介紹蘇格蘭的 蘇格蘭歷史A Brief Introduction of Scotland

Scotland鐘文清、馬彥云、王睿中2021/6/27112345GeographicallocationHistoryCulture

andcustomsIndependenceNaturalconditionsandTourismIndex2021/6/272GeographicallocationScotlandis

part

ofthe

UnitedKingdom

andcoversthenorthernthirdoftheislandof

GreatBritain.Itsharesaborderwith

England

tothesouth,andisotherwisesurroundedbythe

AtlanticOcean,withthe

NorthSea

totheeastandthe

NorthChannel

and

IrishSea

tothesouth-west.

屬于英國領土，位于歐洲西部、不列顛島北部，南接英格蘭，東瀕北海，東北與西北分別與挪威、丹麥、冰島隔海相望，西臨大西洋。2021/6/273HistoryThe5thcentury,thenorthernIrishGaelic(Celticone)toimmigratetoScotland,inArgyllandthebitwhereAdaCountyareatoestablishtheKingdomofDarfur.SincetheneastwardexpansionintoArthurErsenLinandErneValley,northtoexpandintotheElginarea.843Ada,darliMacalpinconcurrentlyPickettKingoftheKingdomoftheKing,theestablishmentofAlba(Alba)kingdom,KingKennethI,No.(KingKennethIMacAlpin).Sincethen,theKingdomofScotlandafterDunkeld,CanmoredynastyBarriolDynasty,Englandoccupation,BruceStuartdynasty,andruleduntil1707withtheKingdomofEnglandceasedtoexistafterthemergeroftheUnitedKingdom.2021/6/274History1

史前時代與羅馬帝國2

蘇格蘭王國2.1

建立2.2

英格蘭影響2.3

第一次獨立戰(zhàn)爭2.4

第二次獨立戰(zhàn)爭2.5

斯圖亞特王朝2.6

瑪麗一世2.7

與英格蘭王國的合并3

大英帝國時期4

二十世紀5

二十一世紀1PrehistoryandtheRomanEmpire2KingdomofScotland2.1Establish2.2EnglandInfluence2.3FirstWarofIndependence2.4secondwarofindependence2.5Stuart2.6MaryI2.7mergedwiththeKingdomofEngland3oftheBritishEmpire4ofthetwentiethcentury5twenty-firstcentury2021/6/275Cultureandcustoms蓋爾語加拿大蘇格蘭蓋爾語，也被稱作布雷頓角島蓋爾語，（當?shù)厝藢⒅喎Q為蓋爾語（Gaelic或者TheGaelic）。作為蘇格蘭蓋爾語的一種方言，加拿大蘇格蘭蓋爾語已經(jīng)在遠離大陸的新斯科舍省的布雷頓角島上存在了超越200年。除了新斯科舍，在加拿大的新不倫瑞克，愛德華王子島上也有少量社區(qū)使用。同時在安大略多倫多的蓋爾移民社區(qū)也有少量人口講這種語言。19世紀中期，加拿大蓋爾語達到巔峰。這種語言連同它的近親——愛爾蘭蓋爾語——一起成為加拿大的第三大語言，僅排在英語和法語之后。之后蘇格蘭蓋爾語迅速衰落，近年來已經(jīng)近乎絕跡。ScottishGaelic,sometimesalsoreferredtoasGaelic(Gàidhlig[?ka?lik?](listen)),isaCelticlanguagenativetoScotland.AmemberoftheGoidelicbranchoftheCelticlanguages,ScottishGaelic,likeModernIrishandManx,developedoutofMiddleIrish,andthusisultimatelydescendedfromOldIrish.2021/6/276Cultureandcustoms蘇格蘭風笛ScottishBagpipe

