《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)》課件-一、玉米大小斑病綠色防控(雙語版)

一玉米大小斑病綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofCornNorthernandSouthernLeafBlight

玉米是重要的糧食作物

Cornisanimportantfoodcrop

玉米是世界上三大糧食作物之一，其種植面積和產(chǎn)量僅次于小麥和水稻而位居世界第三位，中國僅次于水稻居第二位，總產(chǎn)和單產(chǎn)均居糧食作物之首。

Cornisoneofthethreemajorfoodcropsintheworld.Itranksthirdintheworldintermsofplantingareaandyield,followingwheatandrice,andrankssecondinChina,onlyafterrice.Itstotalyieldandunityieldrankfirstamongfoodcrops.玉米的栽培現(xiàn)狀CultivationStatusofCorn玉米是高產(chǎn)作物（高產(chǎn)作物之王）Cornisahigh-yieldcrop(highestyieldcrop)玉米是重要的飼料作物

Cornisanimportantfeedcrop

玉米是公認(rèn)的飼料之王，籽粒和莖葉都是優(yōu)質(zhì)飼料，其飼用價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)高于小麥、大麥、燕麥和高粱，

１kg玉米＝1.3kg大麥＝1.35kg燕麥＝1.5kg稻谷

Corniswidelyrecognizedasthe

kingoffeed,anditsgrains,stemsandleavesarehigh-qualityfeed,whichismuchmorevaluablethanwheat,barley,oatsandsorghum.

1kgcorn=1.3kgbarley=1.35kgoats=1.5kgrice玉米是重要的工業(yè)原料作物

Cornisanimportantcropasindustrialfeedstock

玉米是重要的工業(yè)原料，是人類加工利用最多的谷類作物，其深加工產(chǎn)品已超過3000種。玉米籽粒、秸稈、穗軸、苞葉等都是重要的工業(yè)原料。

Cornisanimportantindustrialmaterialandthemostwidelyusedcerealcropinhumanprocessing,withmorethan3,000kindsofdeeplyprocessedproducts.Corngrains,straw,rachis,bracts,etc.areallimportantindustrialmaterials.三大玉米產(chǎn)品：淀粉，糖(成本低)，油(保健油)

Threemajorcornproducts:starch,sugar(lowcost),andoil(healthoil)

由玉米可生產(chǎn)降解地膜，可降解塑料，液體燃料等Degradablemulchingfilms,degradableplastics,liquidfuels,etc.canbeproducedfromcorn玉米的栽培現(xiàn)狀CultivationStatusofCorn

玉米大斑病又稱玉米煤紋病、玉米條紋斑病、玉米葉枯病等，是我國玉米產(chǎn)區(qū)普遍發(fā)生的重要病害之一，主要分布于北方春玉米產(chǎn)區(qū)和南方玉米產(chǎn)區(qū)的冷涼山區(qū)。我市部分山區(qū)玉米常發(fā)此病，一般減產(chǎn)15％～20％，嚴(yán)重時(shí)減產(chǎn)達(dá)50％以上。

Cornnorthernleafblight,alsoknowncornbacterialstripe,cornleafblight,etc.,isoneofthemajordiseasescommonlyoccurringincornproducingareasinChina,mainlydistributedinspringcornproducingareasinthenorthandcoolmountainareasinsoutherncornproducingareas.Thisdiseaseisoftenseenincorninsomemountainousareasofthecity,generallyreducingyieldby15%to20%,orbymorethan50%inseverecases.

玉米小斑病又稱玉米葉枯病、玉米斑點(diǎn)病，是玉米的重要病害之一，在國內(nèi)玉米產(chǎn)區(qū)均有發(fā)生，特別是在黃河和長江流域的溫暖潮濕地區(qū)發(fā)生普遍而嚴(yán)重。一般流行年份減產(chǎn)20～30%，嚴(yán)重的達(dá)50%以上，甚至導(dǎo)致絕產(chǎn)。Southernleafblight,alsoknownasBipolarismaydisandcornspot,isoneoftheimportantdiseasesofcornandoccursindomesticcornproducingareas,especiallyinwarmandhumidareasoftheYellowRiverandtheYangtzeRiverBasin.Generally,theyieldisreducedby20–30%inepidemicyears,andmorethan50%inseverecases,evenleadingtozeroharvest.一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（一）癥狀識(shí)別

SymptomIdentification

玉米整個(gè)生育期均可感染大斑病，主要為害葉片、葉鞘和苞葉，以葉片受害最重。一般從植株下部葉片開始發(fā)病，逐漸向上擴(kuò)展。苗期很少發(fā)病，抽雄后發(fā)病逐漸加重。

Corncanbeinfectedwithbigleafblightthroughoutthegrowthperiod,mainlydamagingleaves,leafsheathsandbracts,withleavesbeingthemostdamaged.Generally,itstartsfromthelowerleavesofaplantandgraduallyexpandsupward.Itrarelyoccursinseedlingstage,andgraduallyworsensaftertasseling.

