初中英語(yǔ)名詞講解與練習(xí)

（二）名詞

I.名詞的種類:

專有名詞普通名詞

國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞

體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞

II.名詞的數(shù)：

1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：

名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-S或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:

規(guī)則例詞

map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,

1一般情況在詞尾加-s

day-days

以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后class-classes,box-boxes,

2

加-eswatch-waschcs,dish-dishes

leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,

變-f和-fe為v再

knife-knives,loaf-loaves,

加一es

以-f或-fewife-wives

3

結(jié)尾的詞belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,

加-sproof-proofs,roof-roofs,

gulf-gulfs

以輔音字母J川y結(jié)尾的名詞，party-parties,family-families,

4

變y為i加--esstory-stories,city-cities

以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,

5

或?qū)Ｓ忻X以y結(jié)尾的，加-sray-rays,Henry-Henrys

hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,

有生命的加-cs

以輔音字母potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes

6力口一。結(jié)尾的piano-pianos,photo-photos,

名詞無(wú)生命的加-sauto-autos,kilo-kilos,

solo-solos

以兀音字母）用一。結(jié)尾的名詞加radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,

7

-szoo-zoos

truth-truths,mouth-mouths,

8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s

month-months,path-paths,

以ce,se,ze,ge等結(jié)尾的名

9case,oranges

詞加-s

2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：

英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:

規(guī)則例詞

改變名詞中的元音字母或man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,

1

其他形式goose-geese,mouse-mice

2單豆數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,

fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,

ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,

3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式

goods,glasses,compasses,contents

一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)

4people,police,cattle,staff

數(shù)

audience,class,family,crowd,couple,

部分集體名詞既可以作單

group,committee,government,

5數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成

population,crew,team,public,enemy,

員）

party

customs（海關(guān)），forces（軍隊(duì)），times（時(shí)

代），spirits（情緒），drinks（飲料），

6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義sands（沙灘），papers（文件報(bào)紙），

manners（禮貌），looks（外表），brains（頭

腦智力），greens（青菜），ruins（廢墟）

Americans,Australians,Germans,

表

示加-S

Greeks,Swedes,Europeans

某

“單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portugaese,Chinese,Japanese

7國(guó)

以-或-結(jié)

大manwoman

尾的改為Englishmen,Frenchwomen

-men,-wcmen

將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,

數(shù)story-tellers,boyfriends

合成

8無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最

名詞grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches

后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)

將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservants

HL名詞的所有格：

名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所力格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s

構(gòu)成，二是由介詞。f加名訶構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。

L's所有格的構(gòu)成：

theboy'sfather,Jack'sbook,her

單數(shù)名詞在末尾加's

son-in-law'sphoto,

theteachers'room,thetwins'

一般在末尾加'

[nother,

復(fù)數(shù)名詞

不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后thechildren'stoys,womenfs

加'Srights,

以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加's或Dickens,novels,Charles'sjob,

者，theSmiths'house

表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末Japan'sandAmerica'sproblems,

尾均須加'sJane'sandMaryJsbikes

表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一JapanandAmerica/sproblems,Jane

詞末加'SandMary'sfather

表示"某人家”“店鋪“，所有格thedoctor's,thebarber,s,the

后名詞省略tailor's,myuncle's

2.'s所有格的用法:

1表示時(shí)間today,snewspaper,fiveweeks'holiday

theearthJsatmosphere,thetree's

2表示自然現(xiàn)象

branches

表示國(guó)家城市等地方thecountry'splan,theworld?s

3

的名詞population,China,sindustry

theship'screw,majorityysview,the

4表示工作群體

team,svictory

amile'sjourney,fivedollars*worthof

5表示度量衡及價(jià)值

apples

與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)

6thelife,stime,theplay,splot

系的名詞

abird,seyeview,astone'sthrow,at

7某些固定詞組

one'swit'send（不知所措）

3.of所有格的用法：

用于無(wú)生命的東西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook

用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí):theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents

用于名詞化的詞：thestruggleoftheoppressed

注：不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)

國(guó)籍總稱（謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)

中國(guó)人theChinese,aChinese,twoChinese瑞士人theSwiss,

aSwiss,twoSwiss

澳大利亞人theAustralians,anAustralian,twoAustralians俄國(guó)人

theRussians,aRussian,twoRussians

意大利人theItalians,anItalian,twoItalians希臘人

theGreek,aGreek,twoGreeks

法國(guó)人theFrench,aFrenchman,twoFrenchmen日本人theJapanese,

aJapanese,twoJapanese

美國(guó)人theAmericans,anAmerican,twoAmericans印度人theIndians,

anIndian,twoIndians

加拿大人theCanadians,aCanadian,twoCanadians德國(guó)人theGermans,

aGerman,twoGermans

英國(guó)人theEnglish,anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedish,

aSwede,twoSwedes

4.特殊的復(fù)數(shù)形式:

1）集體名詞：集體名詞不能運(yùn)用具體的數(shù)字修飾，下面的集體名詞，不能用a,one,two等修

飾，只能在其前加the表示“全體...

thepolice警察（指全體警察）theEnglish英國(guó)人（指全體英國(guó)人）

theFrench法國(guó)人（指全體法國(guó)人）

2）復(fù)合名詞

awomanteacher—womenteachers女教師anEnglishman—Englishmen英國(guó)男子

agrown-up—grown-ups成人

abrother-in-1aw—brothers-in-law內(nèi)兄、內(nèi)弟、小雙、大伯

5.不可數(shù)名詞

專有名詞：NBA全美籃球協(xié)會(huì)MichaelJackson邁克杰克遜theWestLake西湖

gcilheredC.

isD.was

12.TheBrownshavespentalarge__ofmoneyontheirnewcar.

