專題20-閱讀理解之夾敘夾議類-十年(2011-2020)高考英語(yǔ)真題分項(xiàng)詳解

十年（2010~2020）高考英語(yǔ)真題分項(xiàng)詳解20閱讀理解·夾敘夾議類1.（2020年，江蘇卷）IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon(亞馬遜)withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewonasmallplanetoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoftenthannot,didnotentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldnothavefeltmoreforeign.Wewereraisedonbooksandcomputers,highwaysandcellphones,butnowwewerelivinginavillagewithoutrunningwaterorelectricityItwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthedayfeelingalittlemisunderstood.ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillagegreen,weplayedsoccer.Iamnotgoodatsoccer,butthateveningitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.Asdarknesscameoverthefieldandthematchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamatter-of-factway,“Inyourhome,doyouhaveamoontoo?”Iwassurprised.AfterIexplainedtoJuanthatyes,wedidhaveamoonandyes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe(敬畏)atthepossibilitiesthatexistedinhisworld.InJuan’sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJuan’sworld,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwaspossible.Inoursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplanetfromeveryangleandfoundallofthewildestthingslefttofind.Ican,frommycomputerathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan’svillage.Therearenomorecontinentsandnomoremoonstosearchfor,littlelefttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthatway.Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan’squestion,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam,inpart,anantbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchintheworldofinsectsremainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant(無(wú)知的)arewe?Thequestionofwhatweknowanddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider…,andonandontheyappear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundinthehumanstomach.TheseconddrawerbegantofillandasitdidIwonderedwhethertherewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjustspecies,butlifethatdependsonthingsthoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,butallthesame,itfills.Inlookingintothestoriesofbiologicaldiscovery,Ialsobegantofindsomethingelse,acollectionofscientists,usuallybrilliantoccasionallyhalf-mad,whomadethediscoveries.Thosescientistsveryoftenseethesamethingsthatotherscientistssee,buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion(窮盡),andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.Inlookingforthestoriesofdiscovery,Ifoundthestoriesofthesepeopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.Wearerepeatedlywillingtoimaginewehavefoundmostofwhatislefttodiscover.Weusedtothinkthatinsectswerethesmallestorganisms(生物),andthatnothingliveddeeperthansixhundredmeters.Yet,whensomethingnewturnsup,moreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.1.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazon?A.Outofplace. B.Fullofjoy. C.Sleepy. D.Regretful.2.WhatmadethatAmazonianeveningwonderful?A.Helearnedmoreaboutthelocallanguage.B.Theyhadaniceconversationwitheachother.C.Theyunderstoodeachotherwhileplaying.D.Hewonthesoccergamewiththegoalkeeper.3.WhywastheauthorsurprisedatJuan’squestionaboutthemoon?A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.B.Juanknewsolittleabouttheworld.C.Theauthordidn’tknowhowtoanswer.D.Theauthordidn’tthinkJuanwassincere.4.Whatwastheauthor’sinitialpurposeofcollectingnewspaperarticles?A.Tosortoutwhatwehaveknown.B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.C.Toimprovehisreputationasabiologist.D.Tolearnmoreaboutlocalcultures.5.Howdidthosebrilliantscientistsmakegreatdiscoveries?A.Theyshiftedtheirviewpointsfrequently.B.Theyfollowedotherscientistsclosely.C.Theyoftencriticizedtheirfellowscientists.D.Theyconductedin-depthandclosestudies.6.Whatcouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A.ThePossibleandtheImpossible.B.TheKnownandtheUnknown.C.TheCivilizedandtheUncivilized.D.TheIgnorantandtheIntelligent.