翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題6

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題6EnglishChineseTranslation1.

Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,iti（江南博哥）sadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,torwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybeevenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight,itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.

This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays.Overonecentury,thelifesituationinthepasthadbeenchangedrapidly.Andnow,weliveintheworldwhichisfullofnoise,violenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodemstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,offiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem.Wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.

Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriverandthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:"Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms."

This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?正確答案：當(dāng)一種新的藝術(shù)傾向形成某種時(shí)尚時(shí)，可取的態(tài)度是弄清楚其倡導(dǎo)者們的目的所在，因?yàn)椋瑹o(wú)論其主張?jiān)诮裉炜磥?lái)是多么的牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)、毫無(wú)道理，將來(lái)有可能被視為正常。然而，就未來(lái)派詩(shī)歌而言，那就很難說(shuō)了。因?yàn)?，無(wú)論未來(lái)派詩(shī)歌是什么，即使承認(rèn)其理論根據(jù)可能正確，也很難被稱之為文學(xué)。

簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，未來(lái)派詩(shī)人聲稱：一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，過(guò)去的生活狀況一直在急劇變化?，F(xiàn)在，我們生活在一個(gè)充斥著噪聲、暴力和快節(jié)奏的世界中。因此，我們的感情、思想和情緒都經(jīng)歷了相應(yīng)的變化。未來(lái)派們聲稱，這種生活節(jié)奏的加速需要新的表現(xiàn)形式。如果我們想詮釋現(xiàn)代生活的壓力，就必須加快文學(xué)發(fā)展的步伐。我們必須大量使用基本詞語(yǔ)，擺脫句號(hào)、修飾性形容詞及限定性動(dòng)詞的束縛。我們不應(yīng)描繪聲音，我們必須創(chuàng)造模仿聲音的詞語(yǔ)，必須在同一張紙上使用不同類型和不同顏色的墨水來(lái)任意縮短和加長(zhǎng)詞語(yǔ)。

當(dāng)然，他們對(duì)戰(zhàn)斗的描寫讓人難以理解。但是，當(dāng)讀到一句描寫戰(zhàn)斗的詩(shī)行的注釋時(shí)，則會(huì)令人有點(diǎn)兒生厭。注釋中說(shuō)該詩(shī)描寫了一個(gè)土耳其軍官和一個(gè)保加利亞軍官在一座橋上所發(fā)生的搏斗，后來(lái)兩人掉入河中。結(jié)果，詩(shī)把兩人落水的聲音及兩人的體重寫在了一起：“撲!撲!一百八十五公斤”。

這盡管符合未來(lái)派詩(shī)歌的規(guī)則和要求，但很難稱之為文學(xué)。實(shí)際上沒(méi)有一個(gè)有思想的人會(huì)拒絕接受他們的第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：情感生活的巨大變化要求表達(dá)方式也跟著變化。而實(shí)際問(wèn)題是：我們真的從根本上發(fā)生了變化嗎?

2.

AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon'tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.

Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.

Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression."Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscorespersonality,ability,courageorhumanityarecompletelyignored,"saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee."Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild."LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarⅡhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents."

ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles."InJapan,"sayseducatorYokoMuro,"it'sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure."Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization,fully76percentofJapan's119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,twogenerationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.正確答案：戰(zhàn)后日本不是無(wú)目標(biāo)的發(fā)展，其高效的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)和睦令美國(guó)及歐洲各國(guó)所羨慕。但是，日本人正在經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)職業(yè)道德價(jià)值觀的日趨下降。十年前，年輕人工作勤奮，把工作視為生存的主要目的。然而，現(xiàn)在日本在很大程度上已滿足了經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，結(jié)果年輕人不知道下一步該干什么。

戰(zhàn)后嬰兒高峰期的到來(lái)及婦女加入男性主宰的人才市場(chǎng)限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，這些青少年對(duì)攀登從上好學(xué)校到找好工作這一嚴(yán)格的社會(huì)階梯所付出的沉重的個(gè)人代價(jià)產(chǎn)生了疑問(wèn)。在最近的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，與67.2%的美國(guó)學(xué)生相比，只有24.5%的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他十個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，有更多的日本工人對(duì)工作不滿意。