A.dealB.

amountC.

numberD.size

13.___workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeopleJslivingstandard.

A.ManyB.Agreat

manyC.Agreat;dealofD.Anumberof

14.MrLishook____warmlywithafriend.

A.handB.a

handC.

handsD.thehands

15.Two____,please.A.coffeeB.

coffeesC.cupofcoffeeD.cups

coffee

16.1can'tpayas____asheaskedfor.

A.highpriceaB.high

priceC.ahigh

priceD.highaprice

17.—knowledgeofspacedevelopsrapidly.A.Man'sB.

Men'sC.Mens'D.PersonJs

18.Istayedat____.A.XiaoWang'sB.Wang's

homeC.theWangsD.homeofWang

19.SisterCarrieworksina____factory.A.

shoesB.shosesC.shoeD.shoe's

20.HaveJyoueverread____?

A.todaynewspaperB.newspaper

todayC.newspaperoftodayD.today"snewspaper

21.Two____walkdidn!tmademetired.A.hourB.

hoursC.hour,sD.hours'

22.Themotheroverthereis____mother.

A.Juliaandh4aryB.Juliaand

Mary*sC.Julia,sandMary'sD.Julia'sandMary

23.LiMing'shandwritingisbetterthan____intheclass.

A.anyoneysB.anyone

elseC.anyoneJselse'sD.anyone

else*s

24.Thechildrenareplaying___onthe____.

A.sand,sandB.sands,

sandsC.sand,

sandsD.sands,sand

25.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____.A.

setB.oneC.copyD.pair

26.Tornusual1ytakesa____inbusonrainydays.A.

walkB.rideC.tripD.travel

27.WehavenoabouLwhereshehasgone.

A.informationB.

newsC.

messageD.flash

28.Foodandaredailynecessities（需要）forthepeople.

A.clothB.

clotheC.

clothesD.clothing

29.My.ofhearingisnotsogoodasitusedtobe.A.

strengthB.senseC.powerD.skill

30.Thecausedbycarelessnessyesterday.Manyworkerswerekilled.

A.incident,was

happenedB.

matter,happened

C.event,wastaken

placeD.

accident,tookplace

31.Theroomwassoquietthatshecouldhearthe____ofherheart.

A.beatingB.

waysC.

knockingD.striking

32.hasbeentoldnottothrowwastethingsanywhere.

A.ThepublicB.

PeopleC.

WomenD.Man

33.Hewasaninthegovernment.

A.office,officialB.official,

officeC.officer,officeD.official,

officer

34.Thereareseveralinthisnovelwhoaredifferentin

A.character,characterB.characters,charactersC.

character,charactersD.characters,character

35.Wevisitedhimwhenhewasinhospital.

A.everyotherdaysB.eashother

dayC.everyotherdayD.everytwoday

36.Myfriendwillreturnin.

A.onedayortwoB.adayor

twoC.onedayortwoD.aortwodays

37.isalwaysdifficultforme.A.TranslationB.TranslateC.

ThetranslationD.Atranslation

38.ofthisnovelisexcellent,quitetomysurprise.

A.TranslationB.

TranslateC.The

translationD.Atranslation

39.Thepolice____1ookingintothematternow.A.beB.

isC.areD.aregoingto

40.TheChineseare___braveandhardworkingpeople.A.theB.

aC./D.one

41.Nonews____goodnews.A.

isB.areC.

haveD.has

42.Mathsstill__verydifficultforme,thoughIhavedonemybest.A.

looksB.seemsC.isD.are

43.Where____mytrousers?”theboyasked.A.

isB.wasC.wereD.are

44.Howhappytheyare!Obviously,theyare_.

A.innicespiritsB.innice

spiritC.inhighspiritsD.in

highspirit

45.Isawmany____seatedinthecornerreadingsomething.

A.JapaneseB.

JapanesesC.of

JapaneseD.ofJapaneses

46.Fatherwenttohisdoctorforabouthishearttrouble.

A.anadviceB.

adviceC.

advicesD.theadvices

47.Weare____andtheyare

A.Englishmen,GermansB.Englishmen,GermanC.Englishmans,

GermansD.Englishmen,Germen

48.__aremade?of___.

A.Aglass,aglassB.Glasses,

glassC.Theglass,theglassD.Glasses,glasses

49.r11havetobuy___trousers.A.

aB.twoC.apairofD.acoupleof

50.Therearetwo____inourclass.A.

