大學(xué)思辨英語教程-精讀3課件Unit-3

Unit3

Communication

andSocialization

TextA

TheSoundsofSilence

EdwardT.Hall&MildredR.HallLearning

ObjectivesReadingSkills

CriticalThinkingCommunicativeCommunicativeCompetenceInterculturalCompetenceIdentifythestructureofthetextIdentifytopicsentencesUsecontexttounderstandanewwordLearning

ObjectivesDevelopacoherentandcohesiveoral/writtendiscourseUsetopicsentences,supportingdetailsandconcludingsentencesinyourpresentation/essayBeawareofdifferentstylesincommunicationCommunicativeCompetenceReadingSkillsCriticalThinkingLearning

ObjectivesMakeinferencesandinterpretationsbasedonobservationandfactsUnderstandtheeffectsofnon-socializationEvaluatethestrengthsandweaknessesofpersonalexperienceasevidenceinargumentationIdentifysimilaritiesanddifferencesinnon-verbalcommunicationacrossculturesInterpretcommunicationbehaviordifferencesfromaculturalperspectiveAnalyzetheeffectsofnon-socializationfromaculturalperspectiveInterculturalCompetenceLeadinWewerebornintoandgrewupinspecificculturesthataredifferentfromothers.Therefore,it’simportanttolearnaboutthediversityofculturesacrosstheworldtoeffectivelycommunicatewithpeoplesfromothercountries.Onesubfieldofcultureandcommunicationstudiesisnon-verbalcommunicationacrossdifferentcultures.LeadinTextAoffersanenlighteninganalysisofnon-verbalcommunicationacrossdifferentcultures.Theauthors,EdwardT.HallandMildredR.Hall,showusthatculturalbarrierscouldbeovercomebyincreasingourawarenessofculturaldifferencesandbylearningaboutthedifferentwaysinwhichwebehaveindifferentsocieties.Whilecultureislearnedthroughpracticeandsocialization,TextBprovidesacounterexampletodemonstratetheresultofnon-socialization.Asyoureadthetext,youcanconsidertheimportanceofsocializationforyoutosurviveanddevelopyourpotentialinaparticularsociety.BackgroundKnowledge1.AbouttheauthorEdwardT.Hall(1914-2009)wasanAmericananthropologistandcross-culturalresearcher.HeisrememberedfordevelopingtheconceptofProxemics,adescriptionofhowpeoplebehaveandreactindifferenttypesofculturallydefinedpersonalspace.EdwardT.Hall’sresearchinterestsincludeanthropologyandcross-culturalstudies,especiallyproxemics,whichisaconceptandtermcreatedbyhim.BackgroundKnowledge

