2024年經(jīng)濟(jì)適用且公平過(guò)渡的關(guān)鍵政策設(shè)計(jì)考慮因素報(bào)告（英文版）-IEA國(guó)際能源署

KeyPolicyDesign

ConsiderationsforAffordableandFairTransitions

GlobalCommissiononPeople-

CentredCleanEnergyTransitions

October2024

INTERNATIONALENERGY

AGENCY

TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrum

ofenergyissues

includingoil,gasandcoalsupplyand

demand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,

accesstoenergy,

demandside

managementand

muchmore.Throughitswork,theIEA

advocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethe

reliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits

31membercountries,

13association

countriesandbeyond.

Thispublicationandany

mapincludedhereinare

withoutprejudicetothe

statusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothe

delimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundaries

andtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.

IEAmembercountries:

AustraliaAustria

BelgiumCanada

CzechRepublic

DenmarkEstonia

Finland

France

GermanyGreece

HungaryIreland

ItalyJapanKorea

LithuaniaL

LuxembourgMexico

NetherlandsNewZealandNorway

Poland

Portugal

SlovakRepublic

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

RepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdom

UnitedStates

TheEuropean

CommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEA

IEAassociationcountries:

ArgentinaBrazil

China

Egypt

India

IndonesiaKenya

MoroccoSenegal

Singapore

SouthAfricaThailand

Ukraine

Source:IEA.

InternationalEnergyAgency

Website:

TheGlobalCommissiononPeople-CentredCleanEnergyTransitions:

DesigningforFairness,convenedbyIEAExecutiveDirectorDr.Fatih

Birol,isco-chairedbyAlexandreSilveiradeOliveira,Brazil’sMinisterofMinesandEnergyandTeresaRibera,Spain’sDeputyPrimeMinisterandMinisterfortheEcologicalTransitionandDemographicChallenge.It

comprisesenergy,climateandlabourleadersfromgovernmentsaroundtheworld,alongwithhigh-levelrepresentativesfrominternational

organisationsandlabour,Indigenous,youthandcivilsocietygroups.

2024,G20Ministerialmeeting,FozdoIgua?u,Brazil.

Keypolicydesignconsiderationsforaffordableandfairtransitions

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Keypolicydesignconsiderationsforaffordableandfairtransitions

Introduction

OnApril26,2024,theIEAhosteditsinauguralGlobalSummitonPeople-CentredCleanEnergyTransitions.LeadersfromaroundtheworldgatheredattheIEAheadquartersinParistodiscusskeyissuesattheheartofcleanenergytransitions.Recognisingthecriticalrolethatpolicydesignplaysinachievingpeople-centredandfairoutcomes,theIEAExecutiveDirectorannouncedthecreationofthenewGlobalCommissiononPeople-CentredCleanEnergyTransitions:DesigningforFairness.TheCommissionisco-chairedbyTeresaRibera,Spain’sDeputyPrimeMinisterandMinisterfortheEcologicalTransitionandDemographicChallenge,andAlexandreSilveiradeOliveira,Brazil’sMinisterofMinesandEnergy,andcomprisesenergy,climateandlabourleadersfromgovernmentsaroundtheworld,alongwithhigh-levelrepresentativesfrominternationalorganisationsandlabour,IndigenousNationsandPeoples,youthandcivilsocietygroups.

ThenewGlobalCommissionbuildsontheworkofthe2021GlobalCommissiononPeople-CentredCleanEnergyTransitionsthatbroughttogether,keyvoices,toexaminethesocialdimensionsofcleanenergytransitionsandtoidentifythekeyelementsofwhatwillmaketransitionstrulypeople-centred,fair,andinclusive

(IEA,

2021).The30membersdevelopedaseriesofrecommendations(seeAnnex)thataresetoutinfourcategories:

DecentJobsandWorkerProtection

SocialandEconomicDevelopment

Equity,SocialInclusion,andFairness

PeopleasActiveParticipants

TheIEAalsopublishedaGlobalObservatory,asetofover100casestudiesthatwereidentifiedasbestpracticesandillustrativemeasuresandconsiderationsnecessarytodelivertherecommendationseffectively

(IEA,

2024a).ThenewGlobalCommissiononPeople-CentredCleanEnergyTransitions:DesigningforFairnesswilltakeforwardthisworktoexamineinmoredetailhowtoenacttheseprinciplesthroughpolicydesignandimplementation.Theworkwilldrawon

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casesandexperiencesoftheCommissionmembersandwillaidotherdecisionmakersastheyseektoprioritiseaffordabilityandfairnessintheircleanenergypolicies.

