2024年考研英語(yǔ)（一）真題及答案

2024年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)(一)試題Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10poinThere'snothingmorewelcomingthanadooropeningforyou.theneedtobetoopenorclose,automaticdoorsareessentialin2disabledprovidegeneral3tocommercialbuildings.years4byAmericansDeeHortonandLewHewitl.They5theirusehasgrown,their6haveextendedwithinourtechnologicallyadvancParticularly7inbusylocationsorduringtimesmanagementbyreducingtheobstaclesputin9makingaccessbothinandoutomanyofthesedoorsopenhelpsreducethetotalarea10bythem.Aubuildingstomaximisetheusablespaceinsidewithouthavinsticking-outdoor.Therearemanydifferenttypesofautomsignalstotellthemwhentoopen.14Eachautomaticdoorsystem16theligsignaltoopen.Sensortypesarechosento118abusystreetmpassers-by.Apressuresensitivematwouldbemore20tolimitthe9.[A]Aswellas[B]IntermsoftReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtexMarkyouranswersontheANearly2000yearsago,astheRomansbegantopulloutcurioustreasure:10tonsofnails,nearlyamillionofthethings.Thenailhoardwasdiscoveredin1960inafour-metre-deeppitcovWhyhadtheRomansburiedamillionnails?Thelikelyexplanationisthatwasrushed,andtheydidn'twantthelocalCaledoniansgettingtheirhandson10gradeiron.TheRomansburiedthenailssodeepthattheywouldnotbediscoveredforLatercivilisationswouldvaluetheskilledblacksmith'slabourinanailevrawmaterial.AsRomaAgrawalexplainsinhernewdelightcenturyVirginianswouldsometimesbumdowntheirhomesiftheywereplanningtorelocate.Thiswasanattempttorecoverthevaluablenails,whichcouldbereusedaftTheideathatonemightbumdownanentirehousejusttoreclaicostlyandvaluablethesimple-seemingtechnologywas.Thepriceofnailsfellby90%betweenthelate1700sandmid-19Sichelpointsoutinaresearchpaper.AccordingtoSichel,althoughthefallingpriceofnadrivenpartlybycheaperironandcheaperenergy,mostofthecreditgoestonailmanufactwhosimplyfoundmoreefficientwaystotunsteNailsthemselveshavechangedovertheyears,butSichelstudiedchangedmuch.RomanlampsandRomanchariotsarnnailsarestillclearlynails.Itwouldbeabsurdfsportscarssince1695,butImakenoapologyforbeingobsessedbyaparticularfeatureoftheseobjects:theirpricamaneconomist,afterall.Afterwritingtwobooksaboutthehistoryofinventions,onethingIveleamntisthatwhileitistheenchantinglysophisticatedtechnologiesTheGutenbergprintingpresstransfomedcivilisationncost-anditwouldhaveachievedlittlfsurfacestowriteon,thankstoanoften-overlookedtechnologycalledpaper.Solarpnicheusesuntiltheybecamecheap;nowtheyaret21.TheRomansburiedthenailsprobablyforthesakeof[B]keepingthemf[A]highlightthethriftinessofearlyAme[B]illustratethehighstatusofblacksmithsinthatperiod[C]contrasttheattitudesofdifferentcivilisationstowardnailsD]showthepreciousnessofnail-makingtechnologyatthattime23.Whatplayedthemajorroleinloweringthepric[B]Wideruseofnewenergies.[D]Reducedcostofrawmaterials.[A]haveundergonemanyte[C]arelessstudiedth25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarisesth[A]Cheaptechnologiesbingabo[B]Technologicalinn[C]Technologydefinespeople'sunderstandingoftheworld.[D]SophisticatedtecParentingtipsobtainedfromhunter-gatherersinAfricamaybethekeytobringingcontentedchildren,researchershavesuggested.TheideaastheKungofBotswana,whereeachchildiscaredforbymanyadulasfourwillhelptolookafteryoungeronesand'baby-slings,isconsideredthenorm.AccordingtoDrNikhilChaudhary,anevolutionaryanthropthesepractices,Knownasalloparenting,couldleadtolessanxietyforchildrDrAnnieSwanepoel,achildpsychiatrist,believesthattherearewayintowesternlife.InGermany,oneschemehaspairedanoldpeople'sresidentshelptolookafterthechildren,anarrangementakintocouldbeencouragingfriendshipsbetweenchildrenindifferunsupervisedmixed-ageplaygroupsinhunter-gatherercommunities.InapaperpublishedintheJournalofChildPsychologythewestemnuclearfamilywasarecentinventionwhichfamilybrokewithevoluhistory.Thisabruptshifttoan"intensivemotheringnarrative",whichshouldmanagechildcarealone,waslikelytohmaternalexhaustionandhavedangerousconsequences,"theywrote.hunter-gatherersocietiesadultsotherthanthepafofachild'scare.OnepreviousstudylookedattheEfépeopleoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.ItfoundthatweeksoldandwerepassedbetweencaregivChaudharysaidthatparentsnowhadlesschildcaresupportfrthanduringmostofhumans'evolutionaryhistory,butintroducingadditionalcaregiverscouldreducestressandmatermaldepression,whichwellbeing.Aninfantbomtoahunter-gatherersocietycouldhavemorethantecontrastsstarklytonurserysettingsintheUKwhereregulationscchildrenagedtwototWhilehunter-gathererchildrenleantfromobservationandimitaplaygroups,researcherssaidthatwestern"instructiveteaching",wherepupimaycontributetoconditionssuchasattentiondeficithyperactivityBritainshouldexplorethepossibilitythatoldersiblingstheirownsocialdevelopment."26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraph,alloparentingreferstothepr[A]sharingchildcareamongco[B]assigningbabiestos[C]teachingparentingde27.TheschemeinGermanyis[A]anattempttofacilitateintergeneratio[B]anapproachtointegr[C]theconventionalparentingsty[D]thedifferencesbetweenwesternAfricanwaysofliving[C]resultsinthech29.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatcanwe[C]Theyoughttoimprovetheircarer-to-ch[D]Theyshouldtrytopreventparentaldepres30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbetheb[A]Instructiveteaching:adilemmaforanxiousC]Mix-agedplaygroup,ab[D]Tracingthehistoryofparenting:fromAfricatoRutkowskiisaPolishdigitallandscapes.HehasmadeillustrationsforgamessuchasUbisoft'sAnno,Dungeons&Dragons,andMagic:TheGathering.Andhe'sbecomeasuddenhinthenewworldoftext-to-imageAIgeneratiHisdistinctivestyleisnowoneofthemoAIartgeneratorStableDiffusion,whichwaslaunchedlatelastmonth.Thepopularimage-generationAImodels,allowsanyonetprompts.Forexample,typein"WizardwithswordandaglowingortbofmagidragonGregRutkowski,"andthesystemwillproducesomethingthatlawayfromworksinRutkoButtheseopen-sourceprogramsarebuiltbyscrapingimagesfromtheInternpermissionandproperattributiontoartistAccordingtothewebsiteLexica,whichtracksover10millionimbyStableDiffusion,Rutkowski'snamehasbeenusedasapromptaround93,000times.Someoftheworld'smostfamousartists,suchasMichelangelo,PabloPicasso,andbroughtuparound2,000prompthousandsoftimesintheDiscordofanothertext-to-imagegenerator,Midjourney.Rutkowskiwasinitiallysurprisedbutthoughtitmightbeagoodwaytoreachnewausearchingforhisnametoseeifapiecehehadworkedonhadbeenpublished.Thbroughtbackworkthathadhisnameattachedtoitbutw"It'sbeenjustamonth.Whataboutinaytherebecause[theinternet]willbefloodedwithAI“Thereisacoalitiongrowingwithinartistindustriestofigthis,"saysOrtiz.Thegroupisinitsearlydaysofmobilization,whichconewpoliciesorregulation.OnesuggestionisthatAImodelscouldbetraipublicdomain,andAIcompaniescouldforgepar31.WhatcanbeleamedaboutRutkowskifromthe[B]HeispopularwiththeusersofanAIartgenerator.32.Theproblemwithop[A]lackflexibilityinrespondingto[C]makeunauthorizeduseofonlineimages[D]collectuserinformationwithoutcon[C]AI-generatedworkbearinghisname[D]heateddisputesregardinghisco34.AccordingtoOrtiz,AIcomp[B]offertheirservicestop[C]strengthentheirrelationshipswithAIus35.Whatisthetextmainlya[D]OpposingviewsonAIdThemiracleoftheChesapeakeBayliesnotinitsdepths,butinthecomplexityofitsconstruction,theinteractionoffreshandsalinewaterandthemixoflandandwater.Thprovidehomesforhundredsofspecieswhilestoringfloodwaters,filteringpollutantsfromwater,andprotectingnearbycommunitiesfrompotentiallydestructivestoanIdahocasethatprovidestheSpecifically,a54majoritydecidedthatwetlandsprotectedbytheEPAunderitCleanWauthoritymusthavea"continuoussurfaceconnection"tobodiesofwater.Thisnarrowingoftheregulatoryscopewasavictoryforbuilders,miningoperatorsandothercommatoddswithenvironmentalrules.Anditcarries"floodcontrolthroughouttheUS,"asJusticeInMaryland,thegoodnewsisthatthereprotections.Butthat'saveryshortsightedview,particularlywhenitcomestotTherealityisthatwaterandthepollutantsthatsoofteboundaries.TheChesapeakedrawsfroma64000-square-milewatershedthatextendstoPennsylvania,NewYork,WestVirginia,theDistrictofColumbiaandDelaware.WillthosejurisdictionsextendthesameprotectionsnowdeniedunderSackettV.EPA?Perhapssome,butItistooeasy,andmisleading,toselandownerswhentheconsequencescanbesodirefortheirneighbors.AnditEPA'sinvolvementintheChesapeakeBtranscendtheinfluenceofdeep-pocketedspecialinterestsinneighboringstatefarmers,touseonetellingexample,aren'tthinkingaboutnextyear'sMarylandwhentheydecidewhethertospreadanimalwasteontheirfields,yetthenearbycreekscanhaveenormousimpactsdownstrreviewingtheirownwetlandsprotectionsWecan'tofferthematriptotheChesapeakperhapsavisittoBlackwaterNationalWildlifeRefugeinDobaldeaglesflyovertidalmwithaquaticlife.It'[D]aheadacheforne37.TheU.S.SupremeCourt'sruling[A]reinforceswaterpollutionB]weakenstheEPA'sregulatorypower39.Whatcanbeinferre[A]Ithasrestoredthebalanceamongneighboringjurisdictions.[B]Ithastriggeredaradica[D]Ithasensuredthecoordina40.Theauthorholdsthatthestatelaw[A]becautiousabouttheinfluenceoflandowners[B]attachdueimportancetowetlandsprot[D]improvethewellbeingofendangeredspeciReadthefollowingcommentsonareportaboutAmericanmuseumsreturningacountriesoforiginandalistofstatementssummarizingthecomments.ChoosethebefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedname(41—45).Therearenotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Simply,therearepeopleinNigeriawhocannottraveltoththatpartoftheirhistoryandculturerepresentedbytheBeninBronzes.TheseshouldtothemaspartoftheirculturalheritageandhistoryandasasourceofnationalgoodreasonthattheseartifactsshouldbebeyondtheordinaryreachoftheeducationalorinspirationofthegenerationstowhichtheywereltheUnitedStatesorelsewhereexceptascuriousobjects.Theycaproducedforsalewhichcanbepassedfromhandtohandandplacetoplacebypurchase.Weknowveryexactreproductionsofartworkcanbeandareregularlymuseumsandgovernmentsmightexploresomerolefortheumeansofresolvingissuesrelatingtoreturningworksofartandantiquitieexhibitismoreimportanttomethanwhethertheobjectmonthsold.Inmanycasestheexpertshaveandwhatisaforgery.Again,thestoryanexhibitistryivalueoftheobjectsondisplayisadistWhenvisitingtheBaltimoreMuseumofArt,Icameacrossamagnificent15th-centuChinesesculpture.Itinspiredmetoleammoreabouttheculmuseumshavethepowertoinspire,andperhapssparkthatneednatureoftheircreators.Havingsaidthat,Idofeelthatmuseumsshould,infact,besanctionedashavingbeenobtainedbytreaty.Stealingartifactsfromotherpeoples'culturesisobsphysicalobjects,butthedignityandspiriAncientartthatisdisplacedinforeigncountTothoseofyouinthecommentssection,byallmeans,whoarartifactsbeingremovedfromcitiesintheUSandBritain,Iwouldaskyoutoco[A]Itisclearthatcountries[B]Itisaflawedlineofreasoningtoargueagainstreturninga[C]Museumvisitorcanstilllea[D]Reproductions,evenifperfectlymade,cannottaketheplaceoftheauthenticobjects.[E]Therealvalueofartifactscanonlyberecognizedintheircountriesof[G]ConcernoversecurityisnoexcuseforrefusingtoreturartifactReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmen"Elephantsneverforget"—orsotheysay—andthatTheAfricansavannaelephantalsoknownastheAfricanbushelephant,i37Africancountries.(46)areverygoodatworkingoutwhereotherelephanttrackingdevices,researchershaveshownthatththeirwaytowaterholes,theyheadedoffinexactlytherightdirection,ononeocdistanceofroughlythirtymiles.Whatismore,theyalmostalwaysseemtochowaterhole.(47)TheresearchersareconvincedthattheelephantsaltheyareinrelationtoalltheresourcestheyneAlthoughthecuesusedbyAfricanelephantsforunderstood,smellmaywellplayapElephantsareverychoosyeaters,buttheirfood.(48)Onepossibilitywasthfound,butthatwouldprobablyresultinalotofwastedtimeandenergy,notleastbecauseyesightisactuallynotveryg(49)Thevolatilechemicalsproducedcharacteristic:Eachplantortreehasitsownparticularoddetectedevenwhentheyarenotactuallyvisiblefactoringuidingelephants—andprobablyotherherbivores—tothebestfoodresoTheresearchersfirstestablishedwhatkindsofplanttheelephantspreferredeithertoelephantsaseriesofchoicesbasedonlyonsmell.(50)Theexpeentifypatchesoftreesthataregoodtoeafthetreeswithineachpatch.Free-rangingelephantspresumablyalsousethitheirpreferedfo參考譯文：(46)它們有時(shí)跋涉六十多英里尋找食物或水，并且非常善于尋找其他大象的位置—即使它們不在視線范圍內(nèi)。(4