盡管日本因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而受到外國(guó)人的稱贊，但是其教育往往強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)試和機(jī)械性學(xué)習(xí)而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造性及能動(dòng)性。占統(tǒng)治席位的自由民主黨教育委員會(huì)主席ToshikiKaifu說(shuō)：“考分中無(wú)法體現(xiàn)個(gè)體、能力、勇氣或慈悲心——這一點(diǎn)完全被忽視。由此產(chǎn)生的受挫感導(dǎo)致學(xué)生輟學(xué)，放蕩不羈?！比ツ?，日本發(fā)生了2125起校園暴力事件，其中有929起是襲擊教師。在人們的強(qiáng)烈要求聲中，許多保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在試圖恢復(fù)到戰(zhàn)前那樣，即強(qiáng)調(diào)道德教育。去年，當(dāng)時(shí)任教育大臣的Mitsuosetoyama揚(yáng)起眉毛爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)，二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)就業(yè)當(dāng)局推行的改革開放削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德觀。

但是，這也許與日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。教育家YokoMum說(shuō)：“在日本，問(wèn)題絕不是你是否喜歡自己的工作和生活，而只是你能承受多少?！彪S著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展實(shí)現(xiàn)了居住的集中化。一億一千九百萬(wàn)日本人中，足有76%住在城里。在城里，社區(qū)和大家庭已成為過(guò)去，取而代之的是獨(dú)門獨(dú)戶的兩代人之家。城里的日本人長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)忍受著漫長(zhǎng)的上下班交通和擁擠的居住條件，但是，隨著舊的群體及家庭觀念的削弱，這種不舒適開始顯現(xiàn)出不良結(jié)果。過(guò)去的十年中，日本人的離婚率，盡管仍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)，但已上升了50%，自殺率上升了近25%。

3.

It'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers'misfortunes.

Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprise!—falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy"doesnotenableusertofly".

Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.

Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries."saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities."saysaLawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.正確答案：外面是個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的世界。如果你走出去，可能會(huì)滑倒在門口地墊上，摔傷一條腿；如果點(diǎn)燃爐灶，可能會(huì)燒毀整幢房子；如果地墊或爐上沒(méi)有警示字樣告訴你可能發(fā)生的危害，你或許可以幸運(yùn)地就自己所受的傷害通過(guò)法律訴訟，成功地獲得賠償。大概自20世紀(jì)80年代初以來(lái)人們不再這樣認(rèn)為，20世紀(jì)80年代初陪審團(tuán)成員開始認(rèn)為更多的公司應(yīng)對(duì)他們的消費(fèi)者遭受的不幸負(fù)責(zé)。

公司感到(賠償?shù)?威脅，便作出反應(yīng)，寫出的警告標(biāo)簽越來(lái)越冗長(zhǎng)，以期預(yù)測(cè)任何可能出現(xiàn)的事故。結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在的梯子上的警告標(biāo)簽有幾英寸長(zhǎng)，除了警告你可能發(fā)生的其他意外之外，還警告你可能摔下來(lái)——這種警告真是莫名其妙。兒童的蝙蝠玩具的斗篷上也印有警告詞：本玩具“并不能使使用者飛行”。

雖然警示語(yǔ)常常是合理的和必要的，如有關(guān)藥物副作用可能產(chǎn)生的危害的警示語(yǔ)，而且許多是州或聯(lián)邦法律要求的。但是，如果消費(fèi)者受傷，這些警示語(yǔ)能否保護(hù)產(chǎn)銷商免于責(zé)任，這還很難說(shuō)。當(dāng)受傷的消費(fèi)者把公司告到法庭后，大約50%的公司會(huì)輸?shù)艄偎尽?/p>

