閱讀理解之說明文-2025年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)（新高考）

專題突破卷07閱讀理解之說明文

最新高考真題

1.（2024年新高考I卷D篇閱讀理解）IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,

researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoften

intheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumber

andvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.

“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofa

mobileapplication,saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyinthe

StanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences."Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomes

fromphysicalspecimens（標(biāo)本），andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspecies

arerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?"

Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtested

howwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.

“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias（使有偏差）data,like

thegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,“

saidDaru.

Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.

Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethe

peoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheir

encounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveor

eye-catchingfeatures.

Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?

“Quitealot,“Daruexplained.""Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampled

areasandleadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityof

observationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheir

uploadedimage.^^

32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?

A.Theyarebecomingoutdated.B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.

C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.

33.WhatdoesDaru'sstudyfocuson?

A.Threatenedspecies.B.Physicalspecimens.

C.Observationaldata.D.Mobileapplications.

34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?

A.Mistakesindataanalysis.B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.

C.Improperwayofsampling.D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.

35.WhatisDaru'ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?

A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.

C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.

【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了斯坦福大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，數(shù)字生物多樣性記錄存在偏見,

建議應(yīng)用程序引導(dǎo)公民科學(xué)家獲取更好的數(shù)據(jù)。

【32題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andother

digitalrecords.（今天，大多數(shù)生物多樣性的記錄通常以照片、視頻和其他數(shù)字記錄的形式出現(xiàn)。）”可知，現(xiàn)

在收集的物種記錄大多是以電子形式存在的。故選B。

【33題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysical

specimens（標(biāo)本），andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesare

respondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?（這些觀察結(jié)果現(xiàn)在超過了來自物理標(biāo)本的原

始數(shù)據(jù)，而且由于我們越來越多地使用觀察數(shù)據(jù)來研究物種如何應(yīng)對全球變化，我想知道：它們有用嗎?）”

禾口第四段”"Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias（使有偏差）data,

likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnext

toit,“saidDaru.（Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如公民科學(xué)家更有可

能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草。”廣可知，Daru的研究聚焦于觀察數(shù)據(jù)，即人們通過移動(dòng)應(yīng)

用記錄的物種觀察數(shù)據(jù)。故選C。

【34題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“"Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias

（使有偏差）data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadof

thegrassrightnexttoit,"saidDaru.（Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如

公民科學(xué)家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草。"）”以及第五段“Thismakessensebecausethe

peoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheir

encounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.（這是有道理的，因?yàn)樵谝苿?dòng)設(shè)備上獲得觀察生物多樣性數(shù)據(jù)的人通

常是公民科學(xué)家，他們記錄了他們在附近地區(qū)與物種的接觸。廠可知，導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)偏差的原因是采樣方式的

不當(dāng)。故選C。

【35題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后——段“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasand

leadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,

biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.

（生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序可以使用我們的研究結(jié)果來告知用戶樣本過多的地區(qū)，并將他們引導(dǎo)到樣本不足的地

方，甚至是物種。為了提高觀測數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量，生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序還可以鼓勵(lì)用戶讓專家確認(rèn)他們上傳的

圖像的身份。）”可知，Daru建議生物多樣性應(yīng)用應(yīng)該給公民科學(xué)家提供指導(dǎo)。故選D。

2.（2024年新高考II卷C篇閱讀理解）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,most

produceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.While

farmer^marketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm（BMF）shortensitevenmore.

BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudience

suchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweekly

supplyoffreshgreens.

Specifically,it'safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotely

monitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemis

automated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,

thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanew

pre-seededpod（容器）togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.

Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereifseatenmeanszeroemissions（排放）from

transportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there9snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollute

traditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.

BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.

Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-use

plastic.t6Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,saidaBMF

employee.

8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?

A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.

C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer^markets.

9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?

A.Real-timeweatherchanges.B.Currentconditionoftheplants.

C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil.D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.

10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?

A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.

B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.

C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.

DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.

11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.BMF'smajorstrengths.B.BMF'sgeneralmanagement.

C.BMF'sglobalinfluence.D.BMF'stechnicalstandards.