【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.A5.D6.B【解析】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者和妻子來(lái)到了亞馬遜，妻子是一名醫(yī)學(xué)研究者。一踏上這里，作者感到非常不適應(yīng)，通過(guò)與當(dāng)?shù)厝说慕佑|，作者了解一些人對(duì)外部的世界并不了解。在生物多樣性發(fā)現(xiàn)的過(guò)程中，作者意識(shí)到，很多東西是人類已知的，還有很多是人類未知的。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Wedidn’tspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustomsandmoreoftenthannot,didn’tentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldn’thavefeltmoreforeign.”可知，我們不會(huì)說(shuō)當(dāng)?shù)氐恼Z(yǔ)言，不了解當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，而且往往我們不能完全認(rèn)識(shí)食物，我們感覺非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到達(dá)亞馬遜感覺格格不入。故選A項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.”可知，每個(gè)人都知道規(guī)則，在傳球和射門方面，我們說(shuō)著同樣的語(yǔ)言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球時(shí)他們的彼此理解使得他們的亞馬遜夜晚很美好。故選C項(xiàng)。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“InJuan’sworld,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的東西和未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判斷，胡安對(duì)這個(gè)世界知之甚少。故選B項(xiàng)。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段“Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newspider...,andonandontheyappear,mydrawerquicklyfilled,Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies...Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.”可知，我開始收集報(bào)紙上關(guān)于新物種、新蜘蛛的文章……它們?cè)丛床粩嗟爻霈F(xiàn)，我的抽屜很快就填滿了。我開始用第二個(gè)抽屜來(lái)儲(chǔ)存更普遍的發(fā)現(xiàn):在新的洞穴系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾十個(gè)無(wú)名的物種……我還為這些重大發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)備了第三個(gè)抽屜。由此判斷，作者收集報(bào)紙文章的初始目的是為了分類我們所知道的事情。故選A項(xiàng)。5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion,andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.”可知，但他們更多地關(guān)注這些發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們把注意力集中在這些發(fā)現(xiàn)上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒著被同齡人嘲笑的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由此可知，杰出的科學(xué)家進(jìn)行深入細(xì)致的研究，做出重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選D項(xiàng)。6.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，作者和妻子來(lái)到了亞馬遜。一踏上這里，作者感到非常不適應(yīng)，通過(guò)與當(dāng)?shù)厝说慕佑|，作者了解到一些人對(duì)外部的世界并不了解。在對(duì)這里的風(fēng)土人情和多樣化生物的研究過(guò)程中，作者提高了認(rèn)識(shí)，意識(shí)到很多東西是人類已知的，還有很多是人類未知的。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“已知和未知的事物”。故選B項(xiàng)。2.（2020年，全國(guó)卷II）Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties,IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(來(lái)源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread,usingdifferentvoices,asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonformgenerationtogeneration.Asanovelist,I’vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan’taffordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避風(fēng)港)forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy(盜版行為)and1thinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.7.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’srelationshipwithbooksasachild?A.Cooperative. B.Uneasy. C.Inseparable. D.Casual.8.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning”inparagraph3referto?A.Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.B.Joyofreadingpassedoninthefamily.C.Wondermentfromactingoutthestories.D.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.9.Whatdoestheauthorcallonotherwriterstodo?A.Sponsorbookfairs. B.Writeforsocialmedia.C.Supportlibraries. D.Purchasehernovels.10.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Reading:ASourceofKnowledgeB.MyIdeaaboutwritingC.Library:AHavenfortheYoungD.MyLoveoftheLibrary【答案】7.C8.B9.C10.D【解析】本文是夾敘夾議文。文章講述了作者是一個(gè)熱情的讀者，孩提時(shí)熱衷讀書，第一份工作在圖書館。有了孩子以后，一家人去圖書館讀書，閱讀的習(xí)慣代代傳承下去。作為小說(shuō)家，作者呼吁其他作家支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader，sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties.IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.(我一直是一個(gè)熱情的讀者，孩提時(shí)，有時(shí)候每天讀多達(dá)三本書。故事對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)就像空氣，而其他孩子則打球或參加聚會(huì)。