管理信息系統(tǒng)（第11版）課件：IT Infrastructure Hardware and Software

ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareSTUDENTLEARNINGOBJECTIVESEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareWhatarethecomponentsofITinfrastructure?Whatarethemajorcomputerhardware,datastorage,input,andoutputtechnologiesusedinbusinessandmajorhardwaretrends?Whatarethemajortypesofcomputersoftwareusedinbusinessandmajorsoftwaretrends?Whataretheprincipalissuesinmanaginghardwareandsoftwaretechnology?LearningTracksHowComputerHardwareandSoftwareWorkServiceLevelAgreementsCloudComputingTheOpenSourceSoftwareInitiativeTheEvolutionofITInfrastructureTechnologyDriversofITInfrastructureVideoCasesCase1:ESPN.com:GettingtoeXtremeScaleOntheWebCase2:S:SFAontheiPhoneandiPodTouchCase3:Hudson’sBayCompanyandIBM:VirtualBladePlatformInstructionalVideo1:GoogleandIBMProduceCloudComputingInstructionalVideo2:IBMBlueCloudIsReady-to-UseComputingEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareVIDEOCASESANDLEARNINGTRACKSTheArmyRecastsItsITInfrastructureProblem:Multiplecostlydatacenters,networks,andsoftwaresystems;directivetoslashITbudgetby30percentSolutions:Auditexistingsystems,hardware,andapplications.DeterminewhichsystemsshouldbelocallyhostedandwhichhostedbyDefenseInformationSystemsagency.ApplynewtechnologiesforArmyITinfrastructuretoreducecosts.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareInconsolidationofsystemsVirtualizationtoenablemultipleapplicationstorunonthesameserver,sofewerserversneededoverallEnhancemobiledevicesystemswithappropriatesecurityforofficerstouseinthefieldShowshownewITcapabilitiescanhelpconsolidatesystems,dramaticallylowercosts,aswellasimprovecommunicationsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareTheArmyRecastsItsITInfrastructureEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareTheArmyRecastsItsITInfrastructureITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareITinfrastructure:providesplatformforsupportingallinformationsystemsinthebusinessComputerhardwareComputersoftwareDatamanagementtechnologyOrganizes,manages,andprocessesbusinessdataconcernedwithinventory,customers,andvendorsDatacentersNetworkingandtelecommunicationstechnologyTechnologyservicesForexample:consultantsforsystemsintegrationwithlegacysystemsInfrastructureComponentsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareITInfrastructureComponentsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareFigure5-1Afirm’sITinfrastructureiscomposedofhardware,software,datamanagementtechnology,networkingtechnology,andtechnologyservices.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareComputerscomeindifferentsizeswithvaryingcapabilitiesforprocessinginformationPersonalcomputersMobiledevicesWorkstationsMorepowerfulmathematicalandgraphics-processingcapabilitiesthanaPCTypesofComputersITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareServers:Supportcomputernetwork,sharingfilesandresources.Providehardwareplatformfore-commerce.Mainframes:Large-capacity,high-performancecomputerthatcanprocesslargeamountsofdataveryrapidlyForexample:usedbyairlinestohandlethousandsofreservationspersecondTypesofComputersITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareSupercomputer:Moresophisticatedcomputerusedfortasksrequiringextremelyrapidandcomplexcalculationswiththousandsofvariables,millionsofmeasurementsUsedinengineering,scientificsimulations,military/weaponsresearch,weatherforecastingGridcomputing:Powerofgeographicallyremotecomputersconnectedintosinglenetworktoactas“virtualsupercomputer”TypesofComputersITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareClient/servercomputing:FormofdistributedcomputingSplitsprocessingbetween“clients”and“servers”Clients:userpointofentryServers:storeandprocessshareddataandperformnetworkmanagementactivitiesTypesofComputersITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareClient/servercomputing(cont.):Two-tieredclient/serverarchitectureUsestwotypesofmachinesMulti-tieredclient/serverarchitecture(N-tier)BalancesloadofnetworkoverseverallevelsofserversForexample:WebserversandapplicationserversTypesofComputersITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareClient/ServerComputingITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareFigure5-2Inclient/servercomputing,computerprocessingissplitbetweenclientmachinesandservermachineslinkedbyanetwork.Usersinterfacewiththeclientmachines.