發(fā)病初期，葉片上出現(xiàn)水漬狀灰綠色小斑點(diǎn)，然后沿葉脈逐漸向兩端擴(kuò)展，形成紡錘形或梭形大斑，病斑中央黃褐色或灰褐色，邊緣暗褐色；病斑一般長5～10cm，寬1cm。發(fā)病后期，多個(gè)病斑連接成片，使植株過早枯死。田間濕度較大時(shí)，病斑上產(chǎn)生大量黑色霉層，即病菌的分生孢子梗和分生孢子。Attheinitialonset,smallwaterygrayishgreenspotsappearontheleaves,andthengraduallyextendtobothendsalongtheveins,formingspindlyorfusiformlargespots.Thecenterofaspotisyellowishbrownorgrayishbrown,andtheedgeisdarkbrown;andaspotisgenerally5-10cmlongand1cmwide.Inthelatestageofthedisease,multiplespotsareconnectedtoformstripes,causingplantstowitherprematurely.Whenthefieldhumidityishigh,alotofblackmildewlayersaregeneratedonthespot,namelytheconidiophoresandconidiaofthepathogen.

診斷要點(diǎn)：葉片上出現(xiàn)梭形大斑，病部有灰黑色的霉?fàn)钗铩?/p>

Essentialsofdiagnosis:largefusiformspotsappearontheleaves,andtherearedark-graymold-likesubstancesattheaffectedparts.一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight玉米大斑病

病斑長梭形或紡錘形、大小不等，一般長5-10cm，寬1cmCornLeafBlightThespotsarelongshuttle-shapedorspindle-shapedandvaryinsize,generally5–10cmlongand1cmwide.一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight玉米大斑病CornLeafBlight一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（一）癥狀識(shí)別

SymptomIdentification小斑病發(fā)生部位：玉米葉片、苞葉和葉鞘；病斑特征在葉片上常見癥狀有3種：

Occurrencepositionofsouthernleafblight:cornleaves,bractsandleafsheaths;therearethreecommonsymptomscharacteristicsofspotsonleaves:典型癥狀：受葉脈限制，橢圓或近長方形，黃褐色，邊緣深褐色，大小為10～15×3～4mmTypicalsymptoms:limitedbyveins,ovalornearlyrectangular,yellowish-brown,darkbrownmargin,10~15×3~4mminsize不受葉脈限制，多為橢圓形，灰褐色

Notrestrictedbyveins,mostlyoval,grayishbrown

小點(diǎn)狀壞死斑，黃褐色，周圍有褪綠暈圈

Smallpunctatenecroticspots,yellowishbrown,surroundedbychlorotichalo一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight在適宜條件下，病斑彼此相連，使葉片大部分或整張完全枯萎Undersuitableconditions,thespotsareconnectedtoeachothersothatmostoralloftheleavesarecompletelywithered

受葉脈限制，橢圓形or近長方形棕褐色，邊緣深褐色Restrictedbyveins,ellipticalorsub-rectangularBrown不受葉脈限制，多為橢圓形，灰褐色，病斑上有時(shí)出現(xiàn)輪紋Notrestrictedbyveins,mostinovalandgrayishbrown,withringssometimesappearingonthespots一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（一）癥狀識(shí)別

SymptomIdentification玉米小斑病從苗期到成株期均可發(fā)生，苗期發(fā)病較輕，玉米抽雄后發(fā)病逐漸加重。

Thesouthernleafblightmayoccurfromtheseedlingstagetotheadult-plantstage.Thediseaseismildintheseedlingstageandgraduallyaggravatesaftertasseling.第3種為抗病型病斑，前兩種為感病型病斑，感病品種病斑常相互聯(lián)合使整個(gè)葉片發(fā)生萎蔫，嚴(yán)重的植株會(huì)提早枯死。天氣潮濕或多雨季節(jié)，病斑上出現(xiàn)大量灰黑色霉層。

Thethirdtypeisdisease-resistantspots,andthefirsttwotypesaresusceptiblespots.Thespotsofsusceptiblecultivarsoftencooperatewitheachothertowiltthewholeleaf,andplantswithsevereconditionswilldieearly.Inhumidorrainyseasons,alargenumberofgrayishblackmoldlayersappearonthespots.