【答案】8.C9,B10.D11.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸

距離、通過云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。

【8題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm

（BMF）shortensitevenmore.（雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短

了旅程）”可知，巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）進(jìn)一步縮短了從農(nóng)場到餐桌的距離。故選C。

【9題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.（此外，還有一

個(gè)便捷的應(yīng)用程序，可以實(shí)時(shí)提供增長數(shù)據(jù)）”可知，這個(gè)便捷的應(yīng)用程序提供了植物生長的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。故

選Bo

【10題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthem

walkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecans

andavoidingsingle-useplastic.uaWearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinour

environment,9,saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行

車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵(lì)回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF的一名員工表

示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品。可知，BMF員工具有強(qiáng)烈的環(huán)保意識(shí)。故選D。

【11題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm

（BMF）shortensitevenmore.（雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短

了旅程）"、第三段"ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientapp

thatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountof

waterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeach

plan”通過云連接，對BMF進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控。止匕外，還有一個(gè)方便的應(yīng)用程序可以實(shí)時(shí)提供不斷增長的數(shù)

據(jù)。由于該系統(tǒng)是自動(dòng)化的，因此大大減少了種植植物所需的水量。該系統(tǒng)不是給一排排土壤澆水，而是

為每株植物提供合適的水量）”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.

Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionby

limitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.t4Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonand

chemicalsinourenvironment,saidaBMFemployee.（BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的

人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵(lì)回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF

的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品?？芍恼轮饕榻B了巴比倫微農(nóng)場

（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少

化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。故選A。

3.（2024年新高考II卷D篇閱讀理解）GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weall

needtotakeactiontodealwithourAl-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith

ArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressing

thechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution（變革）.

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode（代碼）that

powersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades5professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheady

intotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,

makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmost

assmartasAL

AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,

movingfromthecurrentgenerationof"narrow-AI“toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,

willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIandits

futurenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwe

keepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.

CampbelFspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAl-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoinf,inhistory

andmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.Weneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuture

withAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatness

ratherthanourdownfall.

AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands“inparagraph2probablymean?

A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.

C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.

13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?

A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.

C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.

14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?

A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.

B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.

C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.

D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.

15.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?

A.TorecommendabookonALB.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.

C.ToclarifythedefinitionofALD.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.

【答案】12.C13.B14.C15.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了CatrionaCampbellAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith

ArtificialIntelligence一書。該書作為應(yīng)對AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，

強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)。

【12題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode（代碼）

thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades,professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheady

intotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,

makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmost

assmartasAL（這樣一本書可能會(huì)像驅(qū)動(dòng)人工智能的計(jì)算機(jī)代碼一樣復(fù)雜，但值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20

多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角

度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會(huì)讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明）”

可知，坎貝爾撰寫的這本書是通俗易懂的，如果別人寫這本書的話可能就不是這樣了，推測劃線短語表示

“如果是由能力較差的人寫的”。故選C項(xiàng)。

【13題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“thankfidly,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperience

translatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthan

asanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmake

youfbelalmostassmartasAI.（值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為

可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的

指南，讀完后會(huì)讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明）”可知，坎貝爾在書中將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可

理解的內(nèi)容，這本書的特點(diǎn)是通俗易懂，推測它采用了接地氣的寫作風(fēng)格。故選B項(xiàng)。

【14題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orrisk

beingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.（她說，我們必須保持對人工智能的控制，否則就有被邊緣化甚至更

糟的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）''和文章最后一段"WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Suchstructured

thinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.（我們需要考

慮我們希望人工智能的未來如何發(fā)展。這種結(jié)構(gòu)化的思維，加上全球監(jiān)管，將使我們走向偉大，而不是走

向衰?。笨芍藏悹柖卮偃藗儽３謱θ斯ぶ悄艿目刂?，考慮人工智能的未來應(yīng)如何發(fā)展，所以關(guān)于人工

智能的發(fā)展，坎貝爾敦促人們共同努力將其控制住。故選C項(xiàng)。

【15題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotake

actiontodealwithourAl-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificial

Intelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthe

challengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution（變革）.（考慮到人工智能改變我們生活的驚人潛力，我們