Therecently-releasedIEAreportStrategiesforAffordableandFairCleanEnergyTransitionsexaminesforthefirsttimetheaffordabilityaspectsofcleanenergytransitions,withaparticularfocusontheinequitiesinenergyconsumptionandexpendituresacrosshouseholdsandregions

(IEA,

2024b).TheanalysisshowsthattheNetZeroEmissionsby2050(NZE)Scenario’s1.5°Cpathwayislesscostlyonaglobalbasisthanapathwaybasedontoday’spolicysettings,asaresultoflowerrunningcostsofarapidlydecarbonisingenergysystem.Thisanalysistakesintoconsiderationallcostsofdeliveringenergy,includingcapitalexpenditures,operatingexpenses,theneedtopaybackpreviousinvestmentsandfinancingcosts.

However,makingthisshifttoacleanenergysystemrequiresmajorinvestmentbygovernments,businesses,andhouseholds.Onechiefconcernforpolicymakersisensuringsuchinvestmentsincreaseaffordability,andaccess,ofenergyservicesandtechnologyforall,notjustforselectpartsofthepopulationortheworld.‘Designingforfairness’focusesonthequestionofhowthedesignofpoliciestodrivecleanenergytransitionscandelivergreateraffordability,optimaldistributionofbenefitsandcosts,andmoreequityinenergysystems.

Whileenergysystemsareundergoingstructuraltransformations,thereisanopportunitytobringpeopleinfromthemarginsoftheenergyeconomyandimprovelivesandwell-being,includingbyexpandingenergyaccess,creatingjobs,reducingenergybills,providingbetterairqualityandhealthierhomes,andempoweringcommunitiestoownandmanagepowersystemslocally.Atthesametime,thescaleandscopeofthesetransitionsrequiresbroadsupportfromsocieties.Ifpoliciesareperceivedtoonlybenefitthosewhocanaffordnewtechnologiesortoharmworkersandcommunities,thepublicwillnotsupportthesetransitions,andtheywillnotbesuccessful.

Thepotentialforenergytransitionstoenhancepeople’squalityoflifeandlivelihoodsisincreasinglyrecognisedatthegloballevel.AtCOP28,nearly200governmentsreachedahistoricagreementtotriplerenewableenergycapacity,doubletherateofenergyefficiencyimprovementandsubstantiallyreducemethaneemissionsby2030inordertokeepwithinreachoftheParisAgreementtargetoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°C.Doublingenergyefficiencyimprovementsalonehasthepotentialtocutenergybillsbyathirdinadvancedeconomiesandcreate4.5millionjobsby2030

(IEA,

2023i).

Asinternationalmomentumtowardscleanerandmoreefficientenergysystemsbuilds,andinthewakeoftheambitionagreedatCOP28,thefocusisincreasinglyturningtoimplementation.Implementingcleanenergytransitionsin

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practicerequiresadequatefinancing,especiallytoreducethecostofcapitalandsupportcleanenergydeploymentandcapacitybuildinginemerginganddevelopingeconomies.Cleanenergytransitionswillalsolookdifferentineverycountryandtheimpacttheywillhaveondifferentpopulationsegmentswillvarybasedonhowpoliciesaredesignedandtargeted.Inthistimeoftransformation,countriesrequireacontext-specificunderstandingofwhatchallengesexistandhowtoaddressthem,buttheycanalsolearnfromeachotherthroughtheexchangeofbestpracticesanddialogue.

Inthispaper,memberssetoutsevenkeyquestionsonaffordabilityandfairnessincleanenergytransitions,layingoutsomeofthecrucialissuesthatpolicymakersaretryingtoaddress.

Theyare:

1.Howtorealisedecentjobsforworkersincleanenergytransitions?

2.Howcansocialinclusionbeintegratedintoworkforcedevelopmentpolicies?

3.Howtodeliveruniversalaccesstoaffordableenergyaspartofcleanenergytransitions?

4.Howcanpoliciesensurelow-incomeandmarginalisedcommunitiesareabletoaffordcleanenergytechnologies?