MainPublicationsofEdwardT.HallTheSilentLanguage(1959)TheHiddenDimension(1966)BeyondCulture(1976)TheDanceofLife:TheOtherDimensionofTime(1983)AnAnthropologyofEverydayLife(1992,memoir)WestoftheThirties:DiscoveriesAmongtheNavajoandHopi(1994)BackgroundKnowledge2.BodyLanguageBodylanguageisapartofnonverballanguage.Wefrequentlycommunicatebothbodilyandverballyandanestimated70%ofwhatwecommunicatemaybenonverbal.Itincludesthingslikeposture,gestures,facialexpressions,andevensmallthingsthatarebarelyperceptiblelikeabriefshrugoftheshoulderornodofthehead.Posture:Inhumans,posturecanprovideasignificantamountofimportantinformationonnonverbalcommunicationandemotionalcues.Psychologicalstudieshaveshowntheeffectsofbodypostureonemotions.Currently,manystudieshaveshownthatcertainpatternsofbodymovementsareindicativeofspecificemotions.BackgroundKnowledgeResearchersstudiedsignlanguageandfoundthatevennon-signlanguageuserscandetermineemotionsfromonlyhandmovements.Gesture:Gestureisaformofnon-verbalcommunicationornon-vocalcommunicationinwhichvisiblebodilyactionscommunicateparticularmessages,eitherinplaceof,orinconjunctionwith,speech.Gesturesincludemovementofthehands,face,orotherpartsofthebody.Gesturesallowindividualstocommunicateavarietyoffeelingsandthoughts,fromcontemptandhostilitytoapprovalandaffection,oftentogetherwithbodylanguageinadditiontowordswhentheyspeak.BackgroundKnowledgeFacialexpression:Afacialexpressionisoneormoremotionsorpositionsofthemusclesbeneaththeskinoftheface.Facialexpressionsareaformofnonverbalcommunication.Theyareaprimarymeansofconveyingsocialinformationbetweenhumans.Theeyesareoftenviewedasimportantfeaturesoffacialexpressions.Aspectssuchasblinkingratecanbeusedtoindicatewhetherornotapersonisnervousorwhetherornotheorsheislying.Also,eyecontactisconsideredanimportantaspectofinterpersonalcommunication.Eyecontact:Eyecontactoccurswhentwopeoplelookateachother’seyesatthesametime.Inhumanbeings,eyecontactisaformofnonverbalcommunicationandisthoughttohaveaBackgroundKnowledgelargeinfluenceonsocialbehavior.Coinedintheearlytomid-1960s,thetermcamefromtheWesttooftendefinetheactasameaningfulandimportantsignofconfidence,respect,andsocialcommunication.Thecustomsandsignificanceofeyecontactvarybetweensocieties,withreligiousandsocialdifferencesoftenalteringitsmeaninggreatly.Spatialbubble:Itreferstopersonalboundaries.Theyareguidelines,rulesorlimitsthatapersoncreatestoidentifyforthemselveswhatarereasonable,safeandpermissiblewaysforotherpeopletobehavetowardshimorherandhowtheywillrespondwhensomeonestepspastthoselimits.BackgroundKnowledgeAccordingtosomeinthecounselingprofession,personalboundarieshelptodefineanindividualbyoutlininglikesanddislikes,andsettingthedistancesoneallowsotherstoapproach.BackgroundKnowledge3.PaulEkmanPaulEkman(bornFebruary15,1934)isanAmericanpsychologistwhoisapioneerinthestudyofemotionsandtheirrelationtofacialexpressions.Hehascreatedan“atlasofemotions”withmorethantenthousandfacialexpressions,andhasgainedareputationas“thebesthumanliedetectorintheworld”.Itisrelatedtomicro-expression—abrief,involuntaryfacialexpressionshownonthefaceofhumansaccordingtoemotionsexperienced.Theyusuallyoccurinhigh-stakessituations,wherepeoplehavesomethingtoloseorgain.BackgroundKnowledgeMicro-expressionsoccurwhenapersonisconsciouslytryingtoconcealallsignsofhowtheyarefeeling,orwhenapersondoesnotconsciouslyknowhowtheyarefeeling.Micro-expressionscannotbecontrolledastheyhappeninafractionofasecond,butit’spossibletocapturesomeone’sexpressionswithahighspeedcameraandreplaythematmuchslowerspeeds.SomeofEkman’simportantworksincludeTellingLies:

CluestoDeceitintheMarketplace,Politics,andMarriage(W.W.Norton&Company,1985)andEmotionsRevealed:RecognizingFacesandFeelingstoImproveCommunicationandEmotionalLife(TimesBooks,2003).continued

TextStructureTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartSectionPara(s).MainideaIIntroduction1-5ExamplestoshowthepowerOfnon-verbalcommunicationIITalkandlisten6-8Eyecontact9-15Personalbubbles16-21Datingandcourtship22-24Everyonehasaninvisiblebubbleofspacethatcontractsandexpandsdependingonseveralfactors.Eyecontactincommunicationisbothsubtleandcomplex.

Talkingandlisteningareintertwinedandtherearehiddenrulesgoverningthem.Howapersonhandlesspaceindatingothersisanobviousandsensitiveindicatorofhowheorshefeelsabouttheotherperson.

continuedTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartSectionPara(s).MainideaIIIThepick-upofnon-verbalcommunication25IVThesignificanceandfunctionsofnon-verbalcommunication26Yournon-verbalcommunicationbehaviorispartofyourculturalidentity.Non-verbalcommunication/bodylanguageisleanedfromobservingandimitatingpeoplearounduswhenwegrowup.

