專題05極端天氣-備戰(zhàn)2022年中考英語閱讀理解熱點話題特訓

05極端天氣Passage1Hato,Pakhar,Mawar,Harvey...Haveyoueverheardofthesenames?Thesearethenamesoftyphoonsandhurricanes（颶風）.Everysummer,thestormswilldosomedamagetoAsiaandNorthAmerica.Butdoyouknowhowthesestormsgottheirnames?Hurricanesusedtobenamedaftersaintsandlatitude-longitude（經(jīng)緯度）positions.DuringWorldWarIⅡ,USmilitary（軍隊的）weathermennamedhurricanesaftertheirgirlfriendsorwives.Itwaseasytoremember.Soafterthewar,women’snamescontinuedtobeusedforstorms.Finallyin1979,men’snamesstartedtobeused,too.Now,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganization（WMO,世界氣象組織）isresponsibleforhurricanenames.Theykeepsixlistsofnamesinalphabetical（按字母表順序的）order,withonelistusedeachyear.Thismeanseachnamewillbereusedeverysixyears.So,the2013namelistisnowbeingusedagainin2019.However,ifastormisespeciallydamaging,suchas2005’sKatrina,thatstorm’snamewillnotbeusedagain.Typhoonsarethebrotherofhurricanes,thoughtheyhappeninthePacificOceaninsteadoftheAtlanticOcean(大西洋)(wherehurricanesusuallytakeplace).Thenewnamingsystemfortyphoonshasbeenusedsince2000.TheWMOaskedeachofits14membersintheAsiaPacificareatohandinalistof10names.MembersincludeChina,JapanandSouthKorea.Butinsteadofpickinghumannames,scientistsdecidedtonametheextreme（極端的）weatherafteranimals,plants,placesandevenfood.Forexample,Hato,providedbyJapan,isaconstellation（星座）;Pakhar,providedbyLao,isakindoffishlivingintheMekongRiver;MawarisfromMalaysia,meaningrose.1．Theunderlinedword“they”inParagraph5refersto________.A．hurricanes B．typhoons C．names D．storms2．WhichstatementisFalseamongthefollowingsentences?A．Hurricanesisnamedbymilitaryweathermennow.B．Hurricanesbegantobenamedafterwomen’snamesduringWorldWarⅡ.C．Thestorm’snamewillnotbereusedifitisespeciallydamaging.D．Nownamesoftyphoonscomefromthelistthatsomecountriesoffer.3．Whatcanweinfer（推斷）fromthepassage?A．Typhoonswerenevernamedafterlatitude-longitudepositions.B．StormswerenamedafterwomenafterWorldWarⅡ.C．HurricanesusuallytakeplaceintheAtlanticOcean.D．We’veusedthenewnamingsystemforhurricanessince2013.4．Accordingtothepassage,wecanknow________.A．howthestormsareformedB．howthestormsarenamedC．howthestormsarerememberedD．howthestormsaredecidedPassage2OnMay6th,2020,a30-memberChinesesurveyteamstartedtheprojecttomeasuretheheightofQomolangma(珠穆朗瑪峰).Actuallyithasbeenmeasuredbymanycountries.In1856,aBritishsurveyteammeasuredtheheightofQomolangma.TheirresultshowedthatQomolangmareachedaheightof8,840metersabovesealevel.In1955,thefigure(數(shù)據(jù))wasrewrittenbyanIndianteamto8,848meters,andlaterto8,850metersaccordingtoaUSteamin1999.Andin2005,aChineseteamgotaheightof8,844meters.ItisnotaneasytasktomeasuretheheightofQomolangma.Theaverageairtemperatureonthemountainis-29°Candpowerfulwindsblowallthetime.Insuchextremeconditions,surveyingdrones(無人機)cannotworkatthetopofthemountain.That'swhyit'sstillnecessarytosendhumanexpertstothetoptogetexactresults.MeasuringtheheightofQomolangmaismuchmorethanjustgettinganexactnumber.LyingattheplacewheretheEurasianPlate(板塊)meetstheIndianPlate,MountQomolangmaformed38millionyearsagoasaresultofthetwoplateshitting,whichmakesittheperfectwindowforstudyingcrustal(地殼的)movements.Changestothemountain'sheightcansuggestwhetherthetwoplatesareheadingtowardorawayfromeachother.Thesurveyteamwillalsogetfirsthandinformationabouttheconditionofthesnowandothernaturalmaterialsatthetop,whichcouldbeasignofclimatechangeontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau(青藏高原).5．