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演講人：日期：艾滋病傳播英文目錄IntroductiontoAIDSModesofHIVTransmissionPreventionStrategiesforHIVDiagnosisandTreatmentofHIV/AIDSSocialandPsychologicalAspectsofHIV/AIDSGlobalEffortstoCombatHIV/AIDS01IntroductiontoAIDSAIDS,orAcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome,isapotentiallylife-threateningconditioncausedbythehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)DefinitionAIDSwasfirstrecognizedintheearly1980s,andsincethenithasbecomeaglobalpanel,affectingmillionsofpeopleworldwideHistoryDefinitionandHistoryofAIDSEpidemiologyAIDShashadaprospectiveimpactonglobalhealth,withhighvalenceratesincertainregionsandpopulationsSocialandEconomicImpactThediseasehasalsohadsignificantsocialandeconomicsequences,includingsigma,discrimination,andthelossofproductivityduetoillnessanddeathGlobalImpactofAIDSHIVreplication:HIVaffectscellsoftheimmunesystem,specificallyCD4+T-cells,andusesthecell'smachinerytoreplicateandproducemorevirusesHIVandtheImmuneSystem:HIVweakenstheimmunesystembydestroyingCD4+T-cells,makingthebodymoresusceptibletoopportunisticinfectionsandcancerHIVTransmission:HIVistransmittedthroughcontactwithinfectedblood,sex,vaginalfluids,orbreastmilkCommonmodesoftransmissionincludesequentialcontact,sharingofneedsorsymmetries,andmothertochildtransmissionduringpreheating,childbirth,orbreakfeedingBasicBiologyofHIV02ModesofHIVTransmissionUnprotectedsequentialintercourseHIVcanbetransmittedthroughunprotectedvaginal,anal,ororalsexMultiplepartnersHavingmultiplesexualpartnersincreasestheriskofHIVtransmission,especiallyifanyofthepartnersareaffectedSTIsThepresenceofothersexuallytransmittedinfections(STIs)canincreasetheriskofHIVtransmissionSexualTransmissionBloodtransferInthepast,HIVwastransferredthroughbloodtransfers,butnowthebloodsupplyisrigorouslyscreenedforHIVSharingneedsHIVcanbetransmittedthroughthesharingofneedsorsymmetriesusedforinjectingdrugs,horses,orothersubstancesTattooingandPiercingThereisariskofHIVtransmissioniftheequipmentisusedfortattooingorPiercingisnotproperlystandardizedBloodboneTransmissionHIVcanbetransmittedfromaninfectedmothertoherchildthroughtheplacentaDuringpregnancyHIVcanalsobetransmittedduringchildbirthifthemother'sbloodcomesintocontactwiththebaby'sopenwoundsormucousmembersDuringchildbirthHIVcanbetransmittedthroughbreakmilk,soaffectedmothersareadvisednottobreakfeedtheirbabiesBreakfeedingMothertoChildTransmission03PreventionStrategiesforHIV010203UseofCondomsCondomsprovideabarrierthatreducestheriskofHIVtransmissionduringsexualintercourseTheyshouldbeusedcorrectlyandconsistentlywitheverysexualactLimitingthenumberofsexualpartnersReducingthenumberofsexualpartnerscanreducetheriskofexposuretoHIVAvoidingunprotectedsexUnprotectedsex,particularlywithmultiplepartnersorwithsomeonewhoisinfectedwithHIV,significantlyincreasingtheriskoftransmissionSafeSexPracticesEnsuringsteelequipmentOnlyusesteelneedsandsymmetriesforinjectionsAvoidingsharingneedsorsymmetrieswithothersScreeningblooddonationsAllblooddonationsshouldbescreenedforHIVtoensurethataffectedbloodisnotusedfortransfersAvoidingunnecessaryinjectionsandtransfersReducetheriskofexposurebyavoidingunnecessaryinjections,transfers,andothermedicalproceduresthatinvolvetheexchangeofbodilyfluidsAvoidingUnsafeInjectionsandBloodTransfusionsAntiviraltherapy(ART)PregnantwomenwithHIVshouldreceiveARTtoreducetheriskoftransmissiontotheirbabiesAvoidingbreakfeedingWomenwithHIVshouldnotbreakfeedtheirbabiesasthiscantransmitthevirusthroughbreakmilkEarlyincidentdiagnosisandtreatmentBabiesborntomotherswithHIVshouldbetestedforthevirusandstartedontreatmentifnecessarytopreventthedevelopmentofAIDSPreventingMothertoChildTransmission04DiagnosisandTreatmentofHIV/AIDS010203HIVAntibodyTestsThesearethemostcommonHIVtests,whichlookforantibioticsthattheimmunesystemproductsinresponsetoHIVApositivetestresultindicatesthatapersonhasbeenaffectedwithHIVHIVAntigen/AntibodyCombinationTestsThesetestsdetectbothHIVantibodiesandthep24antigen,whichisaproductproducedbyHIVTheycandetectHIVinfectionearlierthanantibiotictestsaloneNuclearAcidTests(NATs)Thesetestsdetecttheactualvirus(HIVRNAorDNA)inthebloodTheyarethemostsensitivetestsandcandetectHIVinfectionwithinafewweeksafterinfectionDiagnosticTestsforHIVAntiviralTherapy(ART)forHIV/AIDSPeoplewithHIVneedregularmedicalcheckupsandlabteststomonitortheeffectivenessoftheirtreatmentandadjustitifnecessaryMonitoringandAdjustingTreatmentARTtypologicallyinvolvestakingacombinationofHIVmedia(calledanHIVregion)tosuppressthevirusandstopitfromreplicatingCombinationTherapyItiscriticalforpeoplewithHIVtotaketheirmedicineassubscribedandtoadvocatetotheirtreatmentplantoachieveandmaintainvirtualcompressionAdvancementtoMedicinePeoplewithHIVareatincreasingriskofdevelopingcancerinfections(calledOpportunisticinfections)becausetheirimmunesystemsareweakTreatingtheseinfectionsisanimportantpartofHIVcareManypeoplewithHIValsohavechronicdiseasessuchasheartdisease,diabetes,andliverorkidneydiseaseManagingtheseconditionsisessentialtomaintaininggoodhealthPeoplewithHIVcantakestepstopreventtransmittingthevirustoothers,suchasusingconesduringsex,avoidingsharedneedsorsymmetries,andgettingtreatedandmaintainingvirtualcompressionTreatingOpportunisticEffectsManagingChronicDiseasesPreventingTransmissionManagingCoinformationandComplications05SocialandPsychologicalAspectsofHIV/AIDSSocialStigmaHIV/AIDSisoftenassociatedwithnegativesocialstigma,whichcanleadtoisolation,lossofsocialsupport,anddiscriminationPeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSmayfacediscriminationintheworkplace,includingdentalofemploymentopportunities,unfairtreatment,andassessmentSomehealthcareprovidersmayholdstigmatizingbeliefsaboutHIV/AIDS,whichcanaffectthequalityofcarereceivedbypatientsWorkplaceDiscriminationStigmainHealthcareSettingsStigmaandDiscriminationAssociatedwithHIV/AIDSShockandDental01InitialreactionstoanHIVdiagnosismayincludeshock,serious,anddisbeliefAnxietyandDepression02Ongoingpsychologicalresponsesmayincludeanxiety,depression,andfeelingsofhopelessnessFearofProgressionandDeath03ManypeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSexperienceexperienceexperienceexperienceanduncertaintyaboutthefuture,includingconcernsaboutdiseaseprogressionanddeathPsychologicalImpactofHIVDiagnosisFamilyandFriendsFamilyandfriendscanprovideemotionalandpracticalsupport,aswellasassistancewithdailytasksandmedicalappointmentsPeerSupportGroupsPeersupportgroupscanofferasenseofcommunityandunderstanding,aswellasvaluableinformationandresourcesProfessionalCounselingProfessionalcounselingcanhelppeoplelivewithHIV/AIDSscopewiththeemotionalandpsychologicalchallengesoftheirdiagnosisandtreatmentSupportSystemsforPeopleLivingwithHIV/AIDS06GlobalEffortstoCombatHIV/AIDSAIDSTheJointUnitedNationsProgramonHIV/AIDS(AIDS)leadsandinspirestheworldtoachieveitssharedvisionofzeronewHIVinfections,zerodiscrimination,andzeroAIDSrelateddeathsGlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TuberculosisandMalaysiaTheGlobalFundisapartnershipbetweengovernments,civilsociety,theprivatesectorandpeopleaffectedbytheissuesItraisesandinvestmentsonlyUS$4billayeartosupportprogramsrunbylocalexpertsincountriesandcommunitiesmostinneedPEPFARTheU.S.President'sEmergencyPlanforAIDSRelief(PEPFAR)istheU.S.GovernmentinitiativetohelpsavethelivesofthosesufferingfromHIV/AIDSaroundtheworldInternationalOrganizationsandInitiatives要點(diǎn)三NationalHIV/AIDSStrategiesManycountrieshavedevelopednationalstrategiestoaddresstheHIV/AIDSepidemic,includingplanstoexpandaccesstotreatment,prevention,andcareservices0102LegislationandPoliciesGovernmentshavepassedla

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