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareAMultitieredClient/ServerNetwork(N-Tier)ITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareFigure5-3EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareInamultitieredclient/servernetwork,clientrequestsforservicearehandledbydifferentlevelsofservers.Storage,Input,andOutputTechnologyITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwarePrimarysecondarystoragetechnologiesMagneticdisk:Harddrives,USBflashdrivesSolidstatedrives(SSDs)OpticaldisksCD-ROM,CD-RW,DVD,DVD-RWMagnetictapeStoragenetworking:SANsConnectmultiplestoragedevicesonaseparatehigh-speednetworkdedicatedtostorageEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareAStorageAreaNetwork(SAN)ITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareFigure5-4AtypicalSANconsistsofaserver,storagedevices,andnetworkingdevices,andisusedstrictlyforstorage.TheSANstoresdataonmanydifferenttypesofstoragedevices,providingdatatotheenterprise.TheSANsupportscommunicationbetweenanyserverandthestorageunitaswellasbetweendifferentstoragedevicesinthenetwork.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareStorage,Input,andOutputTechnologyITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareInputdevices:Gatherdataandconvertthemintoelectronicform.Keyboard,computermouse,touchscreen,pen-basedinput,opticalcharacterrecognition,magneticinkcharacterrecognition,digitalscanner,audioinput,sensorsOutputdevices:DisplaydataaftertheyhavebeenprocessedMonitor(flat-panel,CRT)Printer(impact,nonimpact)AudiooutputEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareContemporaryHardwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareThemobiledigitalplatformMobiledevices,smartphoneNetbooksandtabletcomputersE-bookreadersConsumerizationofITNewtechnologythatemergesinconsumermarketspreadsintobusinessorganizationsBYOD(bringyourowndevice):businessuseofpersonalmobiledevicesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareContemporaryHardwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareNanotechnologyUsesindividualatomsandmoleculestocreatecomputerchipsandotherdevicesthousandsfortimessmallerthancurrenttechnologiesQuantumcomputingUsesprinciplesofquantumphysicstorepresentdataandperformoperationsonthedataEnablesprocessingtimesthataremillionsoftimesfasterthancurrenthigh-speedprocessingEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareExamplesofNanotubesITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareFigure5-5Nanotubesaretinytubesabout10,000timesthinnerthanahumanhair.Theyconsistofrolledupsheetsofcarbonhexagons,havepotentialusesasminusculewiresorinultrasmallelectronicdevices,andareverypowerfulconductorsofelectricalcurrent.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareContemporaryHardwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareVirtualizationProcessofpresentingasetofcomputingresourcessotheycanbeaccessedinwaysthatareunrestrictedbyphysicalconfigurationorgeographiclocationEnablessinglephysicalresourcetoappeartotheuserasmultipleresourcesEnablescompaniestohostmultiplesystemsonsinglemachineEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareContemporaryHardwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareCloudcomputing:AmodelofcomputinginwhichfirmsandindividualsobtaincomputingresourcesovertheInternetCloudinfrastructureasaserviceCloudplatformasaserviceCloudsoftwareasaservicePublicvs.privatecloudsUtilitycomputing,on-demandcomputingDatastoragesecurityisinhandsofproviderEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareCloudComputingPlatformITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareFigure5-6Incloudcomputing,hardwareandsoftwarecapabilitiesareprovidedasservicesovertheInternet.BusinessesandemployeeshaveaccesstoapplicationsandITinfrastructureanywhereatanytimeusinganInternet-connecteddevice.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareContemporaryHardwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareGreencomputingPracticesandtechnologiesfordesigning,making,using,anddisposingofcomputerhardwaretoreduceenvironmentalimpactKeypriorityispowerreductionITinUnitedStatesprovides2%ofU.S.powerdemandand2%ofworld’sgreenhousegasesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareReadtheInteractiveSessionandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:Whatbusinessandsocialproblemsdoesdatacenterpowerconsumptioncause?Whatsolutionsareavailablefortheseproblems?Aretheypeople,organizational,ortechnologysolutions?Whatarethebusinessbenefitsandcostsofthesesolutions?Shouldallfirmsmovetowardgreencomputing?Whyorwhynot?InteractiveSession:OrganizationsTheGreeningoftheDataCenterITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareContemporaryHardwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareHigh-performanceandpower-savingprocessorsMulticoreprocessor:IntegratedcircuitwithtwoormoreprocessorsEnhancedperformanceandreducedpowerconsumptionPower-efficientprocessorsLowpowerconsumptionessentialinmobilecomputing.