ThelatestheightofQomolangmais_________metersinthepassage.A．8,840 B．8,848 C．8,850 D．8,8446．Theunderlinedword"extreme"inparagraph2means________inChinese.A．晴朗的 B．極端的 C．刺激性的 D．清晰的7．HowdidMountQomolangmaappear?A．Powerfulwindsblowstronglyallthetime.B．TheEurasianPlatemeetstheIndianPlate.C．Itistheresultofthehittingoftheplates.D．TheclimatechangedontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau.8．Whatwillthewritercontinuetowriteinparagraph4?A．Comparison(比較)oftheinformationtheygot.B．Changeoftheconditionofthesnow.C．Changeofothernaturalmaterials.D．Analysis(分析)ofthechangeoftheclimate.Passage3Natureshowsitselfinmanyways.Oneofthemostimpressive(令人印象深刻的)formsisakindofstormknownasahurricane,typhoonortropicalcyclone.Thesepowerfulweathereventsformoverwater.TheyareknownashurricanesinthecentralandeasternNorthPacificandtheNorthAtlanticOceans,typhoonsintheNorthwestPacificOceanandtropicalcyclonesintheSouthPacificandtheIndianOcean.Thespinning(旋轉(zhuǎn)的)roundstormscanbecomepowerful,spreadingover900kilometersacross.Thewindsinsidethestormscanreachspeedsofmorethan320kilometersperhour.Thestormsalsomayreachaheightofupto15kilometers.Theyspinaroundacentercalledthe“eye”,whichisacalmareawithlowwindspeed.Whenthesestormsreachtheshore,theyaresometimesstrongenoughtoteartreesoutoftheground.Heavyrainsandlargewavesoftencausefloodingandgreatdamagetobuildings.Anewstudyshowsthat,duringthelast70years,thespeedatwhichthesestormsmoveacrosswaterandlandhasbeengraduallyslowingdown.Asaresult,theyhavebeenputtingmoreandmorerainonland.Thishascausedincreasedfloodingandlossoflife.InAugust2017,HurricaneHarveymovedsoslowlyacrosstheU.S.stateofTexasthatitwasabletoputmorethan30inchesofrain,leadingtogreatdamage.Accordingtoscientists,thereasonfortheseslower-movingstormsisatmospheric(大氣的)warming.Overtheyears,theEarth’satmospherehasbeenslowlywarmingup.Thishascausedaircirculation(循環(huán))intheEarth’satmospheretoweaken.Asaresult,thewindsthatpushtropicalstormsalonghavegottenweaker,sothestormssloweddown.9．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingthepassage?A．TyphoonsdevelopinthecentralandeasternPacific.B．Slowmovingstormsputlessrainonland.C．Thespeedofstormsisaffectedbyatmosphericwarming.D．Theeyeofastormisanareawithhighwindspeed.10．WhatdidthestudymentionedinParagraph3discover?A．Atrendthathaslastedfordecades.B．Atheorythatshowsthecausesofstorms.C．Amaterialthathurtstheenvironment.D．Amethodthatprotectspeoplefromstorm.11．Inwhichpartofthemagazinecanthisarticleberead?A．Education. B．Health.C．Travel. D．