我通過(guò)從圖書館借閱來(lái)的書籍經(jīng)歷冒險(xiǎn))可推斷，作者小時(shí)候與書是密不可分的。故選C。8.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文AsIgrewolderandbecameamother可知，我長(zhǎng)大了成了一位母親，結(jié)合下文Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(來(lái)源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem(我有幾個(gè)孩子，書是我們娛樂(lè)的主要來(lái)源。對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)，坐上車去當(dāng)?shù)氐膱D書館是件大事，在那里我的孩子們可以挑選要閱讀的書或者想讓我給他們讀的書)可推斷，作者成了母親以后，帶著孩子去圖書館，孩子挑選書籍來(lái)閱讀，或者作者讀給他們聽，因此可知圖書館在作者的生活中又增添了新的意義，閱讀的樂(lè)趣在家庭中代代相傳”。故選B。9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Ithinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.(我認(rèn)為所有的作家都應(yīng)該在他們可以的時(shí)候以有意義的方式支持圖書館。鼓勵(lì)讀者使用圖書館。在社交媒體上分享圖書館公告?？梢缘臅r(shí)候常去圖書館，談?wù)搱D書館)可知，作者呼吁其他的作家們支持圖書館。故選C。10.主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知，文章講述了作者是一名熱情地讀者，孩提時(shí)喜歡閱讀，工作在圖書館。有了孩子以后，一家人去圖書館讀書，閱讀的習(xí)慣代代傳承下去，作為小說(shuō)家，作者呼吁其他作家支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。因此推斷全文圍繞“作者對(duì)圖書館的愛”展開講述。故D項(xiàng)“我對(duì)圖書館的愛”為最佳標(biāo)題。故選D。3.（2016年，全國(guó)卷I）GrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathird－generationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverplannedtomoveaway.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelpwiththeirchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMs.Garzafinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertoadultchildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentObama’smother-in-law,MarianRobinson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandmoveintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudyby,83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson'sdecisionwillinfluencegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two－thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily.“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn'tgetawayfromhomefarenoughorfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,”saysChristineCrosby,publisherofGrand,amagazineforgrandparents.“Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportantitistobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’reraisingchildren.”Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.11.WhywasGarza’smoveasuccess?A.Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.B.Itimprovedherlivingconditions.C.Itenabledhertomakemorefriends.D.Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.12.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson’sdecision?A.17%expressedtheirsupportforit.B.Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.C.83%believedithadabadinfluence.D.Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.13.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A.Theywereunsureofthemselves.B.Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.C.Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D.Theyhadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparents.14.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelastparagraph?A.Makedecisionsinthebestinterestsoftheirown.B.Asktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothem.C.Sacrificefortheirstrugglingchildren.D.Gettoknowthemselvesbetter.【答案】11.A12.D13.C14.A【解析】本文是一篇關(guān)于人與社會(huì)問(wèn)題的報(bào)道類夾敘夾議文。通過(guò)描述部分祖父母選擇搬去和孩子們生活在一起，以便為孩子們提供幫助，引發(fā)更多人的選擇與思考。11.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.”可知這次搬家給他們帶來(lái)了更緊密的家庭聯(lián)系。故選A。12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段結(jié)尾處“...83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson’sdecisionwillinfluencegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily.”可知83%的人認(rèn)為Mrs.Robinson的決定會(huì)影響美國(guó)家庭，2/3的人相信更多家庭會(huì)效仿，所以“多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這是一種趨勢(shì)”。故選D。13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughorfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,”可知那時(shí)的人們一心希望離家越遠(yuǎn)越好、越快越好。本題出錯(cuò)主要原因在于考生對(duì)“can’t...enough表示越……越好”不熟悉，而按字面理解成了“沒(méi)能力離家足夠遠(yuǎn)”。故選C。14.推理判斷題。第四段首句“Movingisnotforeveryone”已經(jīng)說(shuō)明“移居并非適合每一個(gè)人”，再結(jié)合下文“Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.”