1.Theauthorsusefourexamplestodemonstratethesubtlepowerofnon-verbalcommunication(acrosscultures).Canyousummarizethefourcasesintheintroductionpartinyourownwords?(Para.1-Para.4)ThecaseofBob:Bodylanguagecansendsignalsoflikingordislikingthrough“nods”and“scowls”.ThecaseofHenry:Punctualityisanimportantissueinnone-verbalcommunication.(HenrywaslateforhalfanhourtomeetArthur)PartIComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisThecaseofGeorge:Physicalproximityandlingeringeyecontactindicateinterestbetweenthetwocommunicators(George’sinterestinCharley’swife).ThecaseofJoséYbarraandSirEdmundJones:ThedifferencebetweenLatinandEnglishculturesintermsofpersonalbubbles.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

1.savor(Para.1,line3)verb[transitive]BritishEnglishsavour1)tofullyenjoythetasteorsmellofsomething品嘗e.g.Shesippedherwine,savoringeverydrop.2)tofullyenjoyatimeorexperience欣賞，品味

e.g.Shesavoredherfewhoursoffreedom.

e.g.Hehesitated,savoringthemoment.PartIWordStudyPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

2.pullin(Para.1,line4)1)torestrain,limit,orkeepsomeoneoroneselfinchecke.g.

Itriedtopullmyselfinabit,butIlostcontrolandstartedyelling.2)ifadriverpullsin,theymovetothesideoftheroadandstop（把車）停下

e.g.

Shepulledintolettheambulancepass.3)ifatrainpullsin,itarrivesatastation進(jìn)站

Antonym:

pullout4)toattractbusiness,money,peopleetc.吸引

e.g.apublicitystunttopullinthecrowdPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

3.retain

(Para.2,line2)verb

[transitive]formal

1)tokeepsomethingorcontinuetohavesomething保留

e.g.Youhavetherighttoretainpossessionofthegoods.2)torememberinformation記住

e.g.Ifinditverydifficulttoretainfacts.3)ifyouretainalawyerorotherspecialist,youpaythemtoworkforyounowandinthefuture付定金聘請(qǐng)

e.g.Hehasretainedalawyertochallengethecourt’sdecision.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

4.cordial

(Para.4,line2)adjective

friendlybutquitepoliteandformal熱誠的，友好的e.g.

Thetalkswereconductedinacordialatmosphere.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis5.fallthrough

(Para.4,line4)ifanagreement,plan,saleetc.fallsthrough,itisnotcompletedsuccessfully失敗，化為泡影e.g.Thestudioplannedtomakeamovieofthebookbutthedealfellthrough.

6.besubjectto(Para.5,line12)1)ifsomeoneorsomethingissubjecttosomething,especiallysomethingbad,itispossibleorlikelythattheywillbeaffectedbyit易受……影響的

e.g.

Allflightsaresubjecttodelay.

e.g.

Pricesaresubjecttochange.2)ifsomethingissubjecttosomethingsuchasapproval,itdependsonthatthinghappeningbeforeitcanhappen有待于……的；依賴于……的

e.g.

ThefundingissubjecttoapprovalbytheBoardofEducation.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

1.Nonverbalcommunicationsystemsaremuchlesssubjecttotheconsciousdeceptionthatoftenoccursinverbalsystems.(Para.5)PartISentenceAnalysisParaphrasethesentenceNonverbalcommunicationsystemsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheintentionaldeceptionthatoftenhappensinverbalsystems.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisWhatisthetypicalnon-verballisteningbehaviorinwhitemiddle-classAmericanculture?(Para.6-Para.7)Forindicationoflistening,theylookatthespeaker’sfaceoreyes,noddinghead,andgiveavigorousnod,smiling,whenagreewithwhat’ssaid.Ifhavingreservationaboutwhat’ssaid,theyusuallyraiseaneyebroworpulldownthecornersofthemouth.Toshowtheirintentiontoterminatetheconversation,theymayshiftbodyposition,stretchlegs,bobfoot,ordivertgazefromthespeaker.PartIIComprehensionCheckPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.Whyhavehumansdevelopedallthesedifferentwaysofcommunicatingmessageswithoutwords?(Para.21)Peopledon’tliketospelloutcertainkindsofmessages.Weprefertofindotherwaysofshowingourfeelings,esp.inrelationshipsassensitiveascourtship.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.HowdoesawomanuseherbodylanguagetocommunicateinterestinamaninAmericanculture?(Para.23)Shemaysmile,glanceshylyattheman,givehimarealcome-onlookandmoveinveryclose,touchhisarmandaskforalight,brushhimlightly,touchthebackofherhair,thrustherbreastsforward,tiltherhipsasshestands,evenexposeonethighorputahandonherthighandstrokeit.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartIIWordStudy1.tunein

(Para.6,line3)1)towatchorlistentoabroadcastonradioortelevision收看，收聽e.g.