LiuB.LiusC.

Liu'sD.Lius'

51.___isneededincoldcountries.

A.AlotofclothesB.Much

clothingC.ManyaclothD.Lotsof

clothes

52.Theyare___?A.mathematics

studentB.mathematicstudents

C.studentsinmathematicsD.mathematicsstudents

53.Thelaboratoryassistantrecordedthereactions（反應(yīng)）.

A.mouses'B.

miceC.

mices,D.mice's

54.Thisletterwassentby.

A.myfatherfriendB.myfatherfriendC.arriendof

myfather,sD.afriendofmyfather

55.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad.

A.alittlewhitehairB.somewhitehairC.afewwhite

hairD.afewwhitehairs

56.1havemade____withBilly.A.

friendsB.friendC.a

friendD.thefriend

57.ThepopulationofBeijingisthanthatcfXi'an.A.moreB.

largerC.fewerD.small

58.Therearethirty-twoinourschool.

A.womanteacherB.womenteacherC.

womenteachersD.womanteachers

59.Hehadtriedeverythingbutitmadelittle.A.useB.goodC.

differenceD.result

60.Youmustgettherewithinhalfanhour.Thereshouldbenoinsending

thebloodtothedyingman.

A.waitB.

delayC.

timeD.hurry

61.Enoughofit!Nobodyherethinkswhatyouaresayingshouldmakeany__.

A.excuseB.

senseC.

useD.value

62.-Howdareyouplayonsuchthinice?-Playingoniceis

notmy______ofsparetime.

A.ideaB.

thoughtC.

mindD.intention

63.HelensaidshewouldliketogotoAtlantabyair,butIwonderifshehasenough

moneytopayforthe.

A.travelB.

tourismC.

journeyD.course

64.OnesplendidmountainfollowedanotherduringourjourneyfromMieheel

moretoRurunz.

A.viewB.

glanceC.

screenD.scene

65.Thenewlawwillcomeintoonthedayitispassed.（1999上海）

A.effectB.

useC.

serviceD.existence

66.Whenyouplay,football,whatdoyouplay?A.situationB.

placeC.partD.position

67.It'simportantforustoemployawordoraphraseaccordingtothsin

languagesludies.

A.situationB.

expressionC.conditionD.

translation

68.Iwrotehimalettertoshowmyofhisthoughtfulness.

A.achievementB.agreementC.

viewD.appreciation

名詞答案：

1?5BBDDD6?10BBCAA11?15ABCCB16?20DAACD21?25DBDCD26?30BADBD

31-35AABDC36?40BACCB41~45ABDCA46?50BABCB51~55BDDCD56?60ABCCB

61~65BACAA66?70DAD

（三）冠詞

冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,an）,定冠詞（the）,和零冠詞。

I.不定冠詞的用法：

1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.

2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.

3表示“每一"相當(dāng)于every,oneWcstudyeighthoursaday.

4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.

用丁人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名AMi.Smiillucunetovisilyouwhenyuuwereout

5

人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.

Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,have

6用于固定詞組中

awalk,manyatime

用于quite,rather,many,half,

7Thisroomisratherabigone.

what,such之后

8用于so（as,too,how）+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.

II.定冠詞的用法:

1表示某一類人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.

2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean

3表小說(shuō)話雙方都「解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?

4用于樂(lè)器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar

5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded

6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”theGreens,theWangs

7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.

用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyof

8

詞前China,theFrench

9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.

10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990's

11用于表示單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.

用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的

12Hepattedmeontheshoulder.

詞組前

III.零冠詞的用法:

專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名

1BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air

詞前

名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurse

2

every等限制isthis?

3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring

4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmaclePresidentofAmerica.

5學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類，棋類名詞前Ho1ikosplayingfootbal1/chess.

6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland

7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)liubbdiidandwife,kfiifeandfoik,Jayciudnight

8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.

練習(xí)題

填空

Thereispictureofelephantonwell.

2.Thisisusefulbook.I'vereaditforhocr.

3.elephantismuchheavierthanhorse.

4.doctortoldhimtotakemedicinethreetimesday.

5.Let'sgooutforwalk.

6.It*stoohot.Open_______door,please.

7.Thereiswomanoverthere.womanisMeimei'smother.

8.sunrisesineast.

9.ChangjiangRiverislongestriverinChina.

10.Areyougoingtodoitsecondtime?

11.WashingtoniscapitalofUSA.

12.TurnersarelivingattheendofTurnerStreet.

13.Hejoinedthearmyinspringof1995.

14.oldmanisteacher.Helikesplayingbasketballaftersupper.

15.AfterIhadquickbreakfast,Ihurriedtoschool.

16.Aresheepkeptbyfarmersforproducingwoolandmeat?

17.TheywenttoPeople'sPark,butwebothwenttoPeople*sCinemayesterday.

18.IoftenwatchTVinevening.

19.dayofDecember20.1999isMonday.

20.TomorrowisChristmasDayandmvfatherandIwenttochooseChristmastreetoday.

先擇填空

1.—DoesJ