Environment.Passage4Scientistshavelongpredictedthatwarmertemperaturescausedbyclimate（氣候）changewillhavethebiggestinfluenceontheworld’spoorestpeople.Newresearchnowsuggeststhathasalreadyhappenedoverthepastyears.AstudycomingoutintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencefoundthatinmostpoorcountries,highertemperaturesaremorethan90%likelytohaveresultedinafallineconomicoutput（經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量）,comparedtoaworldwithoutglobal（全球的）warming.Theinfluencehasbeenlessbiginrichercountries—withsomeevenbenefiting（獲益）fromhighertemperatures.“We’renotsayingthatglobalwarmingcreatedinequality（不公平）,”saysNoahS.Diffenbaugh,thewriterofthestudyandaprofessoratStanfordUniversitywhostudiesclimatechange.But“globalwarminghassloweddowntheimprovement”.Thepoorestcountriesarefacingtheworstinfluenceofrisingtemperatures—forwhichtheyareleastresponsible,headds.Thenewstudybuildsonpastresearch.A2015studyinthejournalNaturepredictedthattheaverageincome（平均收入））inthepoorestcountrieswillbe25%lowerby2100comparedtoaworldwithoutwarming,whilesomeoftherichestcountries—liketheUSA—couldexperienceanincreaseinincome.AndareportfromIPCC,theUN’sclimatesciencebody,showedthatifglobaltemperaturesrisemorethan1.5℃bytheendofthecentury,poorcountrieswilllikelyfaceveryseriouschallenges,includingthedisappearanceofwholecommunitiesandmillionsofearlydeaths.“Theywillsufferthemost,astheyarealready,”saidMaryRobinson,whousedtobeaUNSpecialEnvoyonClimateChangeandapresidentofIreland.Theinfluenceisgreaterelsewhere,especiallyinSub-Saharan,AfricancountriesincludingSudan,BurkinaFasoandNiger,whereclimatechangehasdriventheaverageincomemorethan20%lower.“Thereareanumberofwaysbywhichtemperatureinfluenceseconomicactivities,”saysDiffenbaughWhat’sclearisthat,forpoorcountries,thenewsisallbad.12．Accordingtothetext,warmertemperatures________.A．a(chǎn)remainlycausedbypoorcountries B．maybringadvantagestorichcountriesC．hadnoinfluenceontheworldbefore D．canimprovethepoorestpeople’shealth13．Whatdoes“suffer”underlinedinParagraph4mostprobablymeaninChinese?A．供應 B．猶豫 C．遭受 D．謀利14．Whichofthefollowingwillfacegreateconomicproblemscausedbyclimatechange?A．TheUN. B．TheUSA． C．Ireland. D．BurkinaFaso.15．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Climatechangewillmakepoorcountriespoorer. B．Wemusttakeactiontodealwithclimatechange.C．Climatechangecancausemillionsofearlydeaths. D．Peoplemakegoodpredictionsaboutclimatechange.16．Fromwhichisthetextmostprobablytaken?A．Ageographytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine. C．Aresearchpaper. D．Astorybook.Passage5Somescientistssaythattheweatherinthefuturewon’tbegood.Summerswillbehotter.Warmer,wetterwintersareontheway.Terribledroughts(干旱),floods,wildfires,andstormsmayoftenhappen.What’sthereasonforallthosewackyweatherchanges?Globalwarmingcauses(導致)someweatherchanges.GlobalwarminghappenswhengasesintheairtakeintheSun’senergy.ThatenergyheatstheEarth.Withoutthegases,theenergywouldgointospace.Someglobalwarmingisgood.Withoutit,theEarthwouldbetoocoldtoliveon.Foryears,humansmakelotsofpollution.Pollutionisoneofthereasonsforglobalwarming.Therearesomesigns(跡象)ofglobalwarming.Oneofthesignsishappeninginthecoldestpartsoftheworld.NeartheNorthandSouthPoles,largeicesheets(冰原)arebreakingup.Scientiststhinksomemaydisappearbytheyear2100.Becausetheicemelts,oceanlevelsrise.Thismightcausefloods.Insomeareas,globalwarmingmightcausedroughts.Droughtsmaycausewildfires.Scientistssaythatcuttingdownairpollutionwillslowglobalwarming.Onewaytolowerairpollutionistodriveless.Peoplealsoneedtofindcleanerwaystomakeelectricity.17．