Morethan150millionAmericanstunedintowatchthefinalepisode.2)(also

betunedin)torealizeorunderstandwhatishappeningorwhatotherpeoplearethinking了解，熟悉e.g.

Thecompanyaimstobemoretunedintocustomerneeds.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.breach(Para.6,line4)

noun

1)[countable,uncountable]anactionthatbreaksalaw,rule,oragreement違反（法律、規(guī)定、協(xié)議等）e.g.

Theysuedthecompanyforbreachofcontract.e.g.

Hewasclearlyinbreachofthelaw.2)[countable]aseriousdisagreementbetweenpeople,groups,orcountries破裂，裂痕e.g.

BritaindidnotwanttoriskabreachwiththeUSoversanctions.e.g.

Shewantedtohelphealthebreachbetweenthem.Collocation:stepintothebreach代理，臨時(shí)頂替PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.bob(Para.7,line7)verb(bobbed,bobbing)1)[intransitive]tomoveupanddownwhenfloatingonthesurfaceofwater（在水面上）上下快速移動(dòng)e.g.

Theboatbobbedgentlyupanddownonthewater.2)[intransitivealways+adverb/preposition]tomovequicklyinaparticulardirection沿某個(gè)方向移動(dòng)e.g.Mrs.Fosterbobbedabout,gatheringupherthings.Collocation:

bobyourhead點(diǎn)頭（表示贊同、問候或者贊同）PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis4.fidget(Para.7,line8)verb[intransitive]tokeepmovingyourhandsorfeet,especiallybecauseyouareboredornervous坐立不安，手足無措e.g.

Thekidshadstartedtofidget.e.g.

Stopfidgetingwithyourpens!PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis5.imminent(Para.7,line10)adjective

aneventthatisimminent,especiallyanunpleasantone,willhappenverysoon即將發(fā)生的，逼近的e.g.

imminentdanger/threat/death/disasteretce.g.

Hewasinimminentdangerofdying.Derivation:imminence

noun[uncountable]

e.g.

theimminenceoftheGeneralElectionPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis6.intricate(Para.8,line1)adjective

containingmanysmallpartsordetailsthatallworkorfittogether錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的

e.g.

intricatepatternsDerivation:intricately

adjPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis7.intertwine(Para.8,line1)verb[intransitive,transitive]1)iftwosituations,ideasetcareintertwined,theyarecloselyrelatedtoeachother緊密相連e.g.

Theproblemsofcrimeandunemploymentarecloselyintertwined.2)iftwothingsintertwine,oriftheyareintertwined,theyaretwistedtogether纏繞在一起e.g.

anecklaceofrubiesintertwinedwithpearlsPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis8.mores(Para.9,line9)noun[plural]formalthecustoms,socialbehavior,andmoralvaluesofaparticulargroup習(xí)俗，慣例e.g.

contemporarysocialandsexualmoresPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis9.dilate(Para.11,line4)verb[intransitive,transitive]ifahollowpartofyourbodydilatesorifsomethingdilatesit,itbecomeswider擴(kuò)張，張大e.g.

dilatedpupilsAntonym:contractDerivation:dilation

noun

[uncountable]Collocation:dilateon/uponsomething:tospeakorwritealotaboutsomething詳述，鋪敘e.g.

Hedilatedupontheirheroism.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis10.retouch(Para.11,line8)verb[transitive]toimproveapictureorphotographbypaintingovermarksormakingothersmallchanges修描，潤色e.g.

postcardsthathavebeenretouchedtocoverthegreyskiesPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis11.stealalook/glance(Para.14,line2)tolookatsomeoneorsomethingquicklyandsecretly快速偷看12.last/finalresort(Para.17,line7)whatyouwilldoifeverythingelsefails最后一招e.g.