都需要采取行動(dòng)來應(yīng)對人工智能驅(qū)動(dòng)的未來，這正是NPlanforLivingwithArtificial

力回〃gence的用武之地?？ㄌ乩飱W娜?坎貝爾撰寫的這本引人入勝的新書是一本實(shí)用的路線圖，旨在應(yīng)對即

將到來的人工智能革命帶來的挑戰(zhàn)）”和文章最后一段“AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookon

thesubject,thisisit.（人工智能將影響我們所有人，如果你只讀一本關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的書，那就是這本書）“可

知，本文主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著//byDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書，

該書作為應(yīng)對AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼

吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)，所以作者寫這篇文章的目的是推薦一本關(guān)于人工智能

的書。故選A項(xiàng)。

2024年高考模擬真題

（2024,新疆烏魯木齊?三模）Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora（極光）？Theycanhappen,

thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenby

amateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.

CitizenscientistslivinginCanadaandFinlandusedcamerastodocumentanunusualcombinationof

aurorasinthenightsky.Physicistshavestudiedthoseimagestolearnwhatmayhavecausedtheunusuallight

show.

AlanDyerwasoutsidehishomeinStrathmore,Canada,whenthedancingNorthernLightscaughthis

attention.Hegrabbedhiscameraandstartedfilming."IknewIhadsomethinginteresting,nsaysDyer.Atfirst

glance,thedoubleauroralookslikeafloatingsliceofwatermelon.Thegreenauroraiswell-understood.The

fruitylookingredstripismoremysterious.Scientistshaveknownabouttheseredaurorasfordecades.Butthere*s

noagreementonhowtheyform.OneideaisthatEarth'smagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasofthe

atmosphere.Thatheatcouldknockparticles（粒子）around,likeinproton（質(zhì)子）rain.

Researchershadseenthesetwotypesofaurorasoccurtogetherbefore.Butitwasalwaysmysterious,says

ToshiNishimura,aspacephysicistatBostonUniversity.Afterlookingatsatelliteobservationsalongwiththe

imagestakenbyDyerandothers,Nishimuraandhisteamconcludedhowthetwophenomenamightberelated.

Thekeyisthethinraysintheredaurora.TheymarkthepathsofelectronsfallingthroughtheEarth'smagnetic

field.Thatmeanselectronrainappearstocausetheredaurora,justasprotonraincausesthegreenone.Bothget

poweredbythesolarwind.Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamorereddish

color.

Electronrainmightnotbetheonlywaytoproducethestableredauroras,though.Theresultsshowthat

whafsgoingonismorecomplicatedthanresearchershadthought.TheaurorasDyersawcouldbedangerzones

forradiocommunicationandGPSsystems,saysNishimura.

Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenewfindings,Nishimurasays.

1.Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?

A.Anewsreportonastronomicdiscoveries.

B.Ablogaboutskyphenomena.

C.Areviewofauroraresearch.

D.Abrochureofauroratours.

2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutredauroras?

A.Theyarefullyunderstoodbyscientists.

B?TheywerefirstspottedbyAlanDyer.

C.TheyarerelatedtoEarth'smagneticfield.

D.Theyaregeneratedfromprotonrain.

3.Whatmayaffectthecoloroftheaurora?

A.Thepathittravelsalong.B.Theenergyparticlescarry.

C.Thewavelengthofrays.D.Thesourceofsolarwind.

4.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningAlanDyer'sexample?

A.Photographydrivesscientificresearch.

B.ThedoubleauroraisathreattoGPSsystem.

C.Satelliteobservationsleadtoauroradiscoveries.

D.Citizenscientistshelpexplainthedoubleaurora.