可知“（祖父母）得知孩子們?cè)诋惖仄D苦的生活，是很難過(guò)的，但（祖父母）放棄自己熟悉的生活也許會(huì)更難過(guò)”，所以推斷出作者建議“作選擇時(shí)要慎重，要以自己最大的需求為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。故選A。4.（2016年，天津卷）Failureisprobablythemostexhaustingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoretiringthannotsucceeding.Weexperiencethistirednessintwoways:asstart-upfatigue(疲憊)andperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseithaseithertooboringortoodifficult.Andthelongerwedelayit,themoretiredwefeel.Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenifnotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones.Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.Yearsago,Iwasaskedtowrite102essaysonthegreatideasofsomefamousauthors.Applyingmyownrule,Ideterminedtowritetheminalphabetical(按字母順序),neverlettingmyselfleaveoutatoughidea.AndIalwaysstartedtheday’sworkwiththedifficulttaskofessay-writing.Experienceprovedthattheruleworks.Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Thoughwillingtogetstarted,wecannotseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Insuchasituation,IworkashardasIcan-thenlettheunconscioustakeover.WhenplanningEncyclopaediaBritannica(《大英百科全書》),Ihadtocreateatableofcontentsbasedonthetopicsofitsarticles.Nothinglikethishadeverbeendonebefore,anddayafterdayIkeptcomingupwithsolutions,butnoneofthemworked.Myfatiguebecamealmostunbearable.Oneday,mentallyexhausted,Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Itriedtoconvincemyselfthatthetroublewaswiththeproblemitself,notwithme.Relived,Isatbackinaneasychairandfellasleep.Anhourlater,Iwokeupsuddenlywiththesolutionclearlyinmind.Intheweeksthatfollowed,thesolutionwhichhadcomeupinmyunconsciousmindprovidedcorrectateverystep.ThoughIworkedashardasbefore,Ifeltnofatigue.Successwasnowasexcitingasfailurehadbeendepressing.Humanbeings,Ibelievemusttrytosucceed.Success,then,meansneverfeelingtired.15.Peoplewithstart-upfatiguearemostlikelyto________.A.delaytasks B.workhardC.seekhelp D.acceptfailure16.Whatdoestheauthorrecommenddoingtopreventstart-upfatigue?A.Writingessaysinstrictorder.B.Buildingupphysicalstrength.C.Leavingoutthetoughestideas.D.Dealingwiththehardesttaskfirst.17.Onwhatoccasiondoesapersonprobablysufferfromperformancefatigue?A.Beforestartingadifficulttask.B.Whenallthesolutionsfail.C.Ifthejobisratherboring.D.Afterfindingawayout.18.Accordingtotheauthor,theunconsciousmindmayhelpus________.A.ignorementalproblems B.getsomenicesleepC.gaincompleterelief D.findtherightsolution19.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.SuccessIsBuiltuponFailureB.HowtoHandlePerformanceFatigueC.GettingoverFatigue:AWaytoSuccessD.Fatigue:AnEarlySignofHealthProblems【答案】15.A16.D17.B18.D19.C【解析】這是一篇夾敘夾議的文章。文章主要介紹每個(gè)人都希望成功，但是人們?cè)趯?shí)施任務(wù)的時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)啟動(dòng)疲憊和表現(xiàn)疲憊，這是造成失敗的兩種原因，文章具體介紹如何克服這兩種疲憊。15.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的句子Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffatask可知，有啟動(dòng)疲憊的人更可能拖延任務(wù)。故選A。16.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的句子Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst可知，為了防止啟動(dòng)疲憊作者建議首先處理最難的任務(wù)。故選D。17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段的句子Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle…wefailagainandagain可知，當(dāng)所有的解決方法都失敗的時(shí)候，一個(gè)人可能會(huì)有表現(xiàn)疲憊。故選B。18.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第一段和倒數(shù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，無(wú)意識(shí)的行為可能幫助我們發(fā)現(xiàn)正確的解決方法。故選D。19.主旨大意題。根據(jù)全篇文章和最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹造成失敗的兩種疲憊，以及如何克服疲憊。故選C。5.（2015年，浙江卷）Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily，themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜間活動(dòng)的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead，wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon’tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit’stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe’vedonetothenight:We’veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences一calledlightpollution一whoseeffectsscientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign，whichallowsartificiallighttoshineoutwardandupwardintothesky.III-designedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandcompletelychangesthelightlevels一andlightrhythms—towhichmanyformsoflife,including,ourselves,haveadapted.Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectorlifeisaffected.Inmostcitiestheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars,leavingbehindavacanthaze(霾)thatmirrorsourfearofthedark.We’vegrownsousedtothisorangehazethattheoriginalgloryofanunlitnigh,-darkenoughfortheplanetVenustothrowshadowonEarth,iswhollybeyondourexperience,beyondmemoryalmost.We’velitupthenightasifitwereanunoccupiedcountry,whennothingcouldbefurtherformthetruth.Amongmammalsalone,thenumberofnocturnalspeciesisastonishing,Lightisapowerfulbiologicalforce,andonmanyspeciesitactsasamagnet(磁鐵).Theeffectissopowerfulthatscientistsspeakofsongbirdsandseabirdsbeing“captured”bysearchlightsonlandorbythelightfromgasflaresonmarineoilplatforms.Migratingatnight,birdstendtocollidewithbrightlylittallbuildings.Frogslivingnearbrightlylithighwayssuffernocturnallightlevelsthatareasmuchasamilliontimesrighterthannormal,throwingnearlyeveryaspectoftheirbehavioroutofjointincludingmostothercreatures,wedoneeddarkness.Darknessisasessentialtoourbiologicalwelfare,toourinternalclockwork,aslightitself.Livinginaglareofourmaking,wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsenselightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxyarchingoverhead.20.Accordingtothepassage,humanbeing.A.prefertoliveinthedarknessB.areusedtolivinginthedaylightC.werecuriousaboutthemidnightworldD.hadtostayathomewiththelightofthemoon21.Whatdoes“it”(Paragraph1)mostprobablyreferto?A.Thenight. B.ThemoonC.Thesky D.Theplanet22.Thewritermentionsbirdsandfrogsto.A.provideexamplesofanimalprotectionB.showhowlightpollutionaffectsanimalsC.comparethelivinghabitsofbothspeciesD.explainwhythenumberofcertainspecieshasdeclined23.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat.A.lightpollutiondoseharmtotheeyesightofanimalsB.lightpollutionhasdestroyedsomeoftheworldheritagesC.humanbeingscannotgototheouterspaceD.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse24.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMagiclight.B.TheOrangeHaze.C.TheDisappearingNight.D.TheRhythmsofNature.【答案】20.B21.A22.B23.D24.C【解析】文章介紹了光污染對(duì)于動(dòng)物和人類的影響，呼吁我們反思我們的行為。20.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第一段第三行“witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight眼睛適應(yīng)了太陽(yáng)的光線”可以知道答案。其中adaptedto和usedto同義，意為習(xí)慣于。21.A猜詞題，對(duì)于這種指代的題目，往往答案是最接近它的一個(gè)。根據(jù)這種原則，不能得出答案是night夜晚。最后一句話的句意是：但是這是唯一的方法去解釋我們對(duì)于夜晚做了什么：我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了光，讓光充滿星空。22.B寫作目的題根據(jù)第二段第一句話”Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences這項(xiàng)工程帶來(lái)好處的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了壞處“和最后一句，“Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectoflifeisaffected“,此句意為無(wú)論光灑在什么地方，生活都會(huì)受到一些影響。所以答案是showhowlightpollutionaffectsanimals說(shuō)明光污染影響的動(dòng)物23.D推理題，最后一段的意思是”Livinginaglareofourmaking,wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsenselightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxyarchingoverhead.生活在一個(gè)刺眼世界，我們已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)離了進(jìn)化和文化遺產(chǎn)：星星和晝夜節(jié)律的光。在一個(gè)非常真實(shí)的意義上，光污染使我們?cè)谟钪嬷惺フ嫖?，而這些失去的正好就是最好的測(cè)量銀河系銀河深夜的工具?！案鶕?jù)語(yǔ)意，不難得出答案是D.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse人類應(yīng)該反思自己的行為。但此題易錯(cuò)選B，之所以不選B是因?yàn)閟omeof的表達(dá)是擴(kuò)大了說(shuō)法，以偏概全。24.C標(biāo)題題，根據(jù)，文章出現(xiàn)最多的就是light和night,我們可以知道答案是C。之所以不選A，是因?yàn)樗褂玫男稳菰~Magic意思是奇幻的，這個(gè)單詞具有褒義的意思。而C選項(xiàng)的disappearing是消失的，這符合本文的語(yǔ)境，讓我們反思。6.