Drugtreatmentshouldonlybeusedasalastresort.e.g.

aweaponoflastresorte.g.Economicsanctionswillbeusedonlyinthelastresort.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis13.volatile(Para.19,line8)adjective

1)someonewhoisvolatilecansuddenlybecomeangryorviolent喜怒無常的2)avolatilesituationislikelytochangesuddenlyandwithoutwarning不穩(wěn)定的e.g.

thehighlyvolatilestockandbondmarkets3)technicalavolatileliquidorsubstancechangeseasilyintoagas

揮發(fā)性的Antonym:

stablePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis15.croon(Para.20,line3)verb[intransitive,transitive]tosingorspeakinasoftgentlevoice,especiallyaboutlove低聲歌唱；低吟e.g.Sinatracroonedmellowtunes.14.demonstrative(Para.19,line8)adjective

willingtoshowthatyoucareaboutsomeone公開表露感情的e.g.

Mymotherwasn’tdemonstrative;sheneverhuggedme.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis16.construe(Para.22,line5)verb[transitive]tounderstandaremarkoractioninaparticularway理解e.g.

commentsthatcouldbeconstruedassexiste.g.

Thetermcanbeconstruedintwodifferentways.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis17.moveinon(Para.22,line6)1)tostartbeinginvolvedinandcontrollingasituationthatsomeoneelsecontrolledpreviously插手，干預(yù)e.g.

Investorsmovedinonagroupofcarenthusiastsandtookoverthemarket.2)togotowardsaplaceorgroupofpeople,inordertoattackthemortakecontrolofthem靠近e.g.

Policemovedinonthedemonstratorsinthesquare.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis18.bruisesomebody’spride/ego(Para.22,line7)toaffectsomeonebadlyandmakethemfeellessconfident打擊自信心e.g.

Theincidenthadbruisedhispride.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis19.gambit(Para.23,line2)somethingthatyoudoorsaywhichisintendedtogiveyouanadvantageinanargument策略；精心策劃的招數(shù)e.g.

acleverdebatinggambite.g.

Thesequestionsareoftenanopeninggambit(=thethingyousayfirst)foranegotiation.20.preen(Para.23,line7)verb[intransitive,transitive]1)tospendtimemakingyourselflooktidierandmoreattractive精心打扮e.g.

agirlpreeningherselfinthemirror2)tolookproudandfeelpleasedbecauseofsomethingyouhavedone感到驕傲e.g.

Heenjoyedtheapplause,preeninghimselflikeapopstar.3)ifabirdpreensorpreensitself,itcleansitselfandmakesitsfeatherssmoothusingitsbeak鳥用喙整理羽毛PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis21.catchtheeyeofsomebody(Para.24,line3)verb[intransitive,transitive]1)toattractsomeone’sattentionandmakethemlookatsomething吸引，使注意到e.g.

Outonthefreeway,abillboardcaughthiseye.2)tolookatsomeoneatthesamemomentthattheyarelookingatyou與某人對(duì)視e.g.