【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道，主要介紹了雙重極光的現(xiàn)象，特別是紅色和綠色極光的形成原因，以及公

民科學(xué)家如何通過拍攝圖片幫助科學(xué)家研究這一現(xiàn)象。

1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段"Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora（極光）？Theycanhappen,

thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenby

amateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.,?（雙彩虹是一回事，但雙極光呢？這種情況可能會(huì)發(fā)生，盡

管有些類型很少見。一種特殊的紅綠極光尤其令人困惑?，F(xiàn)在，由業(yè)余天文學(xué)家拍攝的圖像可能有助于揭

示它的秘密。）主要介紹了雙重極光的現(xiàn)象，特別是紅色和綠色極光的形成原因，以及公民科學(xué)家如何通

過拍攝圖片幫助科學(xué)家研究這一現(xiàn)象。所以這是一篇關(guān)于天文發(fā)現(xiàn)的新聞報(bào)道。故選A項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“OneideaisthatEarthsmagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasofthe

atmosphere."（一種觀點(diǎn)是地球的磁場可以加熱大氣的某些區(qū)域。）可推知，紅色極光與地球的磁場有關(guān)。

故選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamore

reddishcolor."（但是電子攜帶的能量比質(zhì)子少，所以它們產(chǎn)生更紅的顏色。）可知，粒子攜帶的能量影響極

光的顏色。故選B。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段"Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenew

findings,Nishimurasays?9（Nishimura說，拍攝這些照片的公民科學(xué)家是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵部分。）可推知，作

者提到艾倫?戴爾的例子是想說明公民科學(xué)家通過拍攝圖片幫助解釋雙重極光。故選Do

（2024?湖北襄陽?三模）Medicineisnotexclusivelyahumaninvention.Manyotheranimals,frominsects

tobirdstononhumanprimates,havebeenknowntoself^medicatewithplantsandmineralsforinfectionsand

otherconditions.

BehavioralecologistHelenMorrogh-BemardoftheBorneoNatureFoundationhasspentdecadesstudying

theisland'sorangutans（猩猩）andsaysshehasnowfoundevidencetheyuseplantsinapreviouslyunseen

medicinalway.

Duringmorethan20,000hoursofformalobservation,Morrogh-Bemardandhercolleagueswatched10

orangutansoccasionallychewaparticularplant（whichisnotpartoftheirnormaldiet）intoafoamylather（泡沫）

andthenrubitintotheirfur.Theapesspentupto45minutesatatimemassagingthemixtureontotheirupper

armsorlegs.Theresearchersbelievethisbehavioristhefirstknownexampleofanonhumananimalusinga

topicalpainkiller.

LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-lookingplantwithstalkedleaves-to

treatachesandpains.Morrogh-Bemard^co-authorsstudieditschemistry.Theyaddedextracts（提出物）fromthe

planttohumancellsthathadbeengrowninadishandhadbeenartificiallystimulatedtoproducecytokines,an

immunesystemresponsethatcausesinflammation（炎癥）anddiscomfort.Theplantextractreducedthe

productionofseveraltypesofcytokines,thescientistsreportedthefindinginastudypublishedlastNovemberin

ScientificReports.

Theresultssuggestthatorangutansusetheplanttoreduceinflammationandtreatpam.Suchfindingscould

helpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulforhumanmedications.

Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainlyinnate:woollybearcaterpillars

infectedwithfliesseekoutandeatplantsubstancesthatarepoisonoustotheflies.Butmorecomplexanimals

maylearnsuchtricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.

Forexample,anorangutanmayhaverubbedtheplantonitsskintotrytotreatparasitesandrealizedthatit

alsohadapleasantpain-killingeffect.Thatbehaviormaythenhavebeenpassedontootherorangutans.Because

thistypeof-self^medicationisseenonlyinsouth-centralBorneo,Morrogh-Bemardsays,itwasprobablylearned

locally.

5.WhatdoweknowaboutDracaenacantleyi?

A.Itcanserveasapainkiller.B.Itisorangutansnormaldiet.

C.Itisaplantwithafoamylather.D.Lcanfunctionasbuildingmaterials.

6.HowdidMorrogh-Bemard^teamprovetheplanfshealingproperties?

A.Bystudyingtheplant'schemistry.B.Byobservingapeseatingtheplant.

C.Byextractingcytokinesfromtheplant.D.Bywatchinglocalpeopleusingtheplant.

7.Whatisthesignificanceofthefindings?

A.Botanistscanbetterunderstandplants.

B.Scientistscanfindanewwaytostudyapes.

C.Doctorsmayhavethepowertocuremorediseases.

