交界的部位;膀胱一般無尿。
血尿鑒別:注意排除腎小球源性血尿;結(jié)石的鑒別:結(jié)石一般為透X線的陰性結(jié)石,泌尿系X線片不顯影,可與不透X線的陽性結(jié)石如草酸鈣、磷酸鹽等鑒別;急性腎衰竭的鑒別,注意除外腎前性及腎性腎衰竭。四、鑒別診斷五、治療立即停用三鹿牌嬰幼兒配方奶粉!五、治療(內(nèi)科保守治療)補液、堿化尿液,促進結(jié)石的排出;糾正水、電解質(zhì)及酸堿平衡紊亂;保守治療過程中密切檢測尿常規(guī)、血生化、腎功能,復查B超(尤其注意腎盂、輸尿管擴張程度和結(jié)石形態(tài)與位置的變化);因結(jié)石較為松散或呈沙粒樣,自行排出可能性較大。五、治療合并急性腎功能衰竭的治療:首先應糾正高血鉀等危及生命的情況,如應用碳酸氫鈉及胰島素,如條件具備盡早采取血液凈化、腹膜透析等方法,必要時外科干預解除結(jié)石梗阻;鑒別:注意排除腎小球源性血尿;五、治療(外科治療)患兒經(jīng)治療,結(jié)石梗阻解除,一般情況好轉(zhuǎn),腎功能恢復正常,排尿通暢可出院。出院后隨訪內(nèi)容:尿常規(guī);泌尿系B超;腎功能檢查;必要時行靜脈腎盂造影檢查。
五、隨訪我院自2008年4月起收治小兒泌尿系結(jié)石嬰幼兒37余例,其中26例嬰幼兒家長在陳訴喂養(yǎng)史時均訴有“三鹿牌”奶粉的喂養(yǎng)史。目前更多。
六、我院收治結(jié)石患兒簡要說明七、患兒特點喂養(yǎng)時間:大部份患兒有喂養(yǎng)“三鹿”奶粉史,時間長短不一,短的約3月,長的1年甚至更長;年齡:最小的5月,最大的患兒4歲;臨床特點:絕大部分患兒以無尿或少尿入院,病情危重。八、診療程序一般情況不好,如并發(fā)有心衰、重癥感染、凝血功能的障礙、甚至并發(fā)DIC的嬰幼兒聯(lián)系ICU病房,幫助嬰幼兒能平安的度過多尿期,感染期、凝血功能障礙期或DIC期;一般情況尚可的嬰幼兒,我們直接送回病房,并給予相對應的處理:1,記24小時的尿量,每小時記一次,并且如果嬰幼兒的每小時的尿量小于1.5ml/h/kg,則需告知醫(yī)師,采取相應的對癥處理。待嬰幼兒生命體征平穩(wěn)后,予以拔出輸尿管支架管(我們的經(jīng)驗是分次拔出)復查CT平掃加增強(注意:此處改成平掃加增強)。觀察結(jié)石的排出情況,觀察嬰幼兒的拔管后的尿量,再決定是否決定進一步的處理。十、預后情況謝謝!-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYn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