Whatwillthewinterbelikeinthefutureaccordingtothescientists?A．Cooler. B．Drier. C．Warmer. D．Colder.18．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“wacky”mean?A．Strange. B．Comfortable. C．Famous. D．Important.19．WhichisNOTtrueaboutglobalwarming?A．Itcancausesomeweatherchanges.B．Itisgoodforpeoplesometimes.C．Itcancausetheicetomelt.D．ItcanbestoppedifthereisnoairpollutiononEarth.20．WhatCANNOThelptoslowdownglobalwarmingaccordingtothepassage?A．Cuttingdownairpollution.B．Tryingtodriveless.C．Burningrubbishtomakeenergy.D．Findingcleanerwaystomakeelectricity.21．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Someusefulwaystostopairpollution.B．Whyweatherchangeshappen.C．Someterribledisasters(災難)onearth.D．HowtoprotecttheNorthandSouthPoles.Passage6It’scommonlyknownthatgreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxide(CO2)causesglobalwarming.Thewholeworldhasmadegreateffortstoimprovethesituation.Amongthem,thetreesplantedinChinaareplayinganimportantrole.AreportpublishedinNatureshowsthatCO2absorption(吸收)intwonewforestareasinChinaismorethanwethought.ThetwoareasarelocatedinChina’ssouthwesternandnortheasternprovinces.Theymakeupover35percentofChina’scarbonsinks.CarbonsinksarenaturalsystemsthatabsorbandstoreCO2fromtheair.Themainnaturalcarbonsinksaretreesandotherplants.AccordingtoPaulPalmer,theseprovinceshavebeenworkingonrapidforestation(造林)inlargeareas.Overthepast10to15years,theforestareashavekeptincreasingby400-4,400squarekilometersperyear.Chinaisoneoftheworld’sbiggestcountriesofhuman-producedCO2,________.In1978,Chinabegananational-levelforestationproject.ManytreeshaveplantedintheareasofnorthernChinatoactaswindbreaks.Forexample,aboutonethirdoftheKubuqiDesertinInnerMongoliaisnowcoveredwithtrees.In2019,Alipay’sAntForestprogramplanted122milliontreesandwontheUNChampionsoftheEarthawardforhelping500millionpeoplelivelow-carbonlives.China’sgoalistoreachcarbonneutralityby2060.CarbonneutralityreferstoremovingasmuchCO2asoneputsintotheair.IfChina’sgoalisachieved,itwilllowerglobalwarmingbyaround0.2to0.3℃alone,accordingtoClimateActionTracker(CAT).22．China’scarbonsinksaremainlylocatedinthe________.A．southeastandnortheast B．southwestandnortheastC．southeastandnorthwest D．southwestandnorthwest23．InParagraph3,PaulPalmershowsChina’sachievementinforestationby________.A．usingnumbers B．a(chǎn)skingquestions C．givingexamples D．makingcomparison24．Whichofthefollowingcanbeputinthe________inParagraph4?A．a(chǎn)ndithascausedseriousenvironmentalproblemsB．sothegovernmentwilltakestepstostopairpollutionC．thoughmostofChinesepeoplearelivinglow-carbonlivesD．butourcountryhasbeenworkingonreducingitsclimateinfluence25．Thepassagemainlytalksabout________.A．whatcausesglobalwarming B．whatChinadoestolowerglobalwarmingC．whyChinaproducessomuchCO2 D．