翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力閱讀分類模擬題148

翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力閱讀分類模擬題148ReadingComprehension

Ifthereisanyendeavorwhosefruitsshouldbefreelyavail（江南博哥）able,thatendeavorissurelypubliclyfinancedscience.Morally,taxpayerswhowishtoshouldbeabletoreadaboutitwithoutfurtherexpense.Andscienceadvancesthroughcross-fertilizationbetweenprojects.Barrierstothatexchangeslowitdown.

Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit.OneofthelatestconvertsistheBritishgovernment.Recentlyitannouncedthat,theresultsoftaxpayer-financedresearchwouldbeavailable,freeandonline,foranyonetoreadandredistribute.

Britain'sgovernmentisnotalone.SoontheEuropeanUnionfollowedsuit.IntheU.S.,theNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH,thesinglebiggestsourceofcivilianresearchfundsintheworld)hasrequiredopen-accesspublishingsince2008.AndtheWellcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportshouldmaketheirworkavailablefree.

Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings.Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheInternetcouldenablethemtotakedays.Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown.Thepublishersthushavescientists—or,moreaccurately,theiruniversities,whichpaythesubscriptions—inanarmlock.That,combinedwiththefactthattherawmaterial(manuscriptsofpapers)isfree,leadstogenerousreturns.In2011,Elsevier,alargeDutchpublisher,madeaprofitof￡768milliononrevenuesof￡2.06billion—amarginof37percent.Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymanypeoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany'sjournals.

Publishersdoprovideaservice.Theyorganizepeerreviews,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts(thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo).Theyalsosortthescientificsheepfromthegoats,bydecidingwhatgetspublished,andwhere.Thatgivesthepublishershugepower.Sinceresearchers,administratorsandgrant-awardingbodiesalltakenoteofwhichworkhasgotthroughthisfilteringmechanism,thecompetitiontopublishinthebestjournalsisintense,andthesystembecomesself-reinforcing,increasingthevalueofthosejournalsstillfurther.

Butnot,perhaps,formuchlonger.Supporthasbeenswellingforopen-accessscientificpublishing:doingitonline,inawaythatallowsanyonetoreadpapersfreeofcharge.Themovementstartedamongscientiststhemselves,butgovernmentsarepayingattentionandaskingwhethertheymightalsobenefitfromthechange.

Muchremainstobeworkedout.Somefearthelossofthetraditionaljournals'curationandverificationofresearch.EvenSirMarkWalport,thedirectoroftheWellcomeTrustandafierceadvocateofopen-accesspublication,worriesthatthenewlyliberatedpapershaveendedupindifferentplacesratherthanbeingconsolidatedinthewaytheywant.

Arevolution,then,hasbegun.Technologypermitsit;researchersandpoliticianswantit.Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.1.

Thefirsttwoparagraphsintendtoindicatethat______.A.taxpayersshouldmakegreateffortstoexchangeideasB.publishersareregardedasanegativefactorinscienceC.thegovernmentisliabletopayforresearchexpensesD.theresultsofresearchprojectsarefreelyavailabletothepublic正確答案：B[解析]推斷題。前兩段的核心內(nèi)容是“納稅人希望免費(fèi)獲得由財政支持的科技成果信息，而期刊出版商卻成了其羈絆”。近來，英國政府推出一項舉措，由財政資助的科研成果在網(wǎng)上免費(fèi)向公眾開放。將本題的四個選項與這些內(nèi)容比對后，可知B為正確答案。A未提及，C和D的共同問題是未限定財政支持。

2.

AccordingtoParagraph3,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation______.A.isaveryimportantproviderofresearchfundingB.arguesthatresearchersmaketheirfindingspublicfreelyC.hasamonopolyonanyresearchresultswithitsfinancialsupportD.followstheexamplesetbytheU.S.NIH正確答案：A[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第3段第4句，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，theWellcomeTrust排在theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation之后，是世界第二大為科學(xué)研究提供資金的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，由此推斷theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation也為科學(xué)研究提供資助，故選A。

3.

Accordingtothepassage,peoplewhoareunhappywithpublishersofscientificjournals______.A.criticizetheunfairpublicationofscientificarticlesB.objecttotheirslownessandthehighcostsofthejournalsC.blamethemfortheslowpaceofrecentscientificprogressD.thinkthatjournalsshouldbeabolishedasanobstacletofreedomofspeech正確答案：B[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第4段第1句，從后文可知批評集中在兩點(diǎn)：出版時間長達(dá)數(shù)月；壟斷造成價格難以下降。故選B。

4.

Theword"egregious"underlinedinParagraph4means______.A.somewhatunfavorableB.ratherunnecessaryC.strikinglyunavailableD.clearlybad正確答案：D[解析]語義題。根據(jù)上下文可知，人們對于Elsevier的過高獲利極為不滿，因此egregious應(yīng)為貶義，而且程度比較強(qiáng)烈。因該句主語是Elsevier所獲得的利潤，首先可以排除C(完全無法獲得)和B(完全沒必要)，而A(有點(diǎn)不利的)程度不夠，意義也不符合題意。通過排除法，正確答案為D(顯然是不正當(dāng)?shù)?。

5.

AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrue?______A.Mini-monopolyseemstoadvancescientificresearch.B.Subscriptionisamajorsourceofmarginsforthejournals.C.Publishersmakegreatprofitsbykeepingthepricedown.D.Researcherssubscribetojournalstoreceivefreemanuscripts.正確答案：B[解析]推斷題。該類題型通過選項定位尋找正確答案。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞mini-monopoly，subscription，publishers，manuscripts定位到原文相關(guān)句子后，將四個選項的語義與其對比后可知，符合題意的只有B(期刊收入的主要來源是客戶訂閱)，因?yàn)樵奶岬健耙虼顺霭嫔陶瓶亓丝茖W(xué)家，更準(zhǔn)確地說，是科學(xué)家任職的大學(xué)，它們需要花錢訂閱學(xué)術(shù)期刊”，故選B。

6.

Inthephrase"sortthescientificsheepfromthegoats"underlinedinParagraph5,theauthorusesametaphoricaldevicetermed______.A.allusionB.punC.metaphorD.irony正確答案：C[解析]修辭題。本題考查修辭手段的運(yùn)用。根據(jù)上下文可知，出版社需要辨別論文稿件的優(yōu)劣，以確定哪些論文可以出版。本詞組中的sheep(綿羊)和goat(山羊)顯然不是指這兩種動物本身，而是指代優(yōu)劣稿件。根據(jù)修辭的特點(diǎn)，可知作者運(yùn)用了暗喻的手法，故選C。英文中有separatethesheepfromthegoats的說法，等同于sort(out)thesheepfromthegoats，意為：tomakeclearwhichpeopleinaparticulargroupareofahigherabilitythantheothers。

7.

Beforethepublicationofpapers,peerreviewsareto______.A.differentiatepapersB.evaluatethemC.exercisethepowerofpublishersD.addthevalueofjournals正確答案：B[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位原文第5段第2句，大意為“出版社組織同行評審專家對論文進(jìn)行匿名評審”，故選B(評估論文)。值得注意的是，選項A(區(qū)分論文)也與題意接近，但不如B準(zhǔn)確。

8.

TheauthormentionstheconcernsofSirMarkWalport,who______.A.stronglysupportscurrentpublishingarrangementsandmodelsB.worriesaboutthepoorqualityofcurrentscientificpublicationC.believesthattheweaknessesofopen-accessjournalscaneasilybeovercomeD.isafraidthatgoodpapersinopen-accessjournalsmaybeneglected正確答案：D[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位原文第7段第2句，可知SirMarkWalport強(qiáng)烈支持科研論文通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)表，但同時對這些論文的前景感到擔(dān)憂，因?yàn)檫@種改革失去了傳統(tǒng)審稿的保障。由此排除A和B，因?yàn)檫@兩個選項是針對現(xiàn)行出版制度而言的，C選項在文中未提及，故選D(擔(dān)心免費(fèi)獲取的期刊優(yōu)秀論文可能被忽視)。

9.

Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureofopen-accessjournals?______A.Doubtful.B.Unclear.C.Foreseeable.D.Pessimistic.正確答案：C[解析]態(tài)度題。作者對于主題的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)一般出現(xiàn)在文章的最后一部分。根據(jù)第8段可知，作者認(rèn)為改革已經(jīng)開始，技術(shù)條件已經(jīng)成熟，研究人員和政客都需要這樣的變革。由此可見，這場革命已經(jīng)勢不可擋，故選C(可以預(yù)見的)。

10.

Thepassageintendsto______.A.arguethatacademicjournalsfacearadicalshake-upB.illustratethatthepublishingformalitiesneednottochangeC.reportthatthepublicationofpapersfacesintensecompetitionD.discussthatscientificresearchisshiftingtofreeaccess正確答案：A[解析]主旨題。文章的主題往往出現(xiàn)在第一部分和最后一部分。本文第2段表明，英國政府宣布由公共財政資助的研究成果將在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公開，供民眾免費(fèi)閱覽，第8段又強(qiáng)調(diào)此舉勢在必行。換言之，出版社有償公布科研論文的傳統(tǒng)模式將一去不復(fù)返。將四個選項與這一主題對比后可知，最符合題意的是A(表明學(xué)術(shù)期刊面臨巨大變革)。D為強(qiáng)干擾項，似乎也符合題意。但仔細(xì)研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)，其意為“科學(xué)研究向免費(fèi)轉(zhuǎn)變”，而本文的主題是研究成果免費(fèi)查閱，略有不同，故選A。

Asthefederalgovernmentshutdownapproachesthetwo-weekmark,it'sbecomepainfullyapparentthatthepubliccannolongerrunamokvirtuallyunsupervisedinthenationalparks.What'stheevidenceofthat?Thelitter,vandalismandtrampledground.Thehumanfecesoverflowingthepublictoiletsandtheurinealongtheroads.

Unlikethelastlengthyshutdownin2013,theTrumpadministrationthistimehasoptedtokeepthenationalparksopenbutlargelyunstaffed.Privateconcessionoperatorsandnonprofitgroupshavehelpedwithmaintenancewheretheycan.Somestateshavedippedintotheirowncofferstokeepparksstaffedandoperating—atleastforawhile.Manyotherstates,includingCalifornia,havenot.

Withtensofthousandsofparkemployeesfurloughed,thatmeansmanyparkshavenoworkerscollectingentryfeesatthegates,patrollingthecampgroundsoremptyingthegarbagecansandportabletoilets.Butthevisitorskeepcoming.Thelackofmaintenanceandoversightistakingatoll.Therearereportsofillegalcampingandoff-roaddrivinginsensitivehabitatareas.UnsupervisedtouristswereharassingelephantsealsatthePointReyesNationalSeashore,promptingofficialstocloseoffpartofthebeach.

Visitorshavepostedpicturesonsocialmediaofoverflowinggarbagebins.EmptychampagnebottleswereleftstrewnonthegroundatJoshuaTree.Yosemiteofficialshadtorestrictentrytocertainareasoftheparkaftertheaccumulationofhumanurineandfecesbecameahealthhazard.TheNationalParkServicehastheauthoritytoturnawayvisitorsforsafety,healthorenvironmentalprotectionreasons.That'swhattheSequoiaandKingsCanyonNationalParksdidWednesday,whentheyclosedlargesectionsbecauseofconcernsthatvisitorscouldbeendangeredonicyroadsandhikingtrails.

Andthethreatisn'tjusttothenaturalwondersandtopublicsafety.Thenationalparksarefullofculturalandhistoricresourcesthatcouldbedamagedorstolenwithsolittleoversightandprotection.Duringthe2013shutdown,theObamaadministrationorderedthenationalparksystemcompletelyclosed.Thatwasacontroversialdecisionatthetime.Visitorswhohadtraveledgreatdistancestovisittheparkswereturnedaway.Localbusinessesthatrelyonparktourismsuffered.OtherssawtheclosuresasapoliticaltacticbyPresidentObamatodrumupnegativepublicityfortheRepublican-ledshutdown.Butgiventhedamagecurrentlybeinginflictedonthenation'smostmajesticopenspaces,temporarilyclosingsomeparksmightbethebestwaytoprotectthem.

Indeed,asoneformerNationalParkServicedirectorsaid,keepingtheparksopenbutunstaffedislikeleavingtheSmithsonianopenwithoutemployeesmindingthepricelessartifacts.Itinvitesabuseandpracticallyguaranteesdamagetosomeofthenation'smosttreasuredpubliclands.

Yes,it'salosstothetouristswhoplannedtheirvacationsaroundavisittoYosemiteValley,orwhohadhopedtohikethroughtheforestsofSequoiaNationalPark.Yes,therewillbeaneconomiccostforlocalcommunities.Butthatisthecostofagovernmentshutdown.ThepoliticalstalemateinWashington—thefailureofPresidentTrumpandcongressionalleaderstoreachabudgetdealastheyhaggleoverhisinsistenceonacostlyborderwall—hasreal-worldconsequences.

Thenation'smostmagnificentpublicassetsshouldn'tbesacrificedtothispoliticalbattle.It'sworthnotingthatthenationalparksystemalreadystruggleswithan$11-billionbacklogofdeferredmaintenanceandwithmassivecrowdsthatstressexistingcapacity.Therearepotholedroads,crumblingtrails,agingsewersystemsinneedofrepairtopreventcontaminationofnearbystreams.Throwingopenthegatestoallcomerswithlittlecontrolor

oversightonlyexacerbatesthoseproblems.

Americanslovetheirnationalparks,butdon'talwaystreatthemwiththecaretheydeserve.Theparksshouldshutdownuntilthefederalgovernmentreopens.

(選自《洛杉磯時報》

2019年1月3日))11.

Thepubliccannolongerrunamokinthenationalparksforthereasonthat______.A.thefederalgovernmenthasbeenshutdownB.theparksareunsupervisedC.theenvironmenttherehasbeendestroyedD.visitorstotheseparksarenotbehavingproperly正確答案：D[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第1段第1句，最后兩句提到公園里垃圾遍地、糞水橫流，顯然是游客不文明行為導(dǎo)致的，故正確答案為D。

12.

Theword"coffers"underlinedinParagraph2issynonymouswith______.A.resourcesB.fundsC.savesD.banks正確答案：B[解析]語義題。coffers意為“資金”，故正確答案為B。

13.

InParagraph3,theauthormentionsillegalcamping,off-roaddrivingandharassingelephanntsealsinordertoindicatethat______.A.thenationalparksareinamessB.visitorsaredoingharmtothenationalparksC.thegovernmentshutdownhasnegativeeffectsonthenationalparksD.thenationalparksaretakingatollonmaintenance正確答案：C[解析]推斷題。舉例的目的是為了說明觀點(diǎn)，即前一句Thelackofmaintenanceandoversightistakingatoll(缺乏監(jiān)管和維護(hù)正造成損失)，而監(jiān)管和維護(hù)的缺失是政府停擺(governmentshutdown)造成的，故正確答案為C。

14.

AllthefollowingmeasureshavebeentakentohandletheproblemscausedbytheshutdownEXCEPTthat______.A.partofthePointReyesNationalSeashorewasclosedoffB.certainareasofYosemitewererestrictedforentryC.theNationalParkServiceturnedawayvisitorsD.theSequoiaandKingsCanyonNationalParksclosedlargesections正確答案：C[解析]推斷題。根據(jù)選項定位第4段，仔細(xì)甄別后可知，C與原文(國家公園管理局有權(quán)拒絕游客進(jìn)入景區(qū))不符，因?yàn)橛袡?quán)并不等于真的這么做，故正確答案為C。

15.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofPresidentObama?______A.Heorderedthegovernmenttocloseallthenationalparksin2013.B.Hisdecisiontoclosethenationalparkswasmuchdisputed.C.HeclosedthenationalparkstoshowthenegativeeffectsoftheRepublican-ledshutdown.D.Hebelievedclosingsomeparksmightbethebestwaytoprotectthem.正確答案：D[解析]推斷題。根據(jù)選項定位第5段，仔細(xì)甄別后可知，D與原文(目前關(guān)閉一部分公園也許是最佳的保護(hù)方法)不符，因?yàn)閵W巴馬執(zhí)政時公園是全部關(guān)閉的，故正確答案為D。

16.

InParagraph6,"theSmithsonian"ismostlikelya______.A.shopB.museumC.hotelD.library正確答案：B[解析]推斷題。本句將theSmithsonian與免費(fèi)開放但無人值守的公園進(jìn)行了類比，可知兩者應(yīng)該都是公益場所，更何況其中有“價值連城的工藝品”，可以推斷是博物館，故正確答案為B。

17.

Theword"stalemate"underlinedinParagraph7istheclosestinmeaningto______.A.impasseB.situationC.argumentD.stagnation正確答案：A[解析]語義題。stalemate意為“僵局”，故正確答案為A(僵局)。

18.

AccordingtoParagraph8,thenationalparks______.A.havelimitedfundsformaintenanceB.havelimitedcapacityforincomingvisitorsC.havesewersystemstoberepairedD.havebrokenroadsandtrails正確答案：A[解析]推斷題。根據(jù)選項定位第8段，仔細(xì)甄別后可知，A與原文(110億美元維修資金未到位)一致，故為正確答案。

19.

Thebesttitleforthepassageis______.A.TheProblemsoftheNationalParksB.GovernmentShutdownCrisisC.TheFutureoftheNationalParksD.TheNationalParks:OpenorShutDown?正確答案：D[解析]主旨題。本文講述了美國國家公園因政府停擺出現(xiàn)的許多問題，討論了特朗普總統(tǒng)繼續(xù)開放公園的舉措是否正確，提出了可行的解決方案。根據(jù)相關(guān)性和全面性的原則，正確答案為D。

20.

Theauthor'sattitudetowardthegovernment'sdecisionis______.A.neutralB.criticalC.indifferentD.supportive正確答案：B[解析]態(tài)度題。作者在文章最后一段提出，國家公園應(yīng)關(guān)閉至政府恢復(fù)運(yùn)作，可見作者對特朗普政府的舉措持否定意見，故正確答案為B(批評的)。

After45yearsofthequeen'srule,JamesIsucceededElizabethItotheEnglishthronein1603,atwhichpointtheEnglisheconomywasstruggling.ThepopulationofEnglandwasswelling,foodproductionwasinsufficient,andpriceswerehigh.Despiteitsinstability,afewindustriesbroughtreliableincometotheEnglisheconomy.Inparticular,manymerchantsreliedontheexportofclothtocontinentalEurope.ForthefirstdecadeofJamesI'sreign,theclothtradeprosperedandwasanimportantsourceofrevenuefortheEnglish.However,thekingwastomakeaseriousmistakethatwouldeventuallyleadtothefalloftheEnglishclothtrade.

In1614,WilliamCockayne,anEnglishmerchantandpolitician,proposedthatJamesImakeadramaticchangetothewaytheEnglishexportedcloth.Atthetime,theEnglishproducedprimarilyunfinishedcloth.Thismeantthattheysoldcloththathadnotbeendyed,bleached,orotherwiseprocessed.Mostoften,companiesintheNetherlandsboughttheplainclothfromEnglandandfinisheditthemselves.TheDutchwereexpertsinthecomplexproceduresandtechnologiesrequiredtofinishcloth,andtheseproceduresaddsignificantvaluetotheunfinishedcloththeyhadpurchasedfromEngland.Asaresult,DutchclothcompaniescouldselltheirgoodsatmuchhigherpricesthantheEnglishcould.HopingtotransfertheseprofitstoEnglishcompanies,CockayneproposedthattheEnglishfinishthecloththemselvestoincreasethevalueoftheirclothexports.HealsoaskedJamesItoestablishacompany,whichwastofunctionunderCockayne'sleadership,thatwouldcontrolandmonopolizetheexportoffinishedclothtocontinentalEurope.Thekingwasinneedofmoney,andtheprospectofincreasedrevenueappealedtohim.Thus,heagreedtoCockayne'splanand,perCockayne'srequest,foundedtheKing'sMerchantAdventurers,acompanywithaprimarypurposeofexportingfinishedcloth.

However,Cockayne'splandisruptedthepreviouslysteadyEnglishclothtradeandwasultimatelyineffectiveforanumberofreasons.First,JamesI'ssupportofCockayne'scompanycreatedariftbetweenthekingandmanypowerfulEnglishmerchants,particularlythemembersoftheunfinishedclothcompanycalledtheMerchantAdventurers,whichhadbeencastasideinfavorofCockayne'sgroup.Furthermore,theDutch,whohadpreviouslybeenEurope'smainsupplieroffinishedcloth,respondedtoEnglishcompetitionbyrefusingtopurchaseanyEnglishclothproducts,andmanyotherEuropeannationsdidthesame.Inaddition,merchantsinothercountriesrefusedtoshipEnglishclothorchargedEnglishbusinesspeopleinflatedfeesforshipping.TheresistancefromabroadwasparticularlydamagingtotheKing'sMerchantAdventurersbecauseitcouldnotaffordtheshipsthatwerenecessarytotransportitsgoodstoEuropeanmarkets.

Inadditiontothedifficultiescausedbyitswidespreadunpopularity,Cockayne'scompanywasunabletoproducequalitygoods.Forone,Cockaynedidnothavethefundstoacquirethemachinesneededtofinishcloth.Moreover,Englishclothmakerswerenotexpertsinthefinishingprocessandcouldnotmatchthehigh-qualityfinishedclothproducedbytheircompetitorsintheNetherlands.By1617,justthreeyearsafterthecompanywasestablished,JamesIhaddissolvedtheKing'sMerchantAdventurers.21.

Thewordsucceededinthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A.didawaywithB.cameafterC.turnedasideD.keptback正確答案：B[解析]題目問succeeded的意思。第1段第1句提到，女王統(tǒng)治45年后，詹姆斯一世于1603年登上了英國王位，也就是詹姆斯一世接管了伊麗莎白一世的王位，由此可判斷出succeeded應(yīng)該意為“繼承、接替”的意思，而B項cameafter“緊跟，繼……而來”與其意思相近，故選。

A項“廢除；去掉”、C項“避開，閃開”和D項“拒絕泄露”均不符合題意。

[參考譯文]在女王統(tǒng)治45年后，詹姆斯一世于1603年接替伊麗莎白一世登上英國王位，當(dāng)時英國經(jīng)濟(jì)正處于困境。英格蘭人口激增，糧食產(chǎn)量不足，物價高漲。盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)不穩(wěn)定，但一些行業(yè)為英國經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來了可靠的收入，特別是許多商人依賴向歐洲大陸出品布料。在詹姆斯一世統(tǒng)治的頭十年，布匹貿(mào)易蓬勃發(fā)展，成為英國人重要的收入來源。然而，國王犯了一個嚴(yán)重的錯誤，最終導(dǎo)致了英國布匹貿(mào)易的衰落。

1614年，英國商人兼政治家威廉·科凱恩(WilliamCockayne)建議詹姆斯一世大幅改變英國出口布料的方式。當(dāng)時，英國人主要生產(chǎn)未加工的布料，這意味著他們出售的布料沒有經(jīng)過染色、漂白或其他處理。大多數(shù)情況下，荷蘭的公司從英國購買普通布料，然后自己加工。荷蘭人是復(fù)雜的布料加工和技術(shù)方面的專家，經(jīng)過工藝的處理，他們可以給從英國購買的未加工的布料增加巨大的價值。因此，荷蘭服裝公司產(chǎn)品的銷售價格要比英國公司布料的價格高得多。為了把這些利潤轉(zhuǎn)移到英國公司，科凱恩建議英國人自己加工布料，增加布料的出口價值。他還請求詹姆斯一世建立一家公司，能夠在其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下運(yùn)作，進(jìn)而控制和壟斷成品布出口到歐洲大陸的市場。國王需要錢，以這種方式增加財政收入的設(shè)想吸引到了他。因此，他同意了科凱恩的計劃，并根據(jù)他的要求，成立了“國王的商人冒險家”(King'sMerchantAdventurers)公司，主要出口成品布料。

然而，科凱恩的計劃打亂了此前穩(wěn)定的英國布匹貿(mào)易，最終由于多種原因未能奏效。首先，詹姆斯一世對科凱恩公司的支持使得國王與許多有權(quán)勢的英國商人之間產(chǎn)生了不和，尤其是與加工布料公司“商業(yè)冒險家”(MerchantAdventurers)的公司成員。該公司因?yàn)檎材匪挂皇乐С挚苿P恩的計劃而被拋到一邊。此外，荷蘭曾是歐洲成品布的主要供應(yīng)國，面對英國的競爭，他們拒絕購買任何英國的布料產(chǎn)品，許多其他歐洲國家也采取了同樣的做法。而且，其他國家的商人拒絕運(yùn)送英國布料，或向英國商人收取過高的運(yùn)費(fèi)。來自國外的抵抗對“國王的商人冒險家”公司造成了巨大的傷害，因?yàn)樗麄冐?fù)擔(dān)不起將貨物運(yùn)往歐洲市場所必需的船只費(fèi)用。

除了普遍不受歡迎這一困難以外，科凱恩的公司還無法生產(chǎn)出高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品。首先，科凱恩沒有資金購買加工布料所需的機(jī)器。此外，英國的布匹制造商并不是加工工藝方面的專家，生產(chǎn)出的布料也無法與其荷蘭競爭對手生產(chǎn)的高質(zhì)量成品布相媲美。1617年，也就是公司成立3年后，詹姆斯一世解散了“國王的商人冒險家”公司。

22.

Theworditsinthefirstparagraphrefersto______.A.populationB.foodproductionC.incomeD.theEnglisheconomy正確答案：D[解析]題目問its指代什么。第1段第1句提到，當(dāng)時英國經(jīng)濟(jì)正處于困境；第1段第2句是其經(jīng)濟(jì)處于困境的一些表現(xiàn)：人口激增，糧食產(chǎn)量不足，物價高漲，因此第1段第3句中的its應(yīng)該指代前面兩句提到的“英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)情況”，因此D項正確。

A項“人口”、B項“糧食產(chǎn)量”和C項“收入”都是當(dāng)時英國經(jīng)濟(jì)情況的具體表現(xiàn)，不夠全面，可排除。

23.

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordescribesinsufficientfoodproductionasanindicationofthe______.A.needfortheexpansionoftheEnglishclothtrade.B.consequencesofheavilyemphasizingtheclothtrade.C.poorstateoftheEnglisheconomyin1603.D.king'smismanagementofthecountry.正確答案：C[解析]第1段第1句提到，1603年詹姆斯一世登上王位時，英國經(jīng)濟(jì)正處于困境，接著第2句指出的“人口激增，糧食產(chǎn)量不足，物價高漲”是當(dāng)時英國經(jīng)濟(jì)情況的具體表現(xiàn)，因此“糧食產(chǎn)量不足”顯示了當(dāng)時英國經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣的情況，因此C項正確。

“糧食產(chǎn)量不足”并不能直接顯示A項“擴(kuò)大英國布匹貿(mào)易的需要”，可排除?！凹Z食產(chǎn)量不足”并不是“過分強(qiáng)調(diào)布匹貿(mào)易”產(chǎn)生的后果，因此B項可排除。第1段最后一句提到，國王的錯誤是導(dǎo)致英國布匹貿(mào)易的衰落，并不是導(dǎo)致1603年“糧食產(chǎn)量不足”的原因，時間順序錯亂，因此D項可排除。

24.

Basedontheinformationinthefirstandsecondparagraphs,whatcanbeinferredabouttheEnglishclothtradepriortotheestablishmentoftheKing'sMerchantAdventurers?______A.Itwasneglectedinfavoroftheshippingandagricultureindustries.B.ItwastheonlyprofitablesectoroftheEnglisheconomy.C.ItwasresponsiblefordrivinguppricesfornecessaryitemsinEngland.D.Itconsistedofmultiplecompaniesworkingwithinternationalpartners.正確答案：D[解析]第1段第4句提到，很多的商人依賴向歐洲大陸出口布料；第2段第4句提到，在“國王的商人冒險家”公司成立之前，荷蘭的公司從英國購買布料，從這些表述可以看出從事出口布料生意的公司有很多，而且其布料出口能繁榮也應(yīng)該是與其他國家有合作關(guān)系的，故D項“由多家與國際合作的公司組成”正確。

A項“受到忽視，更傾向于航運(yùn)和農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)”在文中未有提及。B項“是英國經(jīng)濟(jì)中唯一盈利的部門”在第1段第3句提到，盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)不穩(wěn)定，但一些行業(yè)為英國經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來了可靠的收入，因此布料貿(mào)易并非英國經(jīng)濟(jì)中唯一盈利的部門，故可排除。C項“負(fù)責(zé)推高英國必需品的價格”利用priceswerehigh來設(shè)置的干擾項，文中是說英國經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入困境，糧食產(chǎn)量不足導(dǎo)致物價高企，而布料貿(mào)易是能夠?yàn)橛?jīng)濟(jì)帶來穩(wěn)定收入的來源，并不是反倒推高英國必需品的價格的原因，因此C項可排除。

25.

Accordingtothesecondparagraph,WilliamCockayneproposedallofthefollowingchangestotheEnglishclothtradeEXCEPT______.A.TheestablishmentofacompanythatwouldexclusivelyhandletheclothtradeB.AfocusonincreasingthevalueofclothcreatedinEnglandC.TheinterruptionofclothsupplytomerchantsintheNetherlandsD.AshiftintheprimaryactivitiesoftheEnglishclothindustry正確答案：C[解析]第2段倒數(shù)第3句提到，科凱恩請求詹姆斯一世建立一家公司，能夠在其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下運(yùn)作，進(jìn)而控制和壟斷成品布出口到歐洲大陸的市場，這對應(yīng)了A項“成立一家壟斷布料貿(mào)易的公司”，因此不符合題意，可排除。第2段倒數(shù)第4句提到，科凱恩為了把加工布料可賺取的利潤轉(zhuǎn)移國內(nèi)，自己加工布料，以增加布料的出口價值，這對應(yīng)了B項“專注于提高英國布料的價值”，不符合題意，也可排除。第2段提到科凱恩建議英國布業(yè)開始自己加工布料，生產(chǎn)成品布，這些活動都屬于D項“英國布業(yè)主要活動的轉(zhuǎn)變”的范疇，因此D項也不符合題意，可排除。第2段提到，科凱恩為了增加布料的出口價值，開始自己加工布料，生產(chǎn)成品布，但并未提到C項“對荷蘭商人的布料供應(yīng)中斷”，因此答案為C項。

26.

Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraph?______A.Theproceduresandtechnologiesusedtocreatefinishedcloth,whichwereoftenverycomplex,wereprimarilyusedbyDutchworkers.B.UnfinishedclothfromEnglandwastypicallyfinishedbytheDutch,whowereexpertsinthecomplicatedproceduresthatresultedinmorevaluablecloth.C.FinishedclothfromEnglandwasoftenmorevaluablethanDutchclothduetothecomplicatedprocessesusedtotreatthecloth.D.UnfinishedclothfromEnglandlostitsvaluebecausetheDutchwereabletocreatefinishedclothbyusingexperttechniques.正確答案：B[解析]第2段畫線部分主要提到兩個重要信息：一是荷蘭人擅長加工成品布；二是加工后的布料比從英國購買的未加工的布料更有價值。因此4個選項中，B項“來自英國的未加工的布料通常是由荷蘭人完成的，荷蘭人擅長復(fù)雜的工藝，從而生產(chǎn)出更有價值的布料”最能表達(dá)畫線部分的信息，故選B項。

A項“制作成品布的程序和技藝通常非常復(fù)雜，主要由荷蘭工人使用”只表達(dá)了第一個信息點(diǎn)，可排除。C項“由于處理這種布的工藝復(fù)雜，來自英國的成品布往往比荷蘭的布料更有價值”畫線部分并未提到英國的成品布和荷蘭布料的對比，可排除。畫線部分并未提到英國的未加工的布料失去了價值，因此D項“來自英國的未加工的布料失去了它的價值，因?yàn)楹商m人能夠使用專業(yè)技藝創(chuàng)造成品布”可排除。

27.

Basedontheinformationinthesecondparagraph,whydidthekingagreetoCockayne'sproposals?______A.Hewasdesperatetoin,provetheEnglisheconomyquickly.B.HebelievedthatthechangeswouldallowEnglandtoexpandtheclothindustry.C.HeworriedaboutEngland'soverrelianceontradepartnershipswiththeNetherlands.D.HewantedtoencouragetechnologicaladvancementinEnglishindustries.正確答案：A[解析]題目問根據(jù)第2段的信息，國王為什么同意科凱恩的建議。第2段倒數(shù)第2句提到國王需要錢，想要增加財政收入，進(jìn)而改善英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)困境，因此A項“他急于迅速改善英國經(jīng)濟(jì)”正確。

B項“他認(rèn)為這些變化將使英國擴(kuò)大布業(yè)”、C項“他擔(dān)心英國過分依賴與荷蘭的貿(mào)易伙伴關(guān)系”和D項“他想鼓勵英國工業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步”在文中均未被提及。

28.

Accordingtothethirdparagraph,whatistrueabouttheMerchantAdventurers?______A.ItcontinuedtosellclothtotheDutchaftertheexecutionofCockayne'splan.B.ItsmembersobjectedtothechangesproposedbyCockayne.C.Itwasforcedtofocusprimarilyonshippinginsteadoftheclothtrade.D.ItbecamethetopEnglishtraderduetotheunpopularityofCockayne'splan.正確答案：B[解析]第3段第2句提到，由于科凱恩的計劃，詹姆斯一世與一些英國商人產(chǎn)生了不和，尤其是“商業(yè)冒險家”公司的成員，由此可知“商業(yè)冒險家”的成員“反對科凱恩提出的改革”，因此B項正確。

A項“在執(zhí)行了科凱恩的計劃后，繼續(xù)向荷蘭人出售布料”、C項“被迫主要專注于航運(yùn)，而不是布匹貿(mào)易”和D項“由于科凱恩的計劃不受歡迎，它成為了英國最大的交易商”在文中均未被提及。

29.

Thewordinflatedinthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A.unfairB.specialC.secretD.increased正確答案：D[解析]題目問inflated的意思。第3段倒數(shù)第2句提到，一些國家的商人拒絕運(yùn)送英國布料；第3段最后一句提到，國外的抵抗使“國王的商人冒險家”公司負(fù)擔(dān)不起運(yùn)送貨物的船只費(fèi)用，由此可推斷英國商人除了拒絕運(yùn)送外，還會收取高額的運(yùn)費(fèi)，因此inflated與increased“增強(qiáng)的，增加的”意思相近，故答案為D項。

A項“不公平的”、B項“特殊的”和C項“秘密的”均不符合題意。

30.

Accordingtothefourthparagraph,whichofthefollowingwasafactorintheKing'sMerchantAdventurer'sinabilitytocreatequalitygoods?______A.Itdidnothavefinancialsupportfromtheking.B.Itcouldn'taffordtopaycloth-finishingexperts.C.Itsemployeesdidn'thavethenecessaryknowledgeaboutfinishingcloth.D.Ithadaninadequatesupplyofunfinishedcloth.正確答案：C[解析]第4段倒數(shù)第2句提到，科凱恩的公司無法生產(chǎn)出高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品還在于英國的布匹制造商并不是加工工藝方面的專家(Englishclothmakerswerenotexpertsinthefinishingprocess)，說明英國的布匹加工人員并沒有掌握布匹加工方面的重要知識，因此生產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品無法與荷蘭的相媲美，故C項“員工沒有掌握布料加工必備的知識”正確。

上文提到科凱恩的計劃獲得了國王的支持，因此A項“沒有國王的財政支持”與文章內(nèi)容不符，可排除。B項“付不起布料加工專家的工資”和D項“未加工的布料供應(yīng)不足”在文中均未被提及。

ItseemsincredibletomethatLatinisnottaughtinschoolsasamatterofcourse,especiallyinacountrythatisforeverlamentingitsown(undeniable)mediocritywhenitcomestospeakingforeignlanguages.Asa13-year-old,IhardlyapproachedmyownLatinlessonswithanythingresemblingenthusiasm—ImighthavebeenkeenerifAeneaswenttotheshopsoccasionally—butIamterrificallygratefulIhadthem,allthesame.

Thebenefitsaremany.HavingabasicgroundinginLatinmakeslearningRomancelanguagesadoddle(輕而易舉的事):thefactthatIspeakEnglishplusthreeothershaslesstodowithanygeneticpredisposition—IwashopelessatlearningRussian—thanwithanunderstandingoftherootandprovenanceofLatin-derivedwords.

ItwouldbeimpossibletohaveasmatteringofLatinandfindoneselfstuckinItaly,providedonemanagedtopersuadethespeakertoslowdownabit.AndthereasonIcan(arguably)justaboutstringasentencetogetherinEnglish—whichisn'tmyfirstlanguage—hasagreatdealtodowithunderstanding,throughLatin,thewaysentencesandgrammarwork.

Latinalsohasitsownpleasinginternallogic:youfollowtherulesandyougettheanswer.AndIreallybelievethatifyouknowLatin,youhalf-speakFrenchalready.TheBritishusednottobeappallingatlanguages:mytheoryisthattheyonlybecamesoduringthepastcentury,whenLatinstoppedbeingwidelytaught.

Detractors(惡意批評者)mightpointoutthatthereislittleuseinlearningadeadlanguage.ButLatinisnotdead:it'severywhere.Itmakesthekindofpeoplewhoneverusetwoshortwordswhensixbigoneswilldointelligible.Itdemystifiesjargonandlegalese.Ithelpswithcrosswords.Itevenforcesthoseofuswhoarepathologicallyillogicaltothinklogicallyeveryonceinawhile:IrememberthepleasureIfeltatschool,duringLatintranslation,whenIrealizedIcouldcreateorderandsenseoutofapp