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareContemporaryHardwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareAutonomiccomputing:Developmentofsystemsthatcanconfigurethemselves,healthemselves;forexample,self-updatingantivirussoftwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareTheMajorTypesofSoftwareITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareFigure5-7Therelationshipamongthesystemsoftware,applicationsoftware,anduserscanbeillustratedbyaseriesofnestedboxes.Systemsoftware—consistingofoperatingsystems,languagetranslators,andutilityprograms—controlsaccesstothehardware.Applicationsoftware,includingprogramminglanguagesand“fourth-generation”languages,mustworkthroughthesystemsoftwaretooperate.Theuserinteractsprimarilywiththeapplicationsoftware.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareThesoftwarethatcontrolscomputeractivitiesGUIsandmultitouchPCoperatingsystemsWindows(Windows8)Mac(OSXLion)UNIXLinux(opensource)MobileoperatingsystemsChrome,Android,iOSOperatingSystemSoftwareITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareApplicationSoftwareandDesktopProductivityToolsProgramminglanguagesforbusinessCC++:newer,object-orientedversionofCVisualBasic:VisualprogramminglanguageforMSWindowsapplicationsJava:OS-independentobject-orientedprogramminglanguageMigratedtomobileapplications,gamemachines,cableTVsystemsJavaVirtualMachineITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareApplicationSoftwareandDesktopProductivityToolsSoftwarepackagesanddesktopproductivitytoolsWordprocessingsoftwareSpreadsheetsoftwareDatamanagementsoftwarePresentationgraphicsSoftwaresuitesWebbrowsersITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareSpreadsheetSoftwareITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareFigure5-8Spreadsheetsoftwareorganizesdataintocolumnsandrowsforanalysisandmanipulation.Contemporaryspreadsheetsoftwareprovidesgraphingabilitiesforaclear,visualrepresentationofthedatainthespreadsheets.Thissamplebreak-evenanalysisisrepresentedasnumbersinaspreadsheetaswellasalinegraphforeasyinterpretation.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareHypertextmarkuplanguage(HTML):PagedescriptionlanguageforspecifyinghowelementsareplacedonaWebpageandforcreatinglinkstootherpagesandobjectsHTML5NextevolutionofHTMLEnablesmultimediaembeddingwithout3rdpartyadd-onssuchasFlashHTMLandHTML5ITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareWebservices:SoftwarecomponentsthatexchangeinformationwithoneanotherusinguniversalWebcommunicationstandardsandlanguagesXML(eXtensibleMarkupLanguage)FoundationofWebservicesServiceorientedarchitecture(SOA)Collectionofservicesusedtobuildanorganization’ssoftwaresystemsWebServicesITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareHowDollarRent-A-CarUsesWebServicesITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareFigure5-9DollarRent-A-CarusesWebservicestoprovideastandardintermediatelayerofsoftwareto“talk”toothercompanies’informationsystems.DollarRent-A-CarcanusethissetofWebservicestolinktoothercompanies’informationsystemswithouthavingtobuildaseparatelinktoeachfirm’ssystems.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareOpensourcesoftwareLinux,ApacheCloud-basedsoftwareandtoolsSaaS(softwareasaservice)GoogleDocsMashupsZipRealtyusesGoogleMapsandZAppsMobileappsSoftwareTrendsITInfrastructure:ComputerSoftwareEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareManagingHardwareandSoftwareTechnologyCapacityplanningProcessofpredictingwhenhardwaresystembecomessaturatedEnsuringfirmhasenoughcomputingpowerforcurrentandfutureneedsFactorsinclude:MaximumnumberofusersImpactofcurrent,futuresoftwarePerformancemeasuresScalability:abilityofsystemtoexpandtoservelargenumberofuserswithoutbreakingdownEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareCapacityPlanningandScalabilityManagingHardwareandSoftwareTechnologyTotalCostofOwnership(TCO)modelUsedtoanalyzedirectandindirectcoststohelpdeterminetheactualcostofowningaspecifictechnologyDirectcosts:hardware,softwarepurchasecostsIndirectcosts:ongoingadministrationcosts,upgrades,maintenance,technicalsupport,training,utility,andrealestatecostsHiddencosts:supportstaff,downtime,additionalnetworkmanagementTCOcanbereducedthroughincreasedcentralization,standardizationofhardwareandsoftwareresources.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter5ITInfrastructure:HardwareandSoftwareManagingHardwareandSoftwareTechnologyUsingtechnologyserviceprovidersOutsourcingUsingexternalproviderto:Runnetworks.Host,manageWebsite(s).Developsoftware(offshoreso