howtreesabsorbandstoreCO2fromtheairPassage7April22ndisWorldEarthDay.It’sadaytoremind（提醒）ustocareaboutourplanet（星球）.Theearthfacesalotofproblems.Globalwarming（全球變暖）isaverybigproblemintheworld.Itmakestheearthhotandchangestheclimate.Italsomakesthesealevelrise（上升）.Ifthesealevelgoesonrising,someplacessuchastheMaldives,StPetersburginRussiaandBangkokinThailand,maydisappearunderwaterinjustafewyears.Anotherseriousproblemiswaterpollution（污染）.Wecanonlyuse3percent（百分之）oftheearth’swater.Butpeoplethrowtrashandpourdirtywaterintoriversandthesea.Almost884millionpeopledon’thavecleanwatertodrink.Besides,humansareusingup（耗盡）naturalresources（資源）.AccordingtoareportfromBP（英國石油公司）,therewillbenocoal（煤）touseontheEarthby2158andoilwilldryupby2050.Tosavetheearth,everyoneshoulddosomething.26．WhenisWorldEarthDay?A．April21st. B．April22nd. C．May22nd. D．May23rd.27．WhichoftheproblemsisNOTmentioned（提及）inthepassage?A．Globalwarming. B．Airpollution.C．Humansareusingupnaturalresources. D．Waterpollution.28．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disappear”meaninparagraph2?A．消失 B．發(fā)現(xiàn) C．融化 D．顯現(xiàn)29．Ifthewritercontinues（繼續(xù)）towrite,thenextpart（部分）ofthepassagewillbeabout________.A．howtocontrol（控制）globalwarming B．whytheearthhassomanyproblemsC．whatwecandotoprotect（保護）theearth D．whenwillotherresourcesbeusedupPassage8Maybeyouknowfloods,earthquakes,sandstormsandsoon.Buthaveyouheardoftyphoons(臺風)?Typhoonsaresomeoftheworststorms,usuallyaroundthePacificOceanandtheSouthChinaSea.MosthappeninJuly,AugustandSeptember.Howdoesatyphoonhappen?Whenlotsofseawatergetshotinthesummersun,itevaporates(蒸發(fā))intotheair.Thismakestheairhotter.Whentheairgetswarmenough,itstartstomovehigherupintosky.Thencoolerairarounditrushesin.Itfillsthespacethatisleft.Aftertheairgetswarmer,itstartstomovequickly,makingwind.Thewindgoesincircles(圓圈)anditkeepsmovinghigherinthesky.Thewarmertheairgets,thequickerthewindmoves.Andwhenthewindmovesfasterthan30metresasecond,atyphoonbegins.Atyphoonhastwoparts,oneiscalledthe“eye”.Intheeye,thewinddoesnotmovesofast.Theotherpartisthewallofcloudsaroundtheeye.Herearethestrongestwindsandhardestrains.Typhoonsareverydangerous.Whatshallwedowhenatyphoonhits?●Stayinside.Closeallthewindowsandstayawayfromthem.●Trytobringallofyourthingsinside.Strongwindscouldevenblowawayyourbikes!●ListentotheradioorTVforimportantinformation.●Ifyou’retoldtogotoasaferplace,doitrightnow.30．Whenatyphooncomes,weCANNOT________.A．stayinsidethestronghouse B．closeallthewindowsC．gooutsidetofindasaferplacebyourselves D．listentotyphoonnews31．Inwhichorder(順序)doesatyphoonhappen?a.Thewindmovesfastenough,atyphoonstarts.b.Theairmovesquickly,makingwind.c.Thesunmakesseawaterhot.d.Theairgetswarmer.A．c-d-a-b B．d-b-a-c C．d-c-b-a D．c-d-b-a32．Thispassageismostprobablyfrom________.A．a(chǎn)weatherreport B．a(chǎn)sciencemagazineC．a(chǎn)travelrecord D．a(chǎn)nadvertisement【答案】1．B2．A3．C4．B【分析】本文介紹了臺風和颶風命名的歷史。1．詞義推斷題。they指代上句中的主語typhoons。故選B。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Now,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganization（WMO,世界氣象組織）isresponsibleforhurricanenames.”可知現(xiàn)在颶風的名字是由WMO命名的。故選A。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Typhoonsarethebrotherofhurricanes,thoughtheyhappeninthePacificOceaninsteadoftheAtlanticOcean(大西洋)(wherehurricanesusuallytakeplace).”