診斷要點(diǎn)：葉片上有數(shù)量較多的黃褐色橢圓形小病斑，病部有灰黑色霉層。

Diagnosticpoints:Therearealargenumberofyellowish-brownovalsmallspotsontheleaves,andthereisagrayish-blackmoldlayerontheaffectedpart.一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（二）病原

Etiology

大斑病病原菌有性態(tài)為大斑剛毛座腔菌，屬子囊菌亞門，毛球腔菌屬。無性態(tài)為玉米大斑凸臍蠕孢菌，屬半知菌亞門，凸臍蠕孢屬。Pathogenofnorthleafblight:teleomorphSetosphaeriaturc,whichbelongstoascomycotinaandsetosphaeria.TheanamorphonesareHelminthosporiumturcicum,fallingintoExserohilum,Deuteromycotina.

分生孢子梗橄欖色，多單生或2～6根叢生從氣孔中伸出，一般不分枝，直立或上部膝狀彎曲，有2～8個(gè)隔膜。分生孢子筆直或彎曲，灰橄欖色，多數(shù)有4～7個(gè)隔膜，兩端漸細(xì)，中間寬，呈梭形，著生在分生孢子梗頂端或彎曲處?；考?xì)胞尖錐形，頂端細(xì)胞鈍圓或呈長橢圓形；臍點(diǎn)明顯且突出于基細(xì)胞之外。Theconidiaisolive-colored,mostlysolitaryorwith2–6clusteredrootsprotrudingfromthestomata,generallyunbranched,erectorwiththeupperpartbentgently,and2–8diaphragms.Theconidiaarestraightorcurved,grayisholivaceous,mostlywith4-7membranes,thinatbothends,wideinthemiddle,fusiform,andgrowattachedtothetoporcurvedpartsoftheconidiophores.Thebasalcellsaretapered,andtheapicalonesarebluntroundoroblong;theumbilicalpointisobviousandprotrudesoutofthebasalcells.生孢子梗和分生孢子Conidiophoreandconidia一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（二）病原

Etiology

小斑病病原菌無性態(tài)為玉蜀黍平臍蠕孢，屬半知菌亞門，平臍蠕孢屬。有性態(tài)為異旋孢腔菌，屬子囊菌亞門，旋孢腔菌屬。

Pathogenicbacteriumofsouthernleafblight:anamorphBipolarismaydis,belongingtotheDeuteromycotinaandBipolaris.Teleomorph,belongingtotheCochliobolusheterostrophusandCochliobolus.病菌的分生孢子梗2～3根，從葉片氣孔中伸出，束生，褐色，直立或曲膝狀彎曲，具3～15個(gè)隔膜，不分枝。在分生孢子梗頂端或側(cè)方長出分生孢子，長橢圓形，褐色，多向一端彎曲，中間粗兩端細(xì)而鈍圓，具3～13個(gè)隔膜，臍點(diǎn)凹陷于基細(xì)胞之內(nèi)。

Thepathogenhastwotothreeconidia,whichprotrudefromthestomataoftheleavesandarebundled,brown,uprightorbentinaknee-likemanner,withthreeto15septawithoutbranches.Conidiophoresgrowatthetoporlateralsidesoftheconidiastem.Theyarelongoval,brown,mostlycurvedtowardoneend,thickinthemiddle,thinandbluntatbothends,with3–13septa.Theumbilicalpointissunkeninthebasalcells.一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight小斑病病原菌Pathogenicbacteriaofsouthernleafblight一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（三）

發(fā)病規(guī)律

大斑病病菌主要以菌絲體或分生孢子在病殘?bào)w中越冬；種子上和堆肥中尚未腐爛的病殘?bào)w上的病菌也能越冬，成為次年的初侵染來源。越冬期間的分生孢子，因原生質(zhì)濃縮，細(xì)胞壁加厚而成為厚壁孢子。一個(gè)分生孢子可以形成2～3個(gè)厚壁孢子，厚壁孢子的抗逆性較強(qiáng)。

Thepathogensofsouthernleafblightmainlyoverwinterinthediseasedresiduesasmyceliumorconidia;thepathogensontheseedsandthediseasedresiduesthathavenotyetrottedinthecompostcanalsooverwinterandbecometheprimaryinfectionsourceofthefollowingyear.Duringoverwintering,theconidiabecomechlamydosporesduetotheconcentrationofprotoplasmandthethickeningofcellwall.Aconidiummayform2-3chlamydospores,whichhavehighstressresistance.

越冬后的分生孢子萌發(fā)產(chǎn)生侵入絲從玉米表皮直接侵入，少數(shù)也可從氣孔侵入，在潮濕的條件下，病部產(chǎn)生大量的分生孢子，隨風(fēng)雨傳播進(jìn)行再侵染，在玉米整個(gè)生長期內(nèi)可進(jìn)行多次再侵染。特別是在春玉米和夏玉米混作區(qū)，由于前者為后者提供了大量菌源，再侵染更加頻繁。

Afteroverwintering,theconidiagerminatetoproduceinvadinghyphaethatinvadedirectlyfromthecornepidermis,andafewcanalsoinvadefromstomata.Underhumidconditions,alargenumberofconidiaareproducedinthediseasedparts,whicharereinfectedwithwindandrain,andcanbereinfectedmanytimesthroughoutthegrowthperiodofcorn.Especiallyinblendedzonesofspringandsummercorn,reinfectionismorefrequent,becausetheformerprovidesalotofbacterialsourcesforthelatter.一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（三）發(fā)病規(guī)律

小斑病主要以菌絲體在病殘?bào)w內(nèi)（病葉為主）越冬，分生孢子也可越冬，但存活率很低。因此小斑病菌的初侵染來源主要是上年玉米收獲后遺留在田間、地頭和玉米秸垛中尚未腐熟的病殘?bào)w。

Southernleafblight:mainlyoverwintersasmyceliumindiseasedresidues(mainlydiseasedleaves),andconidiacanalsooverwinter,butthesurvivalrateisverylow.Therefore,theprimaryinfectionsourceofsouthernleafblightismainlythediseasedresiduesleftinthepaddyfield,fieldandcornstrawstackafterthecornisharvestedlastyear.越冬病原菌在翌年遇到適宜的溫度和濕度的條件下，立即產(chǎn)生大量分生孢子，借氣流或塵土傳播到田間玉米的葉片上，有水膜時(shí)可萌發(fā)產(chǎn)生芽管，從葉片上氣孔或表皮細(xì)胞直接侵入，數(shù)日內(nèi)即可形成病斑，病斑一旦遇到潮濕條件就能產(chǎn)生大量分生孢子，借助氣流傳播進(jìn)行再侵染。在一個(gè)生長季節(jié)中小斑病可以進(jìn)行多次再侵染。

Undersuitabletemperatureandhumidityconditionsinthefollowingyear,theoverwinteringpathogensimmediatelyproducealargenumberofconidia,whicharetransmittedtotheleavesofcorninthefieldbyairflowordust.Whenthereisawaterfilm,theycangerminateandproducegermtubes,whichcandirectlyinvadefromstomatalorepidermalcellsontheleaves,andcanformspotswithinafewdays.Oncethespotsmeetwetconditions,alargenumberofconidiacanbeproduced,whichwillbereinfectedbyairflowtransmission.Southernleafblightcanbereinfectedmultipletimesinagrowingseason.

一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight玉米小斑病循環(huán)圖一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlightCirculationDiagramofSouthernLeafBlight

不同品種間對(duì)玉米大小斑病的抗病性存在著明顯差異，大面積推廣和種植感病雜交種是導(dǎo)致部分地區(qū)該病大發(fā)生和流行的主要原因。在7～8月份，如果月平均溫度在25℃以上、雨日、雨量多、露水大的年份和地區(qū)，小斑病發(fā)生重；小斑病菌對(duì)氮肥敏感，如果玉米拔節(jié)期肥力不足發(fā)病重；地勢低洼、濕度大通風(fēng)透光差的地塊發(fā)病重；植株生長不良，發(fā)病早的病重；此外，由于菌量的逐漸積累，一般夏玉米比春玉米發(fā)病重。

Therearesignificantdifferencesintheresistanceofdifferentcultivarstonorthernandsouthernleafblight.Large-scalepromotionandplantingofsusceptiblehybridsarethemainreasonsfortheoccurrenceandprevalenceofthediseaseinsomeareas.FromJulytoAugust,ifthemonthlyaveragetemperatureisabove25°C,intheyearsandareaswithrainydays,heavyrainfallandheavydew,southernleafblightwilloccurseriously;northleafblightissensitivetonitrogenfertilizer,andthediseaseisseriousifthefertilityofcornisinsufficientduringjointingstage.Severediseaseoccursinlow-lying,high-humidity,poorlyventilatedandlight-transmittingplots;Severediseasewithpoorgrowthandearlyonset.Inaddition,duetothegradualaccumulationofbacterialpopulation,summercornisgenerallymoreseverethanspringcorn.一玉米大小斑病綠色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（四）防治措施

Preventionandcontrolmeasures

防治該玉米大小斑病應(yīng)以選用抗病品種為主，加強(qiáng)栽培管理，輔以必要的藥劑防治。Thedisease-resistantvarietiesshouldbeselectedasthemainmethodforthepreventionandcontrolofnorthernandsouthernleafblight,andthecultivationmanagementshouldbestrengthened,supplementedbynecessarychemicals.

1、選用高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、抗病品種目前，可選用的抗病品種較多，應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況，選種抗、耐病品種。1.Selecthigh-yield,high-qualityanddisease-resistantcultivars.Atpresent,therearemanydisease-resistantcultivarsavailable,sodisease-resistantanddisease-resistantcultivarsshould