D.Drugcompaniesmayfindnewmaterialsformedicine.

8.Whatcanwelearnaccordingtothepassage?

A.Medicineisahumanuniqueinvention.B.Plantextractsarethebesttotreat-pain.

C.Humansandanimalshavealotincommon.D.Insectshavethenaturalabilitytoselfmedication.

【答案】5.A6.A7.D8.D

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文，藥物并不是人類的獨(dú)家發(fā)明，研究人員通過觀察猩猩用一種植物進(jìn)行自我治療，

發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多其他動(dòng)物都會(huì)用植物和礦物質(zhì)來自我治療感染和其他疾病。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-looking

plantwithstalkedleaves-totreatachesandpains.（當(dāng)?shù)厝擞猛瑯拥闹参顳racaenacantleyi（一種長著莖狀葉子

的普通植物）來治療疼痛）”可知，Dracaenacantleyi可以用來止疼，故選A。

6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Morrogh-Bemard'sco-authorsstudieditschemistry.（Morrogh-Bemard的合著

者研究了它的化學(xué)成分）”可知，Morrogh-Bemard團(tuán)隊(duì)是通過研究這種植物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)證明了它的藥物療效,

故選Ao

7.推理判斷題o根據(jù)第五段中“Suchfindingscouldhelpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulfor

humanmedications.（這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助識(shí)別可能對人類藥物有用的植物和化學(xué)物質(zhì)）”可知，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義

是制藥公司可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)新的藥物材料。故選D。

8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainly

innate（在昆蟲等生物中，自我治療的能力幾乎肯定是天生的）“以及“Butmorecomplexanimalsmaylearnsuch

tricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.（但更復(fù)雜的動(dòng)物可能會(huì)在群體中的一個(gè)成員最

初發(fā)現(xiàn)后學(xué)會(huì)這些技巧）”可知，一些昆蟲的自我治療能力是天生的，而更多的動(dòng)物是后天學(xué)習(xí)而得，故選

Do

（2024?江西上饒?二模）Digitalreadingappearstobedestroyinghabitsof“deepreading”.Amazing

numbersofpeoplewithyearofschoolingareineffectilliterate（不識(shí)字的）.Admittedly,somepeoplehavebeen

complainingaboutnewmediasince1492,buttoday'scomplaintshaveanevidentialbasis,LjubljanaReading

Manifestosays,“Thedigitalareamayleadtomorereadingthaneverinhistory,butitalsooffersmanyattractions

toreadinashallowandscattered（碎片化的）manner-orevennottoreadatall.Thisincreasinglyendangers

higher-levelreading.

Digitalliteracyhaschangedreading.Whenyoureadabookonpaper,youcanbeentirelyinsidethe

experience,absorbinghundredsofpagestocapturetheworld'scomplexity.Online,saysMaryanneWolfof

UCLA,weare"skimming,scanning,scrolling^^.Themediumisthemessage:doingdeepreadingonyourphoneis

ashardasplayingtenniswithyourphone.Recently,abright11-year-oldtoldmeIwaswastingtimeonbooks:he

absorbedmoreinformationfasterfromWikipedia.Hehadapoint.Butdigitalreadersalsoabsorbmore

misinformation.Andtheyseldom,absorbnuanced（微妙的）ideas.

InthewhitepaperthatunderliestheLjubljanaReadingManifesto,expertscataloguethepassivepartsof

digitalreading:"Recentstudiesofvariouskindsindicateadeclineof...criticalandconsciousreading,slow

reading,non-strategicreadingandlong-formreading.Inthe2021internationalPISAsurvey,49percentof

studentsagreedthat“IreadonlyifIhaveto”,13percentagepointshigherthanin2000.

AsprofessorsfromNorthwesternUniversityforesawin2005,wearereturningtothedayswhenonlyan

elite（精英的）“readingclass“consumeslongtexts-despitemorepeoplespendinglongerineducationandbook

salesremainingrobust.

Peoplewholosehigher-levelreadingskillsalsolosethinkingskills.Thafshorrible,because"'higher-level

reading^^hasbeenessentialtocivilization.ItenabledtheEnlightenme