可知颶風通常發(fā)生在大西洋。故選C。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Butdoyouknowhowthesestormsgottheirnames?”及全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了臺風和颶風的命名。故選B。5．D6．B7．C8．D【分析】本文講述了人類測量珠穆朗瑪峰的高度并對其進行了研究。5．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Andin2005,aChineseteamgotaheightof8,844meters.”可知，文章中提到的珠穆朗瑪峰的最新高度是8844米，故選D。6．詞句猜測題。分析“Theaverageairtemperatureonthemountainis-29°Candpowerfulwindsblowallthetime.Insuchextremeconditions,surveyingdrones(無人機)cannotworkatthetopofthemountain.”可知，山上的平均氣溫是-29°C，強風一直在吹，測量的無人機不能到山頂，山頂?shù)臈l件是極端惡劣的。所以推測extreme是“極端”的含義，故選B。7．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“MountQomolangmaformed38millionyearsagoasaresultofthetwoplateshitting”可知，珠穆朗瑪峰形成于3800萬年前，是兩個板塊碰撞的結(jié)果，故選C。8．推理判斷題。分析最后一段內(nèi)容“Thesurveyteamwillalsogetfirsthandinformationabouttheconditionofthesnowandothernaturalmaterialsatthetop,whichcouldbeasignofclimatechangeontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau(青藏高原).”可知，調(diào)查隊還將獲得關(guān)于山頂積雪和其他自然物質(zhì)狀況的第一手信息，這可能是青藏高原氣候變化的一個跡象。所以推測接下來文章可能會分析青藏高原氣候的變化。故選D。9．C10．A11．D【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了自然界中常見的現(xiàn)象——被稱為颶風、臺風或熱帶氣旋的風暴。隨著大氣變暖，風暴的移動速度逐漸減慢，這也給陸地帶來了越來越多的雨水。9．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)原文“Accordingtoscientists,thereasonfortheseslower-movingstormsisatmospheric(大氣的)warming”可知，風暴的速度受大氣變暖影響。故選C。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文“Anewstudyshowsthat,duringthelast70years,thespeedatwhichthesestormsmoveacrosswaterandlandhasbeengraduallyslowingdown”可知，一項新的研究表明，在過去的70年里，這些風暴移動的速度逐漸減慢，由此可推斷該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，風暴移動速度逐漸減慢這一趨勢已經(jīng)持續(xù)了數(shù)十年。故選A。11．推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，本文是一篇說明文，介紹了自然界中常見的現(xiàn)象——被稱為颶風、臺風或熱帶氣旋的風暴。隨著大氣變暖，風暴的移動速度逐漸減慢，這也給陸地帶來了越來越多的雨水。根據(jù)四個選項推斷，這篇關(guān)于氣候變化影響風暴移動以及由此給人類帶來影響的文章可能出現(xiàn)在環(huán)境版塊。故選D。12．B13．C14．D15．A16．C【分析】本文是一篇說明文，主要講述了氣溫升高會對貧窮國家造成重大影響，使他們更加貧窮。12．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Theinfl"uencehasbeenlessbiginrichercountries—withsomeevenbenefiting（獲益）fromhighertemperatures.”可知，在較富裕的國家，氣候變化的影響較小，有些國家甚至從高溫中獲益。所以，氣溫升高可能會給富裕國家?guī)砗锰?。故選B。13．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后句“astheyarealready.”以及前文“poorcountrieswilllikelyfaceveryseriouschallenges,includingthedisappearanceofwholecommunitiesandmillionsofearlydeaths.”可知，貧窮國家很可能面臨非常嚴重的挑戰(zhàn)，包括整個社區(qū)的消失和數(shù)百萬人的過早死亡。所以，貧窮國家會遭受氣溫升高所帶來的影響。畫線詞suffer意為“遭受”，故選C。14．細節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)“Theinfluenceisgreaterelsewhere,especiallyinsub-Saharan,Africandriventheaverageincomemorethan20%lower.”可知，布基納法索（非洲國家）將面臨由氣候變化引起的重大經(jīng)濟問題。故選D。15．主旨大意題。根據(jù)“Scientistshavelongpredictedthatwarmertemperaturescausedbyclimate（氣候）changewillhavethebiginfluenceontheworld'spoorestpeople.”以及通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了氣溫升高會對貧窮國家造成重大影響，使他們更加貧窮。故選A。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Scientistshavelongpredictedthatwarmertemperaturescausedbyclimate（氣候）changewillhavethebiginfluenceontheworld'spoorestpeople.Newresearchnowsuggeststh