現(xiàn)在看來(lái)這種趨勢(shì)正在改變。盡管人們依然為產(chǎn)品所造成的人身傷害提出索賠，但有些法院已開始站在被告一邊，特別是處理那些即便是有警示語(yǔ)也無(wú)法避免傷害的案例時(shí)。五月份(美國(guó))伊利諾斯州的Schutt體育公司被告，一位橄欖球隊(duì)員戴了Schutt體育公司生產(chǎn)的頭盔打球時(shí)受傷癱瘓。該公司總裁JulieNimmons先生辯解說(shuō)：“他癱瘓了，我們非常難過(guò)，但是這種頭盔設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)不是用來(lái)防止這種傷害的。”陪審團(tuán)也認(rèn)為造成球員受傷的不是頭盔，而是橄欖球運(yùn)動(dòng)本身的危險(xiǎn)性。公司因此勝訴。同時(shí)，美國(guó)法學(xué)會(huì)——該組織由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師和學(xué)者組成——宣布的新民事侵害法綱要指出：公司沒(méi)有必要警告消費(fèi)者顯而易見(jiàn)的危險(xiǎn)，或者就可能產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)向他們提供一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的單子?？的螤柎髮W(xué)法學(xué)院的一位參與新綱要起草的法學(xué)教授說(shuō)：“重要的信息可能被埋沒(méi)在浩如煙海的細(xì)枝末節(jié)里?！比绻摲山M織的這一不太過(guò)分的要求能得以實(shí)行，產(chǎn)品上提供的警示信息可能實(shí)際上是用來(lái)保護(hù)消費(fèi)者利益的，而不僅僅是為了保護(hù)公司免除法律責(zé)任。

4.

InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.

Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,"sayssenioranalystBlancErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateinternet.

AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany'sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.

ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.正確答案：網(wǎng)上交易的開始一兩年中，大部分業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)都圍繞著努力開拓消費(fèi)者市場(chǎng)而進(jìn)行的。最近，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)證明不是一時(shí)的時(shí)髦后，公司間才開始在網(wǎng)上交易產(chǎn)品和提供服務(wù)。公司間的這種交易方式能行得通是因?yàn)樯倘艘话愣贾雷约核枰漠a(chǎn)品。

然而，許多公司由于懷疑網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可靠性而對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的使用猶豫不決。Forrester研究中心的資深分析家BlaneErwin說(shuō)：“交易雙方需要認(rèn)識(shí)到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應(yīng)商之間的途徑”。有些公司只向固定交易伙伴提供公司內(nèi)部的局域網(wǎng)接點(diǎn)，它們通過(guò)這種在線交易方式來(lái)達(dá)到降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的目的。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)商業(yè)模式的另一個(gè)重大變化是營(yíng)銷策略的變化。直到最近，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的銷售活動(dòng)主要是把用戶“吸引”到自己的網(wǎng)站上來(lái)。然而，就在去年，軟件公司開發(fā)出新的技術(shù)，能讓公司直接向用戶“推銷”信息——將銷售信息直接傳送給特定的用戶。最突出的例子是Pointcast網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用一種屏幕保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，將最新的信息和廣告不斷地傳送到用戶的計(jì)算機(jī)顯示器上。用戶可以定制想要的信息，然后直接進(jìn)入某個(gè)公司的網(wǎng)站。像VirtualVine-yards這樣的公司已經(jīng)開始使用類似的策略將有關(guān)特價(jià)商品、產(chǎn)品推銷或其他活動(dòng)的信息“推”向用戶。但是，推銷策略受到許多網(wǎng)上用戶的厭棄。在線用戶認(rèn)為，信息應(yīng)傳送給那些提出需求的用戶。一旦商業(yè)廣告不請(qǐng)自來(lái)地充斥了電腦屏幕，網(wǎng)絡(luò)與電視就沒(méi)多大差別了。這樣的前景是網(wǎng)絡(luò)凈化者所懼怕的。

但是，網(wǎng)上公司不使用“推銷”策略也肯定能賺錢。VinualVineyards和A以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對(duì)路產(chǎn)品的網(wǎng)站，加上相互合作、禮貌周到、安全可靠這幾方面恰到好處地結(jié)合起來(lái)，將吸引很多網(wǎng)上客戶。計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算能力成本不斷下降，這對(duì)于企業(yè)在計(jì)算機(jī)上建立銷售點(diǎn)是個(gè)好兆頭。只要回顧一下過(guò)去5到10年的歷史人們很可能會(huì)感到奇怪：為什么嘗試在線服務(wù)的公司這么少?

5.

Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents'careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction-in-deed,contradiction,whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.

Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone'sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase,beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computer-educationadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.

Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.

But,forasmallgroupofstu