（2010年，遼寧卷）ItwasavillageinIndia.Thepeoplewerepoor.However,theywerenotunhappy.Afterall,theirforefathershadlivedinthesamewayforcenturies.Thenoneday,somevisitorsfromthecityarrived.Theytoldthevillagersthereweresomepeopleelsewherewholikedtoeatfrog’slegs.However,theydidnothaveenoughfrogsoftheirown,andsotheywantedtobuyfrogsfromotherplaces.Thisseemedlikemoneyfornothing.Thereweremillionsoffrogsinthefieldsaround,andtheywerenousetothevillagers.Alltheyhadtodowascatchthem.Agreementwasreached,andthechildrenweresentintothefieldstocatchfrogs.Everyweekatruckarrivedtocollectthecatchandhandoverthemoney.Forthefirsttime,thepeoplewereabletodreamofabetterfuture.Butthedreamdidn’tlastlong.Thechangewashardlynoticedatfirst,butitseemedasifthecropswerenotdoingsowell.Moreworryingwasthatthechildrenfellillmoreoften,and,thereseemedtobemoreinsectsaroundlately.Thevillagersdecidedthattheycouldn’tjustwaittoseethecropsfailingandthechildrenhavetousethemoneyearnedtobuypesticides(殺蟲劑)andmedicines.Soontherewasnomoneyleft.Thenthepeoplerealizedwhatwashappening.Itwasthefrog.Theyhadn’tbeenuseless.Theyhadbeendoinganimportantjob—eatinginsects.Nowwithsomanyfrogskilled,theinsectswereincreasingmorerapidly.Theyweredamagingthecropsandspreadingdiseases.Now,thepeoplearestillpoor.Butintheeveningstheysitinthevillagesquareandlistentosoundsofinsectsandfrogs.Thesesoundsofthenightnowhaveamuchdeepermeaning.27.Fromparagraph1welearnthatthevillagers__________.A.workedveryhardforcenturiesB.werepoorbutsomewhatcontent(滿足的)C.dreamedofhavingabetterlifeD.livedadifferentlifefromtheirforefathers28.Whydidthevillagersagreetosellfrogs?A.Thefrogswereeasymoney.B.Theyneededmoneytobuymedicine.C.Theywantedtopleasethevisitors.D.Thefrogsmadetoomuchnoise.29.Whatmightbethecauseofthechildren’ssickness?A.Thecropsdidn'tdowell.B.Thereweretoomanyinsects.C.Thevisitorsbroughtindiseases.D.Thepesticideswereoverused.30.Whatcanweinferfromthelastsentenceofthetext?A.Happinesscomesfrompeacefullifeinthecountry.B.Healthismoreimportantthanmoney.C.TheharmonybetweenmanandnatureisimportantD.goodolddaywillneverbeforgotten【答案】27.B28.A29.B30.C【解析】文章主要講了一個(gè)貧窮的村莊，因?yàn)橛腥苏f(shuō)青蛙賺錢就把青蛙賣了，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲增多，莊稼收成受影響，孩子也容易生病，從而告訴我們?nèi)藨?yīng)該與自然和諧相處，不能破壞生態(tài)平衡。27.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段中有Thepeoplewerepoor.However,theywerenotunhappy.和B項(xiàng)意思一致，村民們貧窮但是滿足。故選B。28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段和本段第一句Thisseemedlikemoneyfornothing.句中fornothing是“免費(fèi)的”意思，說(shuō)明青蛙容易得到，并能賺到錢，村民才答應(yīng)買，故選A。29.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Theyhadbeendoinganimportantjobeatinginsects.Nowwithsomanyfrogskilled,theinsectswereincreasingmorerapidly.Theyweredamagingthecropsandspreadingdiseases.可知，青蛙一直在做一項(xiàng)重要的工作——吃昆蟲?，F(xiàn)在有這么多青蛙被殺了，昆蟲增長(zhǎng)得更快。他們破壞了莊稼，傳播了疾病?？梢酝茢喑銮f稼收成不好，孩子生病與青蛙減少，害蟲增多有關(guān)，故選B。30.推理判斷題。最后一句Thesesoundsofthenightnowhaveamuchdeepermeaning.現(xiàn)在夜晚的這些聲音具有更深刻的意義。該句是一個(gè)中介句，說(shuō)明人們過(guò)度捕殺造成生態(tài)失衡，由此也影響了人類，因此，可以推斷人與自然的和諧是重要，故選C。7.（2012年，浙江卷）Twofriendshaveanargumentthatbreaksuptheirfriendshipforever,eventhoughneitheronecanrememberhowthewholethinggotstarted.Suchsadeventshappenoverandoverinhighschoolsacrossthecountry.Infact,accordingtoanofficialreportonyouthviolence,"Inourcountrytoday,thegreatestthreattothelivesofchildrenandadolescentsisnotdiseaseorstarvationorabandonment,buttheterriblerealityofviolence".Giventhatthisisthecase,whyaren'tstudentstaughttomanageconflictthewaytheyaretaughttosolvemathproblems,drivecars,orstayphysicallyfit?Firstofall,studentsneedtorealizethatconflictisunavoidable.Areportonviolenceamongmiddleschoolandhighschoolstudentsindicatesthatmostviolentincidentsbetweenstudentsbeginwitharelativelyminorinsult(侮辱).Forexample,afightcouldstartoverthefactthatonestudenteatsapeanutbuttersandwicheachlunchtime.Laughteroverthesandwichcanleadtoinsults,whichinturncanleadtoviolence.Theproblemisn'tinthesandwich,butinthewaystudentsdealwiththeconflict.Oncestudentsrecognizethatconflictisunavoidable,theycanpracticethegoldenruleofconflictresolution(解決)staycalm.Oncethestudentfeelscalmer,heorsheshouldchoosewordsthatwillcalmtheotherpersondownaswell.Rudewords,name-calling,andaccusationonlyaddfueltotheemotionalfirOntheotherhand,softwordsspokenatanormalsoundlevelcanputoutthefirebeforeitexplodesoutofcontrol.Afterbothsideshavecalmeddown,theycanuseanotherkeystrategyforconflictresolut