5.Howtoensurecleanenergypoliciesmaximisesocio-economicbenefits?

6.Howcanpolicydesigndeterminethefairdistributionofbenefitsandcosts?

7.Howtoputmeaningfulparticipationofallstakeholdersattheheartofcleanenergytransitions?

Focusingonthesequestions,thepaperpresentsselectedbestpracticesfromvariouscountriestodemonstratehowthesechallengescanbeovercome.

ThispaperisthefirstoutputoftheGlobalCommission,anditisbeingreleasedattheinvitationofMinisterSilveiratoprovideinputintoG20energydeliberations.TheCommissionwillbeginasecondphaseofworkinOctober2024,toalignwithCOP30,hostedbyBrazil,whichisplannedtohaveastrongfocusonsocialandjusttransitionissues.Duringthesecondphase,memberswillcollaboratetodevelopanimplementationroadmap,outliningavailablepolicytoolsandoptionsforpolicymakersandinternationalstakeholderstoaddressthesevenkeyquestions.ThissecondphaseoftheCommissionwillalsoprovideanopportunityformemberstoexploremetricstoassesstheeffectivenessofimplementedstrategiesandpolicies.

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Keypoints

1.Howtorealisedecentjobsforworkersincleanenergytransitions?

Strengtheningprocessestoensurethatworkersandemployersfullyparticipateinplanningofcleanenergytransitionsisakeycomponentinsupportingworkersandcommunitiesintransitionsandensuringthattheworkforceisadequatelytrainedtorespondtofutureskillsdemand.National-leveljusttransitionframeworksaswellaslocalcontext-specificinitiativesandwiderlabourmarketpoliciesareallimportant.

2.Howcansocialinclusionbeintegratedintoworkforcedevelopmentpolicies?

Cleanenergytransitionscanbenefitdiversepopulationsbycreatingeconomicopportunities,leadingtoenhancedequalityandimprovedqualityoflife.Thebenefitsaremaximisedwhensocialinclusionconsiderations,includingincreasinglabourmarketaccessfortraditionallyunder-representedandmarginalisedgroups,areacentralpartofpolicydesignandimplementation.

3.Howtodeliveruniversalaccesstoaffordableenergyaspartofcleanenergytransitions?

Manypeoplestilllackaccesstoenergyandthebenefitsthatcomewithit.Anevengreaternumberdonothaveaccesstocleancookingtechnologies,disproportionatelyaffectingwomenandchildren’shealth.Improvingaffordableenergyaccessshouldbeacoreimperativeinallcleanenergytransitions.

4.Howcanpoliciesensurelow-incomeandmarginalisedcommunitiesareabletoaffordcleanenergytechnologies?

Policiesthatarespecificallydesignedtoincreasebroaderparticipationinthecleanenergyeconomy,whetherthroughtargetinglow-incomehouseholdsorfocusingontechnologiesthataremorewidelyusedandaccessible,willleadtomoreacceptanceanduptakefromallpartsofsociety.

5.Howtoensurecleanenergypoliciesmaximisesocio-economicbenefits?

Cleanenergypoliciescancreatebroadersocio-economicbenefitsbeyondtheenergysector,includingbetterhealthornewsourcesofincomeforhouseholds.Whenpoliciesaredesignedwiththisinmind,theycanalsocontributetoaddressingexistinginequalities.

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6.Howcanpolicydesigndeterminethefairdistributionofbenefitsandcosts?

Identifyingandmonitoringtheimpactofpoliciesondifferentgroupsisessentialtoadjustingpolicydesignandcreatingcomplementarypoliciesthatensurebenefitsarefairlydistributed.

7.Howtoputmeaningfulparticipationofallstakeholdersattheheartofcleanenergytransitions?

Theactiveparticipationofallstakeholdersincleanenergypolicyplanningiskeytothedesignoftransitions,totheiracceptability,andtotheireffectiveimplementation.

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1.Howtorealisedecentjobsforworkersincleanenergy

transitions?

Keymessage:Strengtheningprocessestoensurethatworkersandemployersfullyparticipateinplanningofcleanenergytransitionsisakeycomponentinsupportingworkersandcommunitiesintransitionsandensuringthattheworkforceisadequatelytrainedtorespondtofutureskillsdemand.National-leveljusttransitionframeworksaswellascontext-specificinitiativesandwiderlabourmarketpoliciesareimportanttoprovidepolicyguidanceandcoherence.

Theenergysectoremploysover66millionpeopleworldwide,andchangestothissectorarealreadyhavingasignificantimpactonworkersandcommunities(IEA,2024c).Therearenowmorecleanenergyjobsthanfossilfueljobs.AccordingtoIEAprojections,upto30million(gross)newcleanenergyjobswillbecreatedby2030.ThisexpectedgrowthwillbeinsectorsincludingsolarPV,wind,electricvehicles(EVs)andbatterymanufacturing,heatpumps,andcriticalmineralmining.

Inbothadvancedandemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies,workersintheenergysectortendtoearnmorecomparedtothebroadereconomy

(IEA,

2023a).Althoughcleanenergytransitionsareexpectedtoresultinsubstantialnetjobcreation(upto17million),13millionjobsareexpectedtobephased-outinthefossilfuelsectoroverthenextdecade.Somecommunitiesmaybeseverelyaffectedbythelocalphase-outoftheirindustry,especiallyinthecaseofcoalregionsandcommunitieswherecoalisthemainsourceofincome

(IEA,

2024d).

Keypolicydesignconsiderationsforaffordableandfairtransitions

Gainsandlosses

STEPSNZE

Netchange

STEPSNZE

Total

Changesinglobalenergyemploymentbysectorandscenario,2022-2030

-24-18-12-6061218243036

ICEvehicles

EVsandbatteries End-useefficiency GridsandstorageLow-emissionspower

Unabatedfossilfuelpower CriticalmineralsLow-emissionsfuelsCoalsupply

Oilandgassupply

-8-6-4-2024681012

Millionworkers

IEACCBY4.0.

Notes:Criticalmineralsincludeonlyextractiveactivities.EVs=electricvehicles,ICE=internalcombustionenginevehicles.STEPS=StatedPoliciesScenario.NZE=NetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario.

Source:IEA(2023a),

WorldEmploymentReport.

Place-basedanalysisandlong-termplanningareessentialtodeliveringbetteroutcomesforworkers.Understandingthelandscapefortheseworkersallowsgovernmentstoputinplacepolicytoolstohelpsupportthemandtheircommunitiesastheytransitiontonewemployment.Forexample,newanalysisbytheOECDtracksoutcomesfordisplacedworkersinhighandlow-emissionsectors

1

,intermsoftheirsuccessinfindingnewemploymentandthecomparativeremunerationofthatnewemployment

(Barretoetal.,

2024).

Workersinhigh-emissionindustries,whotendtobeolder,withjobsthatarerelativelywell-paid,canexperiencealossofearnings(acombinationofemployment,daysworkedandwages)aroundsevenpercentagepointsgreaterthanthosefromlowemissionindustries.

1Foracompletedefinitionpleaserefertothe

OECDEmploymentOutlook2024.

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Keypolicydesignconsiderationsforaffordableandfairtransitions

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Differencesinearningslossesreflectlargerwagelosses,fewerdaysworkedaswellaslongerspellsoutofworkforworkersdisplacedfromhighemissionsectors

Earninglosses(%)

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

A.High-emissionindustries

Year(s)afterdisplacement

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

B.Low-emissionindustries

Year(s)afterdisplacement

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

-10

C.Difference

Year(s)afterdisplacement

DaysworkednEmploymentwWages

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Note:Ave.=Average.

Source:Barretoetal.(2024),

"JobDisplacementinhigh-emissionindustries:Implicationsforthenet-zerotransition"

,in

OECDEmploymentOutlook2024:

TheNet-ZeroTransitionandtheLabourMarket.

Thisanalysisalsoshowstwoimportantandrelatedtrendslookingacrosscountries,thathighlightstheneedforlong-termplanningandintentionalpolicydesigntomaximisepositiveoutcomeforworkers.First,thereisarelationshipbetweentheoutcomesforworkersandthewidercontextofunemploymentratesinthecountry.Secondly,andimportantly,outcomesforworkersarebetterincountrieswithmorerobustlabourmarketconditionsandactivelabourmarket

policies.Inotherwords,activelabourmarketpoliciesliketargetedincentives,supportfornewmarketentrants,internships,trainingandupskilling,andjob-searchassistancecanplayanimportantroleinsupportingworkersintransition.Income-supportschemesforthoseoutofwork,suchasunemploymentinsuranceandsocialassistance,canhelpmitigatetheearningslossesofworkerswhohavelosttheirjobs.Policymakerscanimproveoutcomesoverallbystrengtheningthesepoliciesandwiderlabourmarketprotections.Theycanalsocreatespecificinstitutionsandprogrammestosupportlocaljusttransitionsolutionsinspecificareasorsectors,asthefollowingsectionoutlines.Inaddition,fosteringcollectivebargainingandsocialdialoguecanbekeyindrivingpositiveoutcomesandimprovingworkingconditionsforhigh-emissionworkerstransitioningtolow-emissionsectors.TheOECDanalysissuggeststhatlow-emissionsectorsarelesswellrepresentedincollectivebargainingandsocialdialogue.

Atargetedandlocalisedapproachthatreliesoncloseconsultationwithaffectedcommunitiescanhelpselecttheappropriateinterventionstoimproveoutcomes.Spainhasdevelopedacomprehensivesetofpoliciestomitigatethesocio-economicimpactsoftheclosureofitscoalminesandcoal-firedpowerplants.

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TheSpanishgovernmentpublisheda

JustTransitionStrategy

in2019andestablishedaJustTransitionInstitutein2020,whichhasfocuseditseffortsonreskillingworkers,promotingcleanenergyjobs,andsupportingaffectedcommunitiesthroughtheframeworkofJustTransitionAgreements(JTAs)

(InstitutoParaLaTransicionJusta,

2022).Theagreementsstartwithasocio-economicimpactassessmenttodefinethegeographicalscope,focusingonareasmostaffectedbycoalfacilityclosures.Theprocessincludesevaluatingtherelativeimpactsonlocalemploymentandwagesandconsideringcumulativeimpactsofpreviousclosures.Dataonaffectedworkersandtheirmunicipalitiesarecollectedtoidentifyandsupportthemostimpactedregions.Thisiscomplementedbyextensivepublicparticipationprocessesinwhichlocalstakeholderscancontributewithproposedmeasuresandideastomaintainemploymentthroughtargetedsupportintheseidentifiedareas.

Thistailoredapproachhelpspromotediversificationandcontext-specificplansconsistentwiththesocio-economiccontextofeachaffectedterritory.Asaresultoftheseagreements,varioussupportinstrumentshavebeenestablished,includinginitiativesfornewindustrialprojects,cleanenergyfacilities,andthegrowthofSmallandMediumEnterprises(SMEs).Additionally,retrainingprogramsforskillsdevelopmentincleanenergy,aswellassocialassistancefordisplacedworkers,havebeenintroduced.Engaginglabourunionsindiscussionshasalsofosteredbusinesses’commitmenttohelpattractnewprojectstotheconcernedterritories,retraincoalworkersincleanenergyoccupationsandassistthemwiththeirjobrelocation.

Supportingtheproductivereconversionofareaswhereindustriesarebeingphasedoutisakeycomponentoftheseprocesses,toensureworkerretentionandstimulateeconomicdiversificationinaffectedcommunities.InaformercoalregionofRomaniawheremineclosuresledtothedepartureofnearlyhalfthearea’spopulation,theRomanianWindEnergyAssociationfocusedonretrainingdisplacedworkersbydevelopingaprofessionaltrainingacademytotrain8000techniciansovertenyears

(IEA,

2023b).

Variouspolicytools,includingfinancialsupportandincentives,canhelpensurethatworkershaveaccesstotraining.Forexample,Germanyrecentlyintroducedaskillsdevelopmentbenefitscheme,whichprovidesbenefitstocompaniesundergoingrestructuringthatretainemployeesthroughskillsdevelopmentinitiatives

(FederalMinistryofLabourandSocialAffairs,

2024a).Asecondschemeensuresthatemployeesimpactedbyrestructuringhavetheoptiontochangeemployersandreceivefinancialsupporttopursueeducationandtrainingsuitedtotheirnewtaskorposition

(FederalMinistryofLabourandSocialAffairs,

2024b).

Nationallevelsjusttransitionframeworksarekeytoensuringthatthetransitionisinclusive,fair,andequitable.Theyoutlineacomprehensivesetofpoliciesandmeasuresthatprotectworkers’rights,provideup-skillingandreskilling

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opportunities,supportcommunitiesimpactedbythetransitionawayfromfossilfuels,andhelpmitigateanypotentialnegativeconsequences.Acentralcomponentoftheseframeworksisactiveparticipationofstakeholdersinplanningandimplementation.

AnewanalysisbytheJustTransitionFinanceLaboftheLondonSchoolofEconomicsexamined159justtransitionpoliciesandlawsacross61countriesplustheEU.Ofallpoliciesreviewed,70%werepublicfinanceleversincludingsocialprotectioninterventions,taxreformandprocurementmeasuresand60%relatedtoinstitutionalplanningsuchastheestablishmentoftaskgroupsorpublicationofspecificactionplans

(Chanet.al,

2024).Lessthanhalf(40%)madespecificmentionofparticipationandsocialdialogueprocesses.Thereporthighlightstheneedforcountry-specificjusttransitionframeworkstoprovideguidancetoprivateandpublicfinancialinstitutionsonwhereandhowfundsareneeded.Thisfindingalignswiththemorepositiveoutcomesthatareachievedbycountriesandregionsthatareengagedinlong-termpolicyplanningaroundtransitions.

InNovember2023,theInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)’s187membercountriesendorsedthe2015GuidelinesforaJustTransitionTowardsEnvironmentallySustainableEconomiesandSocietiesforAll,craftedbygovernments,workersandemployers

(ILO,

2016).Theseguidelinesprovideacomprehensiveframeworktosupportstakeholdersinmanagingstructuralchangestowardsbuildinggreenereconomieswhileachievingfairoutcomes.Theyemphasiseemployment-centredmacroeconomicpolicies,targetedenvironmentalregulationsforindustriesandsectors,decentjobsandsocialprotectionsforworkers,skillsdevelopment,andsocialdialogue.Manycountrieshaveincorporatedtheprinciplesofthislandmarkdocumentintotheirnationalcleanenergytransitionpoliciesandstrategiesforclimateaction,includingtheEUJustTransitionMechanism,whichhelpsmobilisearoundEUR55billionover2021-2027inregionsmostaffectedbythetransition

(EuropeanCommission,

2024a).

Tomeetfuturecleanenergyworkforcedemand,tailoredskillsdevelopmentprogrammesareessentialforupskillingandreskillingworkers,andtopreventjoblossesforworkerstransitioningfromfossilfuelindustries.Giventhewidespreadskillsshortagesincleanenergytransitions,short-termandlong-termplanningisrequiredtocreaterobustnationalstrategiesthataddressfutureworkforceneeds

(IEA,

2023a).Thisincludesskillsdevelopmentprogrammesthatareagileandadaptabletochangingsectorrequirements,andspecificmechanismsthatcanbeimplementedtobuildtalentpipelines.Thiscanalsoinvolvetheidentificationoftransferableskillstoensurethatjobseekersarefittoworkinavarietyofcleanenergyjobs,andestablishparallelskillsmappingforworkerswhocanmoreeasilyre-skilltospecificjobsinthecleanenergysectorgiventheirpreviousexperience.

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2.Howcansocialinclusionbe

integratedintoworkforcedevelopmentpolicies?

Keymessage:Cleanenergytransitionscanbenefitdiversepopulationsbycreatingeconomicopportunities,leadingtoenhancedequalityandimprovedqualityoflife.Thebenefitsaremaximisedwhensocialinclusionconsiderations,includingincreasinglabourmarketaccessfortraditionallyunder-representedandmarginalisedgroups,areacentralpartofpolicydesignandimplementation.

Millionsofworkersneedtobetrained,upskilledorreskilledtotakeadvantageofthenewjobsandcareerscreatedbycleanenergytransitionsandaddressongoinglabourshortagesinkeysectorsincludingconstructionandotheressentialtrades

(IEA,

2023a).Theenergyworkforcetendstorequirehigherskilllevelsthanthebroaderworkforceasmanyjobsrequiretechnicalandspecialisedskills.Newandexistingeducational,certificationandvocationaltrainingprogrammeswillneedtoevolvetomeetthelabourmarketdemand.Targetingtheseprogrammestoprioritisenewpathwaysintothecleanenergyworkforceisessentialbothtopreventlabourshortagesandtoensurethatthecleanenergyworkforceismorediverseandprovidesequitableopportunities.

Womenareconsiderablyunderrepresentedintheglobalenergywor