Everytimeshecaughthiseye,shewouldglanceawayembarrassed.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis1.MostAmericanslookawayfromsomeonewhoisusinghiseyesinanunfamiliarwaybecauseitmakesthemself-conscious.(Para.9)PartIISentenceAnalysisMostAmericansfeelnervouswhenmeetingwithsomeonewhoisusinghiseyesinanunfamiliarway,andtheyusuallyavoideyecontactwithhim/her.ParaphrasethesentencePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.It’spermissibletolookatpeopleifthey’rebeyondrecognitiondistance,butonceinsidethissacredzone,youcanonlystealaglanceatstrangers.(Para.14)It’snotimpolitetolookatpeoplewhentheyareoutofrecognitiondistance,butonceyouenterthepersonalspaceofrecognitiondistance,youcanonlyhaveaquickglanceatthemandthenlookaway.ParaphrasethesentencePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.Whenhecatchestheeyeofthewoman,hemayholdherglancealittlelongerthannormal.(Para.24)當(dāng)他與這個(gè)女人對(duì)視，他可能會(huì)比通常情況下注視得更久。TranslatethesentencePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisHowdopeoplelearnbodylanguageintheirculture?(Para.8)Peoplelearnbodylanguageintheircultureinthesamewayoflearningthespokenlanguage–byobservingandimitatingaroundthemasthey’regrowingup.PartIIIComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisTomembersofyourowngroup,non-verbalcommunicationscanshowyourpersonality,yourattitudes,yourstateofmind,etc.Yournon-verbalcommunicationbehaviorispartofyourculturalidentity.Ifeveryonerealizesthepowerofnon-verbalcommunications,thesociety’sdiversitycanbeasourceofstrengthratherthanasourceofdivision.Whatisthesignificanceandfunctionofnon-verbalcommunications?PartIVComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandExploration1.Thefollowingaresomedefinitionsofculture.Discussthemingroupsandgiveyourowndefinitionofculture.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(1)Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks.Thisdefinitionistoogeneralandabstract.(2)Cultureisthatwhichbindsmentogether.Thisdefinitionisequallyabstractandalsosexist.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(3)By“culture,”anthropologymeansthetotallifewayofapeople,thesociallegacytheindividualacquiresfromhisgroup.Orculturecanberegardedasthatpartoftheenvironmentthatisthecreationofman.Thisdefinitionismorespecificbutnotveryclear,forexample,thematerialculture(architecture)isnotincluded.(4)Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.Thisoneismorelogicalandcomplete(includingspiritualcomponentsuchasvalues,systemcomponentsuchascustoms,andmaterialcomponentsuchasartifact,aswellasthenatureoflearningandpassingdown).TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(5)Wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.Thisdefinitionismorecompletebutabitredundant(toomanydetails).GeneralizationSituationinChinesecultureFrenchandItalianmenlookatwomenopenlyanddirectly—theireyes,hair,nose,lips,breasts,hips,legs,thighs,knees,ankles,feet,clothes,hairdo,eventheirwalk.2.Basedontheobservationsofthenon-verbalcommunicationofmostlyWesterners,theauthorsdrawupalistofgeneralizationsconcerningvariousWesternculturalgroupsintermsoftalkingandlistening,eyecontact,space,anddating/courtship.IdentifythegeneralizationsanddiscusstowhatextenttheyalsoapplytoChineseculture.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructureOpenfordiscussion.Nodefiniteanswers.GeneralizationSituationinChinesecultureAmericansshowtheirinterestinthespeaker(andhis/hertopic)bysmiling,lookingathiseyes,andnodding.PeopleofnorthernEuropeanheritage—English,Scandinavian,Swiss,andGerman—tendtoavoidbodycontactincommunication.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructureOpenfordiscussion.Nodefiniteanswers.Openfordiscussion.Nodefiniteanswers.continuedGeneralizationSituationinChinesecultureInwhitemiddle-classAmericanculture,it’spermissibletolookatpeopleifthey’rebeyondrecognitiondistance,butonceinsidethissacredzone,youcanonlystealatstrangers.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructureOpenfordiscussion.Nodefiniteanswers.continued3.Theauthorsmentionthatdifferencesinnon-verbalcommunicationbehaviorexistnotonlybetweendifferentnationalcultures,butalsoamongdifferentgenders,classes,regionsandethnicgroups.Insmallgroups,discussthedifferencesinnonverbalcommunicationbehaviorintheabovementionedsub-groupsinChina.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructureThedifferencesincommunicationstylebetweenpeopleofdifferentclasses,genders,ethnicgroups,andregionscanbediscussedinthefollowingissues:TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructureHighcontextualorlow-contextual(indirectordirectinexpressingideasorfeelings)Formalorinformal(dependsonclassesandfamiliarity)Personalbubbles(smallorbig)Senseoftime(punctuality,attitudetopast/history,presentandfuture)Dominantorpassive(1)AslongasI________myfeelingandmypassionforNature,Icanpartlysoftenorsubduemyotherpassionsandresistorendurethoseofothers.A.lose B.get C.ruinD.harm E.retain F.keepLanguageEnhancementWordsandphrasesSentencesanddiscourseLanguageEnhancementI.Wordsandphrases1.Selectthetwobestanswerchoicesthat,whenusedtocompletethesentence,fitthemeaningofthesentenceasawholeandproducecompletedsentencesthatarealikeinmeaning.EF(2)Thebestthingtodois________itinthefaceandmoveon.Wehavetofaceourfearsan