ThebagpipeisthenationalinstrumentofScotlandandisbestrepresentedinthemusicoftheScottishHighlands.Highlandpipersontheotherhand,appeartohavebeenmorestronglyinfluencedbytheirCelticbackgroundandoccupiedahighandhonoured

position.風笛是蘇格蘭的民族樂器，并最能代表蘇格蘭高地風俗。另一方面，風笛似乎受到凱爾特人背景的強烈影響，并有舉足輕重的地位。2021/6/277Cultureandcustoms威士忌Whiskyisinitsmostbasicsense,aspiritthatisdistilledfromgrain.Itisagedforlongperiodsoftimeinwoodenbarrels.Thisbarrel-agingsmoothestheroughpalateoftherawspiritandaddsaromatic,allofwhichsetwhiskiesapartfromwhitegrainspirits,whicharedistilledclosertoneutralityintasteandthengenerallynotagedinwood.ThebasisofScotchwhiskyistheheather-flavoredalesmadefrombarleymaltthatthePictsandtheirprehistoricancestorsbrewed.Archeologistshavefoundevidenceofsuchbrewingdatingbacktoatleast2000B.C.Thisale(whichisstillproducedtodaybyatleastoneScottishmicrobrewer)waslowinalcoholandnotverystable.

ThelocalPictsfoundthattheycouldcreateastablealcoholicbeveragebydistillingtheirheatherale.Simplestillscametobefoundinmostruralhomesteads,andhomemadewhiskybecameanintegralpartofGaelicculture.2021/6/278Cultureandcustoms威士忌從最基本的意義上說，是谷物在木桶中長時間發(fā)酵而得的精神與靈魂。這種桶，老化、平滑的原始精神粗糙了口感，并增加了芳香。蘇格蘭威士忌的基礎是從皮克特和他們的史前祖先釀造的大麥麥芽制成的石南味的啤酒?？脊艑W家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種啤酒這樣醞釀的歷史要追溯到公元前2000年左右。（這種方式沿用至今）這種酒酒精濃度低、并且不太穩(wěn)定。當?shù)氐钠た颂厝税l(fā)現(xiàn)他們可以通過發(fā)酵他們自己種植的一種谷物來創(chuàng)造一種穩(wěn)定的酒精飲料。大多數(shù)農(nóng)村宅基地的人都發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種材料，而自制的威士忌成為蓋爾文化的一個組成部分。2021/6/279NaturalconditionsandTourism Edinburgh

isthe

capitalcity

of

Scotland,locatedin

Lothian

onthesouthernshoreofthe

FirthofForth.12021/6/2710Edinburgh

2021/6/2711Edinburgh

2021/6/2712Edinburgh

2021/6/2713Edinburgh

2021/6/2714NaturalconditionsandTourism GlasgowisthelargestcityinScotland,andthethirdlargestintheUnitedKingdom.ItissituatedontheRiverClydeinthecountry'sWestCentralLowlands.InhabitantsofthecityarereferredtoasGlaswegians.22021/6/2715Glasgow2021/6/2716Glasgow2021/6/2717Glasgow2021/6/2718NaturalconditionsandTourism ScottishHighlandsTheScottishGaelicnameofA'Ghàidhealtachdliterallymeans"theplaceoftheGaels"andtraditionally.32021/6/2719ScottishHighlands2021/6/2720ScottishHighlands2021/6/2721ScottishHighlands2021/6/2722IndependenceScottishIndependenceReferendum2021/6/2723Independence

referendumInMarch21,2013,

theBritish

governmentofScotland

chiefminister

Salmondannounced,Scotlandwill

holdareferendumonindependence

inSeptember18,2014,

todecidewhetherScotland'sindependencefromBritain.2013年3月21日，英國蘇格蘭政府首席部長薩蒙德宣布，蘇格蘭將于2014年9月18日舉行獨立公投，以決定蘇格蘭是否脫離英國獨立.2021/6/2724Independence

referendumTheBBCwebsiteannouncedthefinalresultofthereferendumat06:24on19September2014,wherebythe“No”voteprevailedwith55%(2,001,926)ofthevotes.

Atthesametime,

theBritish

